猪病控制原理

SwineDiseaseControlPrinciples

猪病控制的基本原理

作者：LarryFirkins,DVM,MS,MBAUniversityofIllinoisCollegeofVeterinaryMedicine美国伊利诺斯大学兽医学院EconomicCostofDisease疾病的经济损失DeathLoss 死亡损失ObviouslySickPigs 明显的病猪TreatmentCosts 治疗开支LostProduction 生产损失LostAccesstoMarkets市场的丧失Disease

疾病Alterationofthestateofthebody,orinsomeofitsorgans,whichinterruptsordisturbstheproperperformanceofthebodilyfunctions.机体或者其部分器官的状态发生改变，引起机体正常功能的紊乱Infection

感染Amicroorganismentersapigandcausesadisturbanceoffunction.

微生物侵入猪体，引起功能紊乱DiseasesthatarearesultofinfectionareInfectiousDiseases.

感染引起的的疾病为传染性疾病Non-infectiousdiseasescanbetheresultofGeneticfactors,Nutritionalcauses,Toxicfactors,Management,etc.

非传染性疾病可能由遗传、营养、毒素、管理等因素引起MostdiseasesofswineareMulti-Factorial.

猪的多数疾病由多种因素引起Infection

感染Organismssuchasbacteria,viruses,etc., thatcancausediseasearecalledPathogens.

细菌，病毒等引起疾病的微生物称为病原Notallmicroorganismsarepathogenic.

并非所有微生物都有致病性Someareopportunists.

有些是条件性病原体Somearenon-pathogenic,somearehelpful.

有些为非致病性的，有些则有益Infection

感染Beneficialbacteriacannotcompetewithstrongpathogenicbacteria.

有益菌不能在与强致病菌竞争中取胜Opportunistscanbecomemorepathogenicwithexperience.

条件性病原体可随环境或经历可变为致病菌SourcesofInfection 感染源Directcontactwithadiseasedpig

与病猪直接接触ContactthroughFomites. 与污染物接触

boots,trucks,dirtyequipment,people鞋，车，脏污的设备，人员ContactwithDiseaseCarriers.

与疾病携带者接触

AirBorneInfections.

空气传播感染SourcesofInfection 感染源Infectionfromsoil.由土壤感染Infectionfromfeedorwater.由饲料或水感染

InfectionfrombloodsuckingArthropods.

由吸血昆虫感染

Infectionfromorganismsnormallycarried.

由正常携带的微生物感染BodyDefenses 机体防御PrimaryDefenses-whichservetohinderorpreventthepassageofdiseaseorganismsintothebody

第一道防线——阻挡或防止病原侵入机体SecondaryDefenses-thatdealwith"bugs"thathavemanagedtogetpasttheprimarydefensesandenterthetissues.

第二道防线——抵御通过了第一防御并进入机体组织的病原PrimaryDefenses第一道防线Skin 皮肤Mucus 粘膜Air-filteringsystem 空气过滤系统Cilia 纤毛Acid 酸Enzymes 酶SecondaryDefenses

第二道防线NonSpecificChemicalDefensessuchasenzymes,interferon,etc.

非特异性化学物质防御，如酶，干扰素等Cellulardefenses-"Natural"killercells,T-cells,Macrophages,etc.

细胞防御－天然杀手细胞，T－细胞，巨噬细胞等SpecificAntibodiesagainstdiseaseagents.

针对病原体的特异性抗体Antibodies

抗体Antibodiesareproteinsformedinresponsetoaninfection.

抗体是对感染发生反应而形成的蛋白质IgG,IgA,IgM,IgE

PresenceofAbindicatesexposurebutnot

alwayspresenceofdisease有抗体说明接触过病原，但不一定发病Antibodyleveltestingnotcorrelatedwelltodiseaseresistance

抗体水平与抗病力无很好相关Ablevel抗体水平Infection感染071421...071421...Ablevel抗体水平Infection感染071421...Ablevel抗体水平Infection感染071421...Ablevel抗体水平Infection感染抗体水平感染071421...ActivevsPassiveImmunity

主动与被动免疫'Active'ImmunityafterexposuretoapathogenorvaccineAbproduced7to10daysafterexposuretoaantigen.

主动免疫在病原或疫苗接触后产生，抗体产生于与病原接触后7～10天'Passive'Immunity- transferofantibodiesfromananotheranimalthathasbeenactivelyimmunized.

被动免疫－抗体由主动免疫过的动物转移而来

ColostrumandAntiserumarepassiveimmunity

初乳和抗血清带来的免疫力是被动免疫Colostrum

初乳Thecolostrumcontainsconcentratedantibody(mostlyIgGandIgM).

初乳含有高浓度抗体（多数是IgG和IgM）

Pinocytosiscanoccureffectivelyonlywithinthefirst18hoursoflife.

初乳的有效吸收仅发生在出生后18小时内免疫模型ImmunityModelMaternalAbtypicallylastsfor3-4weeks.母源抗体一般持续3－4周ImmunodeficientSoworPoorColostrumIntakeVaccinatedSowUnvacc.SowBirth 3weeksImmunity免疫缺陷的母猪，或初乳摄入不足681012141618202224周伪狂犬病免疫模型PRVAblastsupto16weeks.伪狂犬病母源抗体可持续16周ImmunodeficientSoworPoorColostrumIntakeVaccinatedSowUnvacc.SowBirth weeks免疫缺陷的母猪，或初乳摄入不足免疫模型Abresponseaftersinglevaccination一次免疫接种后的抗体应答免疫模型BoosterEffect强化效果免疫模型理想免疫模式为在被动免疫消失前激活主动免疫CombinedMaternalandActiveImmunity免疫缺陷的母猪免疫模型母原抗体干扰MaternalAbInterference免疫缺陷的母猪，免疫模型理想免疫模式为在被动免疫消失前激活主动免疫CombinedMaternalandActiveImmunityTypicalBasicImmunizationProgram典型基础免疫计划

大肠杆菌(K88,K99,987P,F41)

口蹄疫FMD

丹毒Erysipelas

Parvovirus 细小病毒

猪瘟HogCholera 日本乙脑膜炎病毒JapaneseBEncephalitisSomeareas/herds: 一些地区/群体

伪狂犬病Pseudorabies 链球菌Strep 支原体 Mycoplasma 萎缩性鼻炎AtrophicRhinitis 胸膜肺炎放线杆菌APP 等...免疫和感染 ImmunityandInfection感染压力Infectionexposure免疫水平Immunelevel生病健康HealthSickness免疫和感染Lightexposure感染压力小

Immunized

免疫良好生病健康免疫和感染 ImmunityandInfectionHealthandprosperity免疫和感染感染压力大免疫不足发病，经济损失健康DiseaseandEconomicLossHeavyExposureImmunitynotEnoughVariabilityofImmunity 免疫力的变异

SpeciesResistance 种的抗性GeneticResistance 遗传抗性

resistantlines抗病系

robustness 耐病系Immunosuppressors

免疫抑制因子

mycotoxins

霉菌毒素Primaryinfectionbyimmunosuppressiveagents

由免疫抑制因子引起的初始感染

PRV伪狂犬病

Mange 疥癣

Mycoplasma

支原体VariabilityofImmunity

免疫力的变异性SeasonalFactors 季节因素EnvironmentalFactors 环境因素Stressors 应激因素NutritionalDeficiencies 营养缺陷免疫模型免疫模型ExposureVeryHighHighLowImmunity免疫缺陷的母猪，免疫模型ExposureVeryHighHighLowImmuni