2023年语言学知识点总结胡壮麟版

Cｈapteｒ４4.１sｙｎtactic（句法的)rｅｌaｔｉoｎs４.1.1ｐoｓitiｏｎalrelａtioｎ(位置关系)Ｆorｌanguagｅtofulfｉｌlitscommuｎｉcativeｆunction,ｉtmｕsthavｅａwaytomarkthegｒammatiｃaｌroｌｅsofｔheｖａrｉouｓphrａｓethatcanoccurinacｌaｕse．Positｉｏｎａｌreｌａtionｏrwoｒdorｄerreferstｏtheseｑｕential(有序的)aｒrａｎgemeｎｔｏfwordsinalanｇｕage.Posiｔiｏnａｌrelａtionareaｍanifesｔaｔion（表现)ofonｅaspｅctofsyntaｇmatｉｃrｅlatioｎsWｏrｄorderiｓamongtｈｅthｒｅeｂasicｗays(woｒｄordergeｎｅticandclassificａtioｎ）ｔｏclassｉfｙlａnｇuａgeｗｏｒｄs．ＳixpoｓsiｂlｅtypeｓoflａｎguａgeＳVOVSOSＯVOVSＶOSEｎgliｓhｉｓＳVO.４.1．2rｅlaｔioｎｏfsubstｉｔutabiｌity(可代替性)Firｓｔlyrelatｉonｏｆsubsｔitｕtabｉlityrｅfeｒｓtoclasseｓorsetｓofwoｒｄssubstitutabｌeｏfeaｃhotheｒgrammatiｃaｌlyiｎsｅntｅncewiththeｓamestruｃｔure.Ｓecondｌyiｔreferstｏｇroupｓofｍorethanｏｎｅwｏrｄｗｈiｃhmａｙbｅｊｏｉｎtlｙsｕｂstitｕtablｅgrammａtiｃalｌｙｆorasinｇlewordoｆapａrtｉｃularset.ThｉsｉｓｗhaｔSａussurｅcalledassociative(联想的)rｅlａｔiｏｎsorinHｊemslev’spａｒadigmatic（纵聚性的)relａtioｎ．4．１.3rｅlationofcｏ-occurrence（共现）Meansｗordsoｆdifｆｅｒeｎｔseｔsofcｌauseｓmaypｅrmitprｒｅquirｅｔheocｃurｒenceｏfawｏrｄofanothersetorclasstｏfｒｏｍasｅntenｃeoraparｔｉculａrpartofaｓenｔencｅ.Tｈｕsｒｅｌａｔｉｏnｓoｆco-occｕrrｅnceparｔlｙbelｏngtｏsyntagmatiｃrａtionspartlytｏｐaraｄiｇｍaticｒelations．4.2ｇｒamｍaticalcoｎｓtructioｎaｎditｓcｏnsｔituents4．2.1ＧｒammaticalcoｎstructｉｏnAnysyntaｃtｉcstrinｇｏfwordsｒangingfromsentencesoｖerphｒaｓｅsstructuresｔocertaincomplｅxlexｅｍｅs（词位)4.2.2iｍmedｉａtecoｎstitｕents(直接成分)S

NPVP

DeS

NPVP

DetNVNP

DetN

ThegirlatetheappleTｈisistreｅdiagram.在句子结构分析中，成分用来指任何语言单位，而该单位又是更大语言单位的一部分，如在Thｅｇirlａｔｅtheａｐplｅ自身的（A)tｈeboy（Ｂ)atetheapｐｌｅ（C)都是一个成分，成分可以和其他成分组合组成更大的单位，假如两个成分B(thｅbｏy)C（ａtethｅａpple)结合起来形成一个更高的成分ＡWord-ｌｅvelＮ＝nｏunA＝aｄjｅｃtiveＶ=vｅｒbＰ=ｐrｅpositionDet=determinerAdｖ=ａｄverbConｊ=conjｕnctｉｏnＰhｒaｓalＮP=nｏunｐhｒａseAＰ＝adjｅctiｖephｒａｓeVP=ｖerｂphｒaｓePP=ｐrｅpositionphraseＳ=senｔenｃeorclａuseTodisｍantleａgraｍmaｔicalｃonｓtｒｕcturｅｉsthisｗａyｉsｃallediｍmedｉaｔｅconｓtｉtuｅｎtｓoｒＩCａnalｙsｉs.Bracketｉnｇisnotａｓcｏmｍoｎｉnuse，ｂutitiｓaneconomicnｏtaｔiｏｎｉnrepresｅntｉngtｈecｏｎｓtiｔｕent/pｈrａseｓtｒuctuｒeofagｒaｍｍatｉｃaｌunit.(((Tｈe)(girl))

（（ａte)

(（ｔｈe)(apple））))2.3EndｏｃeｎtricandExocｅｎｔricConsｔｒｕctｉｏnsEndocentricconstｒuctｉoｎisonewｈosｅdiｓtｒibuｔioｎisfunctiｏnａｌlyeqｕiｖalenttotｈａtoｆｏｎeormorｅofitscoｎstｉｔuｅnts,ｉ.e.,aｗoｒdorａｇrｏupoｆwｏrｄｓ,ｗｈichservｅｓasａdｅfinablecｅntreoｒhｅad.Ｕｓualｌｙnounphraｓeｓ,verbｐhrasｅsandａｄjecｔivepｈraｓeｓbｅloｎgtoendocｅntrｉctypｅsbecaｕsｅｔhｅconsｔiｔuentitemsａresubordinaｔetｏtheHｅad．4.２.３.ＥｎdｏcentｒicａndExoｃentricＣonstructions4.２.3.1Ｅndｏceｎtｒic(相信结构）Ｅnｄoceｎtriｃcｏnsｔructioｎｉsonewｈoseｄisｔｒibutionｉsfｕnctionallyeqｕivaｌｅnttoｔhaｔofｏneormoｒeｏfｉｔｓcoｎsｔｉtuents,i.ｅ.,awｏrdoragrｏupoｆｗordｓ,whichsｅｒvesaｓadeｆinaｂｌｅcenｔreorhead.Usuallynoｕnphrasｅs,veｒbpｈrasesandａdjecｔiｖepｈrasｅsbｅｌongtoenｄoｃeｎtrｉctｙpesbeｃaｕsetｈeconstituentitemｓａｒesｕborｄiｎａtetoｔheＨead.４.2.3．1Exocｅntric（并列结构）Ｅxoｃeｎtrｉcconstrｕctiｏｎrｅfｅrstoaｇrｏupofsｙnｔacｔicalｌｙrelatedwordｓwｈerenｏneｏftｈｅwｏｒdsｉsfunctionalｌyequivaleｎtｔothｅｇroupasaｗhoｌe,thaｔis,ｔheｒeisnｏdefinabｌｅ“Cenｔｒe”or“Head”insｉｄetheｇroup,usuallｙｉncｌudｉngthebasiｃsｅnｔｅnce,thｅpreｐositionalphrase,ｔhepredｉｃaｔe（verb+object)coｎstｒuｃｔion,andtｈｅｃonnectivｅ(be+compｌemenｔ）ｃonstｒuctｉoｎ.2.4CooｒdｉnａtｉｏnandSubｏrdinaｔionEnｄoceｎtriccｏnstructionsfａllintotwomaｉntypes，depeｎｄingｏntherelａtｉoｎbｅtwｅencｏnsｔituentｓ:Cｏｏｒdinatiｏn(并列）isａｃomｍoｎsyntａctｉｃｐａtｔｅrｎinEnglｉsｈａnｄotheｒlaｎguagesｆoｒｍedｂygrｏupinｇtogｅｔhertｗoormoｒecａteｇoriｅsｏｆthesametypewithtｈehelpｏfａcoｎjuncｔionsucｈaｓaｎd，bｕｔanｄor.CｏordinatiｏnｏfNPs:［NPthｅlａdy]or［NPthetiger]CoorｄinａtionofVＰs:［VPgotothｅlibrａrｙ]and[VPｒeａdａbook］CoordinａtｉonofPＰs:[PPdｏｗｎthｅｓtaiｒｓ］and[PPoutｔhedoor］ＣoｏｒdｉnaｔiｏnofＡＰs：[APquiｔｅｅxpensiｖe]anｄ[ＡPveｒｙbeauｔifuｌ]CoorｄinatioｎofSs:［SJohnloveｓMａｒy]ａｎd[SMarylｏｖeｓJohｎtoo].Suｂorｄｉnaｔion（从属)ｒeferstｏｔhｅｐrｏceｓｓorreｓultoflｉnｋinglinguｉｓticunitssothａttｈeyｈａvediffｅrenｔsyntａｃticｓtaｔus,oｎebeiｎgdeｐendenｔｕpontｈeoｔｈer，anｄｕsuaｌｌyaconstitｕentoftｈeotheｒ.Ｔｈesｕborｄｉｎatｅconｓｔituentsarewoｒｄｓwhicｈｍodiｆｙｔhｅheａd.Conｓequｅntｌy,theｙcanbecallｅdmoｄifiｅrs.Ｃlauｓescaｎbeusedasｓｕborｄinateconstｉtuents.Ｔherearｅthreｅbaｓictyｐesofsubｏrdinaｔeclauｓes:4.3.Ｓyｎｔacｔic(句法)FuｎctionThｅsyntactｉcfunctionｓhowsｔhｅrelationshipｂｅtweeｎalinguisticｆormａndｏtheｒparｔｓoftheｌiｎguｉsticｐaｔｔernｉnwｈicｈitisuｓed.Namｅsoffｕnctionsareｅxpｒessedinteｒｍｓｏfsubjeｃts,obｊects,pｒｅｄiｃaｔｏrｓ,modifiers，compｌemｅnts，etc.4.3.1SubjecｔIｎＥngｌｉsh,ｔhesｕbｊｅctofaseｎtenceisofｔensaidtoｂethｅａgent,orｔhedoerｏｆtheactｉon，whｉletｈeｏbjectisｔheperｓｏnorthingaｃteduponbythｅageｎt．Inorｄertoａccｏuntfｏrtｈｅcaseofｓｕbjectinpaｓsiｖevoice,weｈavetｗooｔｈerterms“gｒammaticalｓubjeｃt”ａnｄ“logｉcalｓubject”ＷorｄｏrｄeｒSubjectorｄinarilｙｐrｅceｄｅstheverｂｉntheｓtatｅment:Pro-forｍsThefｉｒsｔａnｄｔhirdpersｏｎprｏｎｏunsinEnｇlishapｐｅarinaspｅｃialfｏｒｍwheｎthｅpronouｎisaｓｕbject，whｉchiｓnotuｓedwhenｔｈｅprｏnouｎｏccｕrｓinｏtherposiｔions:AgrｅemeｎｔwitｈtheverbＩｎthｅsimplepresenｔｔense,aｎ-sisadｄedtoｔｈｅverbwhｅnａｔhirdperｓoｎsubjectissｉｎgular,buｔｔhenumbeｒandpeｒｓonofｔheoｂjectｏranｙotｈeｒelemeｎtintｈeｓeｎｔeｎcehaveｎoeｆfｅｃtatalloｎthｅfｏrmoftｈeverｂＣoｎtentｑuｅｓｔiｏｎｓIftheｓubｊecｔｉsreｐlacedｂyaｑｕestionwｏrd(whoｏrwhat),theｒestｏfthｅsｅnｔeｎceｒemainsunｃｈａnged，asｉn4.4Ｃateｇorｙ(范畴)Thetermcatｅgｏｒｙreferstｏｔhｅdefｉｎiｎｇproｐｅrtiｅsofｔｈｅｓegｅneｒalｕｎiｔs:Cａｔｅｇoriesofthenoun:number,genｄer,caseaｎdcoｕntａbｉｌityCatｅｇorｉｅsｏftｈｅverｂ：ｔense,aspect,ｖｏice4.4.1NumberNumbｅrｉsａｇramｍatiｃａlcatｅgoｒyｕｓedｆorthｅａnalｙsｉsofwoｒdclassesｄiｓｐlayｉngsuchcontrastsassｉngular,duａl,plｕral，eｔc．4.4.2Gende(性）Ｓuchcoｎtrastsaｓ“ｍaｓcｕｌiｎe:feｍｉnine:nｅuteｒ”,“aniｍaｔｅ:inａnimate”,ｅｔc.ｆｏｒtｈeanaｌyｓisoｆwｏrdｃlasｓeｓ.4.4.3Caｓe（格）Tｈecaｓeｃａtegoｒｙｉsusedinｔheａnalysisofwordclａsｓestoidｅntiｆytｈesyntａcｔicrelａtｉonｓｈｉｐbｅtwｅenwordsinasentence.4.4.４Agrｅement．Agreemenｔ(orcoｎcoｒd)mayｂedefinｅdａstherequirementｔhattheｆoｒmsｏftwoｏrmoreｗoｒｄsofspeｃifiｃｗordclasｓesthatｓｔandinspeｃifiｃsyｎｔaｃtｉcrelaｔionshipwithoｎeaｎoｔｈersｈalｌalso,bｅcharacterizedｂythesaｍeｐａradｉｇｍａtiｃallyｍａrkeｄcａtegoｒy(orｃaｔeｇorieｓ)．４．５Phrａse,CｌauseandSentence4．５.１ｐhraｓeＰraｓeｉsaｓｉngｌeelｅｍｅntofstrucｔureconｔａiningmorethａｎｏneｗord,andlackingtｈesuｂject－predicatｅstrｕcｔuretyｐicａloｆclａusｅｓ.ClauseClauseFiniteNon-finiteInfinitiveParticipialGerundialSubjectObjectAdverbialRelativeAppositionalComplement4.5．３ＳeｎtencｅＢaｓicseｎｔenceｔypeｓ:QuirｋＳVＣ

Marｙiｓｋind． ﻩﻩanｕrsｅ.SVA

Ｍaryisherｅ. inthehouse．SV

Thechildislauｇhinｇ.ＳVO

Sｏｍebodycａｕghttｈｅbａｌl．SVOC

Ｗehaveｐrovedhimwrong．

ﻩafool．SVOＡ

Ipuｔtｈeplat