不同人群食品的营养要求

不同人群食品的营养要求孕妇的营养要求乳母的营养要求儿童食品的营养要求老年食品的营养要求特殊人群的营养要求Decisions:MakingChoicesWeCanLiveWith

ThefactisthatAmericanshavechoices—lotsofchoices.Ahealthylifestyleisnotdefinedsolelybythefoodon—ornoton—one’splate.Mealswithfriendsandfamily,enjoyingtraditionalfoods,samplingthecuisinesofothercultures,andincorporatingphysicalactivityintoaregularroutineareallpartofahealthfulwayoflife.DietaryGuidelinesforAmericans

AdequateNutrientsWithinCalorieNeedsWeightManagementPhysicalActivityFoodGroupstoEncourageFatsCarbohydratesSodiumandPotassiumAlcoholicBeveragesFoodSafetyNutritionLabelingandTheFoodGuidePyramid:ReflectingtheDietaryGuidelines

It’sAllAboutYou:RelatingtheDietaryGuidelinestoAmericanLife

BeRealistic:Makesmallchangesovertimeinwhatyoueatandthelevelofactivityyoudo.Afterall,smallstepsworkbetterthangiantleaps.BeAdventurous:Expandyourtastestoenjoyavarietyoffoods.BeFlexible:Goaheadandbalancewhatyoueatandthephysicalactivityyoudooverseveraldays.Noneedtoworryaboutjustonemealoroneday.BeSensible:Enjoyallfoods,justdon’toverdoit.BeActive:Walkthedog,don’tjustwatchthedogwalk.“Feelbettertoday.Stayhealthyfortomorrow.”Makesmartchoicesfromeveryfoodgroup.Findyourbalancebetweenfoodandphysicalactivity.Getthemostnutritionoutofyourcalories.AdultNutritionalFacts:Adults Metabolismslowsdown;generallytotalfoodintakeneedstobereduced. Exerciseisanimportantcomponenttobalancingfoodintakeandoutput. Sedentarylifestylecreatesagreaterneedfordailyexercise.仔细查看产品标签（产品名称、配料表、净含量、厂名、厂址、生产日期、保质期、产品标准号）“乳”和“乳饮料”“果汁”和“果汁饮料”“巧克力”和“代可可脂”学会阅读食品标签山寨食品代可可脂：反式脂肪酸的一种，1.引起人体胆固醇升高2.对胎儿体重和II型糖尿病具有潜在影响3.老年痴呆症的诱因之一2006年，国家规定：凡是代可可脂含量>5%的不能称为“巧克力”，标签上也须注明可可脂代可可脂食品标签上规定：1.4+1的标注2.相应的营养素参考百分比营养参考素价值（NRV%）：某种食品提供每日某营养素或能量总需量的百分比营养标签看上去很营养1.品名：鲜橙多（橙汁饮料）2.配料：水、白砂糖、橙浓缩汁、食品添加剂（维生素C,D-异抗坏血酸钠）3.果汁含量：≥10%4.糖：4%5.能量：2%6.维生素C：25%食品标签各种标识转基因标识辐照食品标识孕妇的营养和膳食1.孕妇营养对母婴健康的影响2.孕妇的营养生理特点3.孕妇营养需要4.孕妇的合理膳食孕妇营养对母婴健康的影响1.孕妇营养与自身健康：孕妇摄取的热能和各种营养素不但要维持自身需要且供给胎儿生长发育；婴儿体格2.孕妇营养与胎儿健康胎儿、新生儿死亡率婴儿智力孕妇的营养生理特点

消化功能改变肾脏负担加重营养素吸收功能变化热能代谢增强血容量增加水贮留量增加孕妇营养需要热能增加：1.体重增加；2.基础代谢率高；3.胎儿生长；4.母体胎盘及组织增加；5.贮备蛋白质、脂肪；蛋白质增加：1.贮留蛋白质2.子宫、胎盘、乳房发育；3.早期胎儿的必需氨基酸由母体供给；应保证氨基酸平衡，优质蛋白质占50%以上，蛋白质热量占总热量的15%摄食一定量的饱和和不饱和脂肪，摄入量适宜占总热量的25~30%碳水化合物充足，占55~60%妊娠中最重要的矿物质为钙磷、铁、锌和碘维生素：1.脂溶性维生素：VA需要量增加，VD和VE的需要量增加；2.孕妇新陈代谢旺盛，对VB1VB2和烟酸的需要量增加；叶酸、VB12与红细胞成熟有关，需要量增加；VC需要量增加。孕妇的合理膳食妊娠早期：少食多餐，饮食少油腻，易消化，多提供碳水化合物高的谷类食物，多吃含锌的食物，多吃水果蔬菜调节口味，促进消化；少量吃些乳、蛋、肉、禽；妊娠中期、后期：对热能和营养素的需要量增加，应多摄取营养价值高的食品；（乳类食品、蛋类食品、畜禽肉和鱼类、动物内脏、豆类食品、蔬菜水果等）乳母的营养和膳食热能：蛋白质：脂类：矿物质：钙、铁、铜、锌、碘维生素产褥期：对热能和营养素需要量大，补充钙剂、维生素强化食品或鱼肝油；哺乳期：膳食与妊娠中期、后期相似，乳母需要量较孕妇多，应食品数量多。乳母的营养要求：热能和各种营养素需要量增加儿童食品的营养要求1.营养特点：口腔；胃；肠；2.母乳喂养优点：含有婴儿所需的各种营养素；含有抗体；有抗过敏作用；含脂肪酸比例适宜；含有丰富的维生素；蛋白质含量适宜、易消化；乳糖含量高于牛乳；有利于大肠中双歧杆菌和乳酸菌的生长普通牛奶和母乳营养成分牛奶（100ml）母乳（100ml）蛋白质含量蛋白类型氨基酸脂肪成分微量元素含量维生素含量抗体乳糖3.50g以酪蛋白为主（78%）含硫氨基酸、酸性氨基酸较母乳高以饱和脂肪酸为主，缺乏亚油酸铜.锌.铁较母乳低VA.VD等较母乳少不含有低于母乳1.34g以白蛋白为主（60%）以不饱和脂肪酸为主，亚油酸为牛乳的7倍含有母乳中含量高婴幼儿食品的营养要求母乳化奶粉强化婴儿奶粉非乳类代乳食品

以谷类为基础食品，强化蛋白质（包括奶蛋白和大豆蛋白，含量>15%），低糖低盐、提高亚油酸，强化维生素和矿物质无乳糖奶、大豆乳、氨基酸牛乳、果糖牛乳、中链脂肪牛乳以牛奶为原料，向牛乳中添加及从牛乳中提取某些成分，使其质量和数量上接近母乳以牛奶为原料，加入一定量的大豆可溶物质，适量添加蔗糖、乳糖、某些微量元素和多种维生素，是婴儿主食品婴幼儿食品离乳食品疗效食品儿童、青少年营养处于生长发育的关键时期，合理营养是保证正常生长发育的重要物质基础；热能和营养素摄取量应充足，比例适宜，食品多样化，各种营养缺乏病降到最低；儿童、青少年营养要求1.一日三餐食品：早餐占30%，中餐占40%，晚餐占30%；2.课间加餐制：3.学校午餐制：4.强化食品：5.提高视力营养素：维生素A、B1、B2和钙、锌、硒；6.智力营养素：蛋白质、碳水化合物、亚油酸和磷脂、钙、维生素B1、B2、烟酸；动物内脏、水产鱼类、大豆、蛋类、核桃和芝麻、黄花菜等PreschoolChildrenSweetsshouldbelimitedinapreschoolchild’sdiet;nutrient-richfoodscanbeusedtosatisfyhunger.Aftertheageofone,achild’sgrowthrateslowsandwithit,theappetite;Childrendeveloptastesforcertainfoodsatanearlyage.Theeatinghabitsandattitudeschildrenlearnarelikelytolastalifetime.Itisimportanttostarthealthyeatinghabitsearly.SomesuggestionstohelpencourageyoungchildrentoeatavarietyoffoodsInviteafriendtoeat;you’llbeamazedhowmuchtheyeatwhentheirfriendsareeating.Whenintroducinganewfood,refertoitasagrown-upfood.Serveittothechildonlyifheorsherequestsitafterseeinghowmuchyouenjoyit.Serveyoungchildren’smealsontheirownsmall-sizeddishes.Givethemtinyservings,sotheycanhavesatisfactionofeatingeverythingontheplate.SomesuggestionstohelpencourageyoungchildrentoeatavarietyoffoodsServefingerfoodsoften.Childrenliketochoosefromavarietyoffoods,asinabuffet.Childrenwillusuallyeatthefoodstheyhavehelpedprepare.Varymealsituations-picnicinfrontofthefireplace,park,etc.Childrenusuallypreferrawvegetablestocooked.Avoidmakingdessertarewardforvegetableeating.Relaxandletmealtimebeatimeforeveryonetoenjoy.Usesnackstoimprovefoodhabits.

IronTeenfemalesneed15mg/dayTeenmalesneed12mg/dayGoodsources:meat,poultry,fish,cereal,beans,greenleafygreenvegetable.Absorptionhelp:VitaminCSources:FruitsAbsorptionBlockers:Coffee/tea,wholegrains,spinachandahighfiberdietNutrient-DenseFoodsNutrientdenseisahigher%ofNutrientsthan%ofCaloriesNutrientdense %ofNutrient vs.%ofcaloriesWhenitcomestoeating,don’tbeclueless.Hangwiththenutrient-densefoodsheavyonvitamins,minerals,andothernutrients.ExerciseMythsTrueorFalseThemoreyousweat,themorecaloriesyouburn.Walkingamileburnsthesameamountofcaloriesasrunningamile.Thebesttimetoexerciseisintheevening.Wateristhebestfluidreplacementtodrinkduringandafterexercise.Regularactivitydoesnothavethehealthbenefitsthatvigorousexerciseoffers.1.×Sweat(perspiration)hasnorelationtohowmanycaloriesyouburnorpermanentweightloss.Sweatismerelyyourbody’smechanismforreleasingheat.Therefore,neverweararubbersuitorheavyclothestopromoteweightloss,itcanbeverydangerous.2.√Becauseittakeslongertowalkamilethanrun,youexpendaboutthesameamountofcalories.3.×Thereisnosingle“besttime”toexercise.Thebesttimetoexerciseisthetimemostconvenientforyou.Regardlessofwhattimeadayyouexerciseyouwillgainbenefits.(Realizethatexercisingbeforebedactsasastimulantandexercisingrightafteramealmaybeuncomfortable.4.√Wateristhebestfluidreplacement.Sportdrinks(Gatorade,etc.)willnotgreatlyaffectyourperformanceunlessyouareexercisingformorethan2hourscontinuously.5.×Unlessyouaretrainingforaspecificevent,regularactivitywillimprovecardiovascularfitness.Dailyactivitiesmightincludesuchthingsasstretchbreaks,parkingfurtheraway,takingthestairs,goingforawalk,agameoftennis,yardwork,chasingkids,etc.Morevigorousexerciseisgood,butsoisdailyactivity.Expertsnowrecommendthateveryoneaccumulate30+minutesofactivity