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EnglishLexicology(II)1ChapterTwoBasicWord-formations1.Affixation(derivation):prefixationsuffixation2.Compounding(composition)3.ConversionStructureofword
自由词根(freeroot)词根(root)
粘着词根(boundroot)词素前缀(prefix)(morpheme)词缀(affix)
后缀(suffix)EnglishLexicology(II)31.GeneralRemarksThethreemajorprocessesaffixationorderivation(17.5%)Prefixationsuffixationcompositionorcompounding(27%)conversion(10.5%)EnglishLexicology(II)42.PrefixationThedefinitionofprefixationPrefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestoroots.Prefixesdonotgenerallychangetheword-classoftherootbutonlymodifyitsmeaning.However,thereisaninsignificantnumberofclass-changingprefixesNon-class-changingprefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfair
Class-changingprefixes:force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,sleep—asleepEnglishLexicology(II)52.PrefixationTheclassificationofprefixesInsomereferencebooks,prefixes(andsuffixes)areclassifiedaccordingtotheirsource,butthisdoesnotseemtohelpfromapracticalpointofview.Itseemsmorehelpfultoclassifythemostimportantproductiveprefixesbytheirmeaningintothefollowingtencategories:EnglishLexicology(II)62.Prefixation1)Negativeprefixesa-/an-amoral,asexual,atheism(无神论的),anarchy(无政府状态)dis-dishonest,discontent,discover,disobey,disagreein-Incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,invulnerable,illogical,illegal,impolite,immoral,imbalance,irrational,irregularnon-nonviolent,non-cooperation,nonautomatic,nonadjustable,nonalcoholic
un-uninformative,unexpected,unease(不舒适,不自在),unrest(不宁,动乱)EnglishLexicology(II)72.PrefixationOrderLiterateSymmetry(对称)GovernmentalRelevantProductiveBelievableVulnerableSane(神志正常的)RelatedAligned(结盟的)MatureDisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmentalIrrelevantUnproductiveUnbelievableInvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmatureEnglishLexicology(II)82.Prefixation2)Reversative(反向的)de-defrost,deregulation,degeneration(堕落,退化)deformed(变形的),denationalize(开除…的国籍)un-Undo(解开,消除),unpack,untie,unwrap,unmaskdis-disconnect,dishearten,disinterestedEnglishLexicology(II)92.PrefixationCentralizeforestInfectZipcomposecountpopulateDecentralizeDeforestDisinfect(杀死细菌)Unzip(拉开拉链)DecomposeDiscountDepopulateEnglishLexicology(II)102.Prefixation3)Pejorative(贬低的)prefixesmis-misguide,misapplication,misbehavior,misforturemal-maltreatment,malfunction(故障),malformationpseudo-Pseudonym(假名),pseudoscience,pseudo-friend
EnglishLexicology(II)112.Prefixation4)Prefixesofdegreeorsizehyper-hyperactive,hypercritical,hyperaggressive,hypercautiousultra-(超,极端)ultramodern,ultrasecret,ultraclean,ultrasonic(超音速的),ultraconservative,ultranationalism(极端民族主义)mini-minibus,minicamera,miniskirtout-Outdo(超越),outgrown,outliveover-overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overabundance,overburdenunder-underdeveloped,underpopulation,undergraduatesuper-supermarket,superpower,superstarsub-Subadult,subtitle,subbreed(亚品种),subatom,subway,subgroupsuburbanEnglishLexicology(II)122.PrefixationComputerleft//rightConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberestimatecultureMinicomputerUltra-left/ultra-rightSubconsciousSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderestimateSubcultureEnglishLexicology(II)132.Prefixation5)Prefixesoforientationandattitudeco-Co-author,co-prosperity,cooperationcounter-Counterclockwise,counterclaim(反诉),counterattack,counterculture,countermeasureanti-anti-abortion,anti-art,antiwar,antibacterial,antisocial,anticancer,antibodypro-(亲,赞成)pro-American,pro-revolutionary,pro-Fascism,proslaveryEnglishLexicology(II)142.Prefixation6)Locativeprefixesfore-forearm,foreleg,forehead,foreword,forefathersinter-international,intergovernmental,intertwine,interdisciplinary,intercollegetrans-transatlantic,transoceanic,transplant,transmit,transport,transfertele-telephone,telegram,telecommunication,televisionEnglishLexicology(II)152.PrefixationViewConferenceContinentaldeckCastPacificformfrontInterviewteleconferenceIntercontinentalForedeckTelecastTranspacificTransformForefrontEnglishLexicology(II)162.Prefixation7)Prefixesoftimeandorderex-ex-husband,ex-president,ex-colony,ex-convict(罪犯)fore-foresee,foretell,forefather,forewarn,forecastpre-premature,prewar,prehistoric,prepay,premarital(婚前的)post-post-election,postwar,postgraduate,postdoctoralEnglishLexicology(II)172.Prefixation8)Numberprefixesuni-/mono-unilateral,unicell,unicircuit,unicolor,unicycle,unidimensional,uniform,unipolar,monoxide,monocrystal,monogamy,monologuebi-/di-bicycle,bilingual,bimonthly,dioxide(二氧化物),dialogue,tri-triangular,triatomic,trimonthly,trilateral,trilingualmulti-/poly-multipurpose,multipolar,multiangular(多角的),multilingual,polyatomic,polycrystal(多晶体)semi-semicircle,semiliterate,semivowel,semiannual,semicolony,semiautomaticEnglishLexicology(II)182.Prefixation8)Numberprefixesquadriquadricyclequadrisectionquadruple(四倍)pentaPentagonpentathlonhexaHexahedron(六正面体)HeptaoctHeptathlonoctosyllable(八音节的)octagon(八角形)EnnedecaEnneagonDecadedecathlonEnglishLexicology(II)192.PrefixationLingualLateralPolarDimensionalUnilingual,bilingual,trilingual,multilingualUnilateral,bilateral,trilateral,multilateralUnipolar,bipolar,tripolar,multipolarUnidimensional,bidimensional,tridimensional(three-dimensional),multidimensionalEnglishLexicology(II)202.Prefixation9)Conversionprefixesa-aloud,asleep,aglow,awash(被浪潮冲打的)be-belittle,bestir,befriend,bewitch(施魔力于,使着迷)en-endanger,enforce,enable,embody,empowerEnglishLexicology(II)212.Prefixation10)Miscellaneous(混杂的)prefixesExtra-Extralinguistic,extraordinary,extraterrestrial(地球外的)Neo-Neo-classicism,neo-colonialism,neo-fascism,Neolithic(新石器时代的)Pan-Pan-Pacific,Pan-American(泛美的)……………..EnglishLexicology(II)223.SuffixationThedefinitionofsuffixationSuffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilychangethemeaningofthestem,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangethegrammaticalfunctionofstems.Inotherwords,theymainlychangethewordclass.However,theymayalsoaddattachedmeaningtothestem.EnglishLexicology(II)233.SuffixationTheclassificationofsuffixesSincesuffixesmainlychangethewordclass,weshallgroupsuffixesonagrammaticalbasisinto1)nounsuffixes2)adjectivesuffixes3)adverbsuffixes4)verbsuffixesEnglishLexicology(II)243.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesNounsuffixesmaybesubdividedintothefollowingfivekinds.Denominal(由名词转换的)nouns(concreteorabstract)DeverbalnounsDe-adjectivalnounsNounandadjectivesuffixesEnglishLexicology(II)253.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDenominalnouns(concrete)-eerauctioneer,engineer,mountaineer,pamphleteer(小册子作者),profiteer(投机商),racketeer(诈骗者)-erLondoner,teenager,villager-essactress,waitress,stewardess(女服务员),hostess,lioness-letbooklet,leaflet,piglet,starletEnglishLexicology(II)263.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDenominalnouns(abstract)-agebaggage,luggage,mileage,percentage-domkingdom,stardom(明星界),officialdom-ery/-ryDrudgery(苦工),slavery,nursery,machinery-ismidealism,optimism,individualism,collectivism,tourism-shipdictatorship,scholarship,friendship,sportsmanship-ocrasyAristocracy(贵族),democracy,meritocracy(知识界精英)-hoodboyhood,brotherhood,neighborhood,adulthood-fulhandful,mouthful,plateful,spoonfulEnglishLexicology(II)273.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDeverbalnouns-antcontestant,inhabitant,assistant,informant-eeinterviewee,addressee(收信人),appointee,nominee,employee-er/-ordriver,employer,interviewer,computer,silencer,accelerator,supervisor,actor,window-shopper(溜达看橱窗的人),inventor,educator-ationfoundation,exploration,nomination,starvation-ingbuilding,dwelling,earnings,savings,clothing,stuffing-alrefusal,revival,survival,arrival,dismissal-mentamazement,arrangement,movement,government-agebreakage,coverage(新闻报道,覆盖量),shrinkage,drainage(排水系统)EnglishLexicology(II)283.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesDe-adjectivalnouns-itydiversity,equality,rapidity,verbosity(冗长),responsibility,actuality,regularity,popularity,respectability-nessaccurateness,falseness,kindness,selfishness,happiness,largeness,frankness,unexpectedness,thickness,goodnessEnglishLexicology(II)293.Suffixation1)NounsuffixesNounsandadjectivesuffixes
-eseBurmese(缅甸人),Chinese,Cantonese,officialese(公文体),journalese(文笔草率的新闻文体)-(i)anDarwinian(达尔文主义者),republican,Elizabethan,Shakespearean,Indonesian,Russian-istcommunist,pianist,specialist,socialistEnglishLexicology(II)303.Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDenominalsuffixes-eddogged,rugged,pointed,chocolate-flavored-fuldelightful,successful,faithful,meaningful-ishchildish,foolish,snobbish,Irish,Turkish-lesshomeless,hopeless,merciless,harmless-likechildlike,ladylike,statesmanlike-lyfriendly,cowardly,motherly,daily,weekly-ymilky,sandy,hairy,meatyEnglishLexicology(II)313.Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDenominalsuffixes-ic(-atic)ethnic,economic,historic,problematic(疑难的)-ous(-ious,-eous)ambitious,desirous,marvelous,courageous,erroneous,courteous(有礼貌的)-al(-ial,-ical)accidental,professional,residential,musical,philosophicalEnglishLexicology(II)323.Suffixation2)AdjectiveSuffixesDeverbalsuffixes-able(-ible,-uble)debatable,drinkable,changeable,perishable,permissible,visible,dissoluble,soluble(可溶的,可解决的)-ive(-ative,-sive)attractive,reflective,productive,negative,decorative,talkative,affirmative,expansive,explosive,decisiveEnglishLexicology(II)333.Suffixation3)AdverbSuffixes-lysmoothly,personally,extremely,publicly,naturally-ward(s)downward,eastward,homeward,forward-wiseclockwise,lengthwise纵长地,weatherwise(善于预测天气的),moneywiseEnglishLexicology(II)343.Suffixation4)Verbsuffixes-ateOriginate,hyphenate-enDeepen,harden,strengthen,hasten-ifySolidify,modify,beautify,classify,identify-ize(-ise)Symbolize,computerize,legalize,publicize,specializeEnglishLexicology(II)353.SuffixationFalseSterileIntenseFatHorrorMemoryApologyFalsifySterilizeIntensifyFattenHorrifyMemorizeApologizeEnglishLexicology(II)364.ConversionThedefinitionofconversionConversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).EnglishLexicology(II)374.ConversionMajortypesofconversionNoun-verbconversionVerb-nounconversionAdjective-nounconversionEnglishLexicology(II)384.ConversionNoun-verbconversionHeelbowedhiswaythroughthecrowd.Problemssnowballedbythehour.Thenewspaperheadlinedhislongrecordofaccomplishments.KissingergottheplansandhelicopteredtoCampDavid.EnglishLexicology(II)394.ConversionAbuseAdviceHouseUseBeliefGriefShelfmouthAbuseAdviseHouseUseBelieveGrieveShelveMouthChangesofpronunciationandspellingEnglishLexicology(II)404.ConversionVerb-nounconversionHewasadmittedtotheuniversityafterathree-yearwait.Thislittlerestaurantisquiteafind.Itisagoodbuy.Hetookacloselookatthemachine.EnglishLexicology(II)414.ConversionVerb-nounconversionPhrasalverb-nounconversionRightbranchingLeftbranchingBreakdownBreakdownBreakoutOutbreakPickupPick-upSpilloverOverspillTakeoverTake-overStartupUpstartGettogetherGet-togetherPutinInputBreakthroughBreakthroughKeepupUpkeep(维护,保养)EnglishLexicology(II)424.ConversionConflictAbstractContrastDecreaseDiscountExportRebelProgressProtestTransferTransplantSurveyTormentShiftofstressEnglishLexicology(II)434.ConversionAdjective-nounconversionPartialconversionCompleteconversionEnglishLexicology(II)444.ConversionAdjective-nounconversionPartialconversionDenoting(表示)aqualityorastatecommontoagroupofperson:thedeaf,theblind,thepoor,thewoundedDenotingpeoplesofanation(endingin–sh,-se,-ch):theEnglish,theChinese,theDanish,Denotingaqualityintheabstract:astrongdislikeforthesentimental,todistinguishthefalseandthetrue,fromthesublime(令人崇敬的,伟大的)totheridiculousDenotingasingleperson(convertedfromparticiples分词):theaccused,thedeceased,thedeserted,thecondemnedEnglishLexicology(II)454.ConversionAdjective-nounconversionCompleteconversionAnative,twonatives,areturnednativeHeisanaturalforthejob.Tomisoneofourregulars(老顾客),hecomesinforadrinkaboutthistimeeverynight.Tothemsheisnotacrazy,butappropriatelypassionate.Theyarethecreativesintheadvertisingdepartment.EnglishLexicology(II)465.CompoundingThedefinitionofcompoundingCompositionorcompoundingisaword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit,acompoundword.ItisacommondevicewhichhasbeenproductiveateveryperiodoftheEnglishlanguage.Todaythelargestnumberofnewwordsareformedbycompounding.
EnglishLexicology(II)475.CompoundingFormsofcompoundsSolid:bedtime,honeymoonHyphenated:above-mentioned,town-planningOpen:readingmaterial,hotlineEnglishLexicology(II)485.CompoundingTypesofcompoundsNouncompoundsAdjectivecompoundsVerbcompoundsEnglishLexicology(II)495.CompoundingNouncompoundsHeadache,housekeeping,hotline,swimmingpool,raindrop,breakdown,biologicalclock,identitycrisis(性格认同危机)EnglishLexicology(II)505.CompoundingAdjectivecompoundsWeather-beaten
(饱经风霜的)rocks,peacelovingpeople,
everlastingfriendship,adifficult-to-operatemachine,amade-upstory,anon–the-spot
inspection,taxfree
products,fire-proof
dressEnglishLexicology(II)515.CompoundingVerbcompoundsFormedbyback-formationhouse-keepfromhousekeeper
windowshopfromwindow-shopping
massproducefrommassproduction
hen-peckfromhen-pecked(怕老婆的)
spoon-feedfromspoon-fed.EnglishLexicology(II)525.CompoundingVerbcompoundsFormedbyconversiontoblue-print,tocold-shoulder,tooutline,tohoneymoon,tosnowball,tochain-smoke,tosweet-talk(用甜蜜的话劝导),tojob-hop.Homework1.reviewthethreebasicword-formations2.previewchapter33.trytofindouttheprefixandsuffixinEnglish.Themore,thebetter.EnglishLexicology(II)53ChapterThree:
OtherWord-formations1.Shortening(Abbreviation)2.Backformation(逆生法)3.Onomatopoeia(拟声法)EnglishLexicology(II)551.ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation1)clippedwords(截短词):thosecreatedbyclippingpartoftheword(usuallyanoun),leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.Theclippedformisnormallyregardedasinformal.1.ShorteningA.apocope(截除词尾)E.g.Doctor---docexposition---expotaxicab---taxidiscotheque---discoB.aphaeresis(截除词首)E.g.Earthquake---quaketelephone---phonehamburger---burgerC.frontandbackclipping(截除首尾)E.g.refrigerator---fridgeinfluenza---fluD.syncope(截除词腰)E.g.symbolology---symbologyfossilization---fossilationEnglishLexicology(II)56EnglishLexicology(II)571.ShorteninggymnasiumdormitoryhandkerchiefgasolinekilograminfluenzabusinessparachuterefrigeratortaxicabgymdormhankygaskiloflubizchutefridgetaxiorcabGiveclippingsforthefollowingwordsEnglishLexicology(II)581.ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation2)initialisms(首字母缩略词):
atypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersofwordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,oraphrase;aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.EnglishLexicology(II)591.Shortening2)InitialismsATM=AutomatedTellerMachineBBC=BritishBroadcastingCorporationUFO=UnidentifiedFlyingObjectGPS=GlobalPositioningSystemDNA=deoxyribonucleicacid(脱氧核糖核酸)EnglishLexicology(II)601.ShorteningCPUDIYCEOITAISOSGMTVIPP.S.(附言)a.m.p.m.centralprocessingunitDoityourselfChiefExecutiveOfficerInformationtechnologyartificialintelligenceSaveourshipGreenwichMeanTimeveryimportantpersonpostscriptantemeridiempostmeridiemWriteoutinfullthefollowinginitialismsEnglishLexicology(II)611.ShorteningTypesofshorteningorabbreviation(缩略法)3)acronyms(首字母拼音词):wordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedaswords.Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.EnglishLexicology(II)621.Shortening3)AcronymsDINK(丁克)=DoubleIncome,NoKidsBricks(金砖五国)=Brazil,Russia,India,China,SouthAfricaSARS=SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromeAIDS=AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndromeEnglishLexicology(II)631.ShorteningTOEFLIELTSFIFAPETSRadarTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguageInternationalEnglishLanguageTestingSystemTheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationFederationInternationalFootballAssociation国际足球联盟PublicEnglishTestSystemRadiodetectingandrangingWriteo
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