新世纪大学英语综合教程3册-unit8

Unit8CorporationandCompetitioncontentTextorganizationPre-listeningVocabularyanddifficultsentencesexerciseTextB4123541235Backgroundknowledge6ListenandRespond:Listentoashortpassageentitled“competition”.Thewordsandphrasesintheboxmaybeofsomehelp.1.encourages,survive,servicesandproducts;2.illegal,kills;3.shrinking,increasing,declining;4.businessalone,entranceexaminations;5.advances,separates,win-winsituation.BackgroundknowledgeFordGeneralMotorWal-MartStoresKmart1.AbriefintroductiontoFordCompanyFordMotorbeganamanufacturingrevolutionwithitsmassproductionassemblylinesintheearly1900s.Nowthecompanyhasfirmlyestablisheditsstatusasoneoftheworld’slargestmakersofcarsandtrucks.ItmakesvehicleswithsuchbrandsasFord,Lincoln,andMercury.AmongitsbiggestsuccessesaretheredesignedFordMustangandF-Seriespickup.Fordownsa33%stakeinMazdaandalsocontrolstheLandRover,Jaguar,andVolvonameplatesthroughPremierAutomotiveGroup.TheFordfamilyownsabout40%ofthecompany’svotingstock.

BeforeReading_4.11BeforeReading_4.13BeforeReading_4.14BeforeReading_4.15BeforeReading_4.16GeneralMotorsWal-MartKmartBeforeReading_4.17BeforeReading_4.18BeforeReading_4.19BeforeReading_4.20BeforeReading_4.212.AvideoclipaboutHenryFordScriptHenryFordwastheleadingmanufacturerofAmericanautomobilesintheearly1900s.Herevolutionizedtheyoungautomobileindustrybydevelopingtheassemblylinemethodofproduction.Bymanufacturinghisownpartsanddevelopingahugesystemofconveyorstobringthepartstotheassemblyline,Fordreducedthecostsofmanufacturingautomobiles.AndFordpassedonmuchofthesavingscreatedbyassemblylineproductiontohiscustomers.In1908whentheFordMotorCompanyintroducedtheModelT,itcost$850.By1924,assemblylineinnovationshelpedreducethepriceofaModelTto$290.Anautomobilewasnowwithinreachoftheaveragefamily. SofarGeneralMotors(GM)hassteeredaroundcompetitorstoremaintheworld’sNo.1makerofcarsandtrucks,withbrandssuchasBuick,Cadillac,Chevrolet,GMC,Pontiac,Saab,andSaturn.GMalsoproducescarsthroughitsHolden,Opel,andVauxhallunits.GMalsohasstakesinSuzukiMotor,andGMDaewooAuto&Technology.SubsidiaryGMACprovidesfinancing.GMhasbeensellingoffnon-coreassetsincludingstakesinFiatandFujiHeavyIndustries(Subaru),aswellasitslocomotivemanufacturingbusiness.LikeitsUScounterpartsFordMotorandChrysler,GMisinthemidstofrestructuringitssprawlingNorthAmericanoperations.BeforeReading_4.22BeforeReading_4.23BeforeReading_4.24BeforeReading_4.25BeforeReading_4.27Wal-MartStoresisanirresistible(oratleastunavoidable)retailforcethathasyettomeetanyimmovableobjects.BiggerthanEurope’sCarrefour,Tesco,andMetroAGcombined,itistheworld’sNo.1retailer,withabout6,775stores,includingsome1,075discountstores,2,250combinationdiscountandgrocerystores,and580warehousestores(SAM’SCLUB).About60%ofitsstoresareintheUS,butWal-Martisexpandinginternationally;itistheNo.1retailerinCanadaandMexico.ItownsamajoritystakeinJapaneseretailerSEIYU.Wal-MartalsohasoperationsinAsia,Europe,andSouthAmerica.FounderSamWalton’sheirsownabout40%ofWal-Mart.BeforeReading_4.31BeforeReading_4.32BeforeReading_4.33BeforeReading_4.34

KmartisachainofdepartmentstoresintheUnitedStates,PuertoRicoandGuam.ThechainmergedwithSearsin2005,creatingtheSearsHoldingsCorporation.KmartalsoexistsinAustraliaandNewZealandasKmartAustralia,althoughitnowsharesnocurrentrelationwiththeAmericanstoresexceptinnameafterUSequityintheAustralianbusinesswaspurchasedinthelate1970s.BeforeReading_4.41BeforeReading_4.44PartDivisionoftheTextPart1Part2Part3Althoughfree-marketcompetitionisoftendescribedas“cutthroat”and“wasteful,”competitionandcooperationexistsidebysideinfree-marketeconomy.Competitionarisesfromscarcitywhilecooperationbecomesappropriatewhencoordinatedeffortsandknowledgeofmanypeoplearenecessarytoachievethecommongood.Notallformsofcompetitionandcooperationarebeneficial,butincompetitivemarkets,firmscompetebymeansofservingthecustomersaswellastheycanandonlythosewhocooperatebestcansurvive.Part4Farfromunderminingcooperation,free-marketcompetitionenhancescooperation.1~34~67~910Difficultsentencesandvocabulary(1~3)1.“Dog-eat-dog”rivalriesarefueledby“greedyself-interests”operatingaccordingto“thelawofthejungle”inwhich“survivalofthefittest”istheonlyrule.Whatdothephrases“thelawofthejungle”and“survivalofthefittest”mean?a.“Thelawofthejungle”meanseveryonecaresforhimselfonly.b.“Survivalofthefittest”meansonlythestrongestcreatureswillstayalive.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.贪婪的私利”遵循“丛林法则”中“适者生存”这唯一的一条定律，使“互相倾轧”的竞争变本加厉。Vocabularyandexpressions:cutthroat:adj.veryfierce,cruel,orunprincipled*Attherootoftheproblemswiththeoldsystemwascut-throatcompetition.那是一笔残酷无情的生意。Thatisacutthroatbusiness.

rivalry

:n.[+with/between]thestateorconditionofcompeting*Mostofthekillingsresultfromgangrivalry.TherehasalwaysbeenintenserivalrybetweenNewZealandandAustralia.Collocations:

intense/acute/bitter/fierce/keen/strongrivalrybetween……激烈竞争

siblingrivalry

手足相争fuel

:vt.tomakesth.,especiallysth.bad,increaseorbecomestronger*Hiswordsfuelledherangerstillmore.这个预算会加剧通货膨胀，降低我们的生活水平。Thisbudgetwillfuelinflationandcutourlivingstandard.pulltogether:(ofagroupofpeople)toworkhardtoachievesth.*Parents,teachers,andstudentsshouldallpulltogethertotackletheschool'sdrugproblems.*Ifweallpulltogether,we'llfinishontime.Competitivemarketsexcelatpromotingcooperation.Paraphrasethesentence.Competitivemarketsdoquitewellinencouragingpeopletocooperate.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.充满竞争的市场才擅长合作。Competitionandcooperationexistsidebyside.(1)Translatethesentence.竞争与合作并存。(2)Saysomethingmoreabouttheusageof“sidebyside.”Thiskindofphrasesarecalled“frequentativewords”(重复型成对词).Thetwosamewordscanbelinkedbytheconjunction“and”orprepositionssuchas“in”,“by”andsoon.Moreexamples:againandagain 反复地;屡次地;一再地throughandthrough 彻底地；全面地out-and-out 完全的,彻底的dayafterday 持续不断地wordforword 逐字逐句地eyetoeye 见解一致man-to-man 坦诚地handinhand 手牵手地，紧密合作

deplore:vt.todisapproveofsth.verystronglyandcriticizeitseverely,especiallypublicly*TheUnitedNationshasissuedastatementdeploringthecontinuedfighting.她谴责他那那些不道德的行为。Shedeploredhisscandalousactions.spin:v.tomake(thread)bytwisting(cotton,wool,etc.);produceinathreadlikeform*Theyspunacointodecidewhoshouldstart.标志牌在风中打着旋儿。*Thesignwasspinningroundandroundinthewind.Collocations:somebody'sheadisspinning

头昏脑胀*Iwaspouringwithsweat,andmyheadwasspinning.我汗流浃背，头昏脑胀。spinatale/story

编故事*Theoldsailorlovestospinyarnsabouthislifeatsea.那老水手爱信口开河地讲他的航海生涯。spinoff

（从旋转体中）甩出；派生出*Thewheelspunoffandthecarcrashedintoatree.车轮甩了出去，汽车撞到一棵树上。spinout

拉长；拖延；使（金钱）尽可能多维持些日子*Hespunouthisspeechforanextrafiveminutes.他把发言延长了5分钟。*Wewereabletospinourmoneyoutuntiltheendofourholidays.我们能使钱维持到假期结束。

CF:spin,rotate,revolve&roll

这些动词均有“转动”、“旋转”之意。spin指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周运转。rotate强调指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。revolve强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。roll指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。

Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.(1)Theball___intothestreet.(rolled)(2)TheEarth_____onitsaxisonceevery24hours.(rotates)(3)Theboywas_____aroundinhisfather'sdeskchair.(spinning)(4)TheEarth____roundthesun.(revolves)coordinate:v.tomake(peopleorthings)worktogether,especiallysoastoincreaseeffectiveness*TheRedCrossiscoordinatingreliefaidtotherefugees.在那个著名的医院里有一批相互配合得很好的护理人员。Inthefamoushospital,thereisanursingstaffthatcoordinatessmoothly.

Itfollowsthatwemustfindsomewaytodecidewhogetshowmuchofanyscarcegoods.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.

这样我们必须找到某种方式来确定谁该得到多少某种奇缺的商品。Difficultsentencesandvocabulary(4~6)Wecallsuchbiddingcompetition,butnotethatsuchcompetitiondiffersfundamentallyfromanotherkindof“competition”…(1)Whatdoesthefirst“such”refertohere?Itreferstowhathadmentionedintheprevioussentence.(2)Comparethetwo“such”inthesentence.Thesetwowordshavedifferentpartsofspeech.Thefirstoneisapronounwhilethesecondoneisanadjective.Translatethesentence.我们称其为“出价竞争”，但是必须注意，这种竞争从根本上不同于另外一种“竞争”…Vocabularyandexpressions:privilege:n.aspecialadvantagethatisgivenonlytoonepersonorgroupofpeople

*Agoodeducationshouldnotjustbeaprivilegeoftherich.在这条街上停车是此处居民特有的权利。*Parkinginthisstreetistheprivilegeoftheresidents.

Collocations:anexclusiveprivilege 独有的特权diplomaticprivileges 外交特权abuseaprivilege 滥用特权offerspecialprivileges 提供特殊优惠parallel:vt.tobesimilarto*Hiscareerparallelsthatofhisfather.他的表演举世无双。Hisperformancehasneverbeenparalleled.

inseparable:adj.[+from]impossibletoseparatefromsth.elseorfromoneanother;alwaystogether*Tomwasinseparablefromhisdog,Jordan.

权利和职责是分不开的。*Rightsareinseparablefromduties.

itfollowsthat:tobetrueasaresultofsth.elsethatistrue*Itdoesn'tnecessarilyfollowthatyou'regoingtodowellacademicallyevenifyou'rehighlyintelligent.照你的说法，他肯定不是凶手。*Itfollowsfromwhatyousaythatheisnotthemurderer.Itfollowsthatifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.scarce:adj.notmuchormanycomparedwithwhatiswanted;hardtofind那时是战争时期,食物短缺。*Itwaswartimeandfoodwasscarce.*Therewasfiercecompetitionforthescarceresources.bid:v.[+for]offertopay(aprice)forgoodsortocharge(aprice)forone’sworkorservices*Threefirmsbidforthecontractonthenewbuildings.这幅画给我开个价,诸位愿意出多少钱?*WhatamIbidforthispainting?

beatup:towound(sb.)severelybyhitting*Herboyfriendgotdrunkandbeatherup.*Intheendofthedemonstrationyesterday,thepolicebeatupdemonstrators.

allmannerof:everykindof*Thissmallportableoveniscapableofcookingallmannerofbakedgoods.用了各种各样的食物和饮料招待客人。*Theguestswereservedwithallmanneroffoodanddrink.*TheBritishIsleshavebeenconqueredbyallmannerofpeople.Difficultsentencesandvocabulary(7~9)IftheownersofGeneralMotorsspreadnailsontheroadsleadingtoFordfactoriesanddealerships,thisisaformofnon-economiccompetition—andamostundesirableform.

Whatistheauthor’spurposeofcitingtheexampleof“spreadingnails”?Hejustwantstosupporthisargument–sometimescompetitionisnotgood.Translatethesentence.如果通用汽车公司在通往福特公司的工厂和经销处的路上撒下钉子，这就是一种非经济的竞争形式，也是一种最不受欢迎的竞争形式。ButnoticethatidenticallyundesirableconsequencesoccurwhenGeneralMotorsandFordcooperatewitheachothertolobbysuccessfullyforimportrestrictionsonforeignautomobiles.Whydoesn’ttheauthorthinkmuchofthe“importrestrictiononforeignautomobiles”?Becauseinhisopiniontariffshurtconsumerstoo.Translatethesentence.但是，请注意，如果通用公司和福特公司互相合作，疏通议员，成功地争取对进口汽车的限制，也会发生同样不理想的结果。Instead,suchlegislationistypicallyreveredasdesirablesocialpolicy.Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?Fromthissentence,wecaninferthattheauthordoesn’tthinkmuchofthiskindoflegislation.Translatethesentence.相反，这样的立法通常被尊崇为理想的社会政策。Today,thedescendantsoftheownersofmom-and-popsaresurelybetteroffthantheywouldhavebeenhadsupermarketsnevercomealong.(1)Whatcanweinferfromthesentence?Bycitingthisexample,theauthorjustwantstotellussometimesthecompetitionisnotabadthing.(2)Whatdoestheauthorwanttotelluswhenheusesthesubjunctivemoodhere?Theauthorjustwantstotellusthatsupermarketsdoexitnow.(3)TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.今天，夫妻店老板的子孙过的生活，肯定比超级市场未出现时富裕得多。Vocabularyandexpressions:attheexpenseofsth.: withlossordamagetosth.*Hedidnotwanttodevotemoretimetohisbusinessattheexpenseofhisfamily.Thecarswereproducedquickly,attheexpenseofsafety.lobby:v.[+for/against]trytopersuadethegovernmentorsomeonewithpoliticalpowerthatalaworsituationshouldbechanged*Weneedtolobbyourleaderstoworkforpeace.成员正在为减少国防开支而游说议员。Thegroupislobbyingforareductionindefensespending.

revere:vt.togivegreatrespectandadmirationto那教授学识渊博，备受敬重。Theprofessorwasreveredforhisimmenselearning.*Collinswasreveredbyhisfellowcountrymen.

CF:revere,adore&worshiprevere意为“崇敬”、“尊敬”。正式用语，语体庄重。*Thepeoplereveretheirpriests.

人们崇敬自己的牧师。adore意为“敬慕”、“敬爱”。在口语中是非正式用语，意为“很喜欢”。*Shegavehimanadoringlook.她向他投以敬慕的一瞥。*Sheadorestheschool.她很想上学。worship意为“崇拜”、“仰慕”。指怀有宗教般的虔诚崇敬的感情。*LetusworshipGod.misrepresent:v.torepresent(sb./sth.)wrongly;togiveafalseaccountof(sb./sth.)*Somesellerswillattempttomisrepresenttheconditionofahousetobuyers.那篇报道完全歪曲了我对移民入境的看法。Thatreporthascompletelymisrepresentedmyopinionsaboutimmigration.

patronize:vt.(1)touseorvisitashop,restaurantetc*It'sacharminglittlerestaurantwhichismostlypatronizedbylocals.我们常常到附近的沃尔玛超市购买货物。WeoftenpatronizeournearbyWal-Martsupermarket.

(2)tosupportorgivemoneytoanorganizationoractivity

*Atlast,therichmandecidedtopatronizethatyoungmusician.如今，一些城市居民资助贫困地区的孩子上学。Nowadayssomepeopleincitiespatronizethechildreninpoverty-strickenarea.

在本课文中还有一词patronage，该词是patronize的名词形式，意为“顾客的光顾，惠顾；赞助，资助”。*Wethankyouforyourpatronage.谢谢您的惠顾。*Withoutthepatronageofseverallargefirms,thefestivalcouldnottakeplace.没有几大公司的赞助,就没有这一庆典。undermine:vt.toweakenordestroygradually*Thekidnappingsunderminedseveralmonthsofdelicatepeacenegotiations.晚睡会损害健康。Latehourscanundermineone'shealth.*Theconstantcriticismwasbeginningtoundermineherconfidence.

enhance:vt.toincreaseinstrengthoramount*Lowlightingandsoftmusicenhancedtheatmosphereintheroom.我们正在运用技术来提高我们的服务水平。We'reusingtechnologytoenhanceourlevelsofservice.CF:enhance,heighten,intensify&aggravateenhance强调增加价值，魅力或声望等使人或物具有超乎寻常的吸引力。*Canwefurtherenhanceourcompetitiveness?heighten通常指使某物的某种性质变得不同于一般的显著或突出。*Tradetendstobeprotectedwheninternationaltensionsheighten.当国际关系变得紧张时，贸易活动常常受到保护。intensify指深化或强化某事或某物，尤指其特别之处。*Thepresshasintensifieditsscrutinyofthecandidate'sbackground.

新闻界已增强了对该候选人背景的调查。aggravate指加剧令人不快或困难的形势。*Heaggravatedhisconditionbyleavinghospitaltoosoon.他因过早出院而使病情恶化。Watchthevideoclipentitled“YahooVSGoogle”andwrite“T”(true)or“F”(false)foreachstatementbelow.ListeningComprehensionScript5.SofarnoothersitescancatchGoogleoritshigh-flyingstock.Yougoanywhereintheworldtodayandpeoplearegoogling.()6.GooglewasfoundedbytwoStanfordUniversitydropoutstenyearsago.Eightyearsago.3.Yougoanywhereintheworldtodayandpeoplearegoogling.()4.GoogleandYahoomakemoneyfromthoseadsyouseeeverytimeyoudoasearch.2.GooglesaidcompetitionfromYahooisaffectingitsabilitytomakemoney.Yahoo,oneoftheweb’soriginalposterchildren,saidcompetitionfromGoogleisaffectingitsabilitytomakemoney.1.Behindeverysearchisafiercebattleforadvertisingdollarsandsofar,Googleiswinningthewar.()()()()TFTTFT…you’vesurfedtheweb,you’veusedthesearchenginesGoogleandYahoo.But,hereissomethingyoumightnotknow.Behindeverysearchisafiercebattleforadvertisingdollarsandsofar,Googleiswinningthewar.MorenowfromCNBC’sCarlQuintanilla:It’sbecomearesearchritual,findsomething,anythingyouareinterestedinandgoogleit.EnoughofthehabitformillionsofwebusersthatotherInterneticonsarenowgettinghurt.Thisweek,Yahoo,oneoftheweb’soriginalposterchildren,saidcompetitionfromGoogleisaffectingitsabilitytomakemoney.AndexpertslikeDavidVise,co-authorofanewbookonGoogle,saythecompanyisthebiggestbreakthro