汽轮机运行原理

汽轮机运行原理

TurbineFundamental海南金海浆纸业有限公司

HAINANJINHAIPULP&PAPERCO.LTD

PREPAREDBYCHENYONG气轮机结构

Turbinestructure汽缸体Cylinderbody转子Rotor前后轴承Bearing叶轮Impeller轴封系统Sealingsystem控制阀等Controlvalves.etcTurbine&generatorgeneratorTurbineCondenseroilcoolerBallstrainerVacuum气轮机工作原理

TheturbineFundamental

原理：具有一定压力、温度的蒸汽经过气轮机喷嘴并在喷嘴内膨胀获得很高的速度，高速的蒸汽流经气轮机上的动叶片做功，从而带动气轮机转子按一定均匀的速度转动。气轮机转子与发电机转子用连轴器，当气轮机转子以一定速度均匀转动时，发电机的转子也跟着转动，由于电磁感应的作用，发电机定子线圈中产生电流，通过变配电设备向用户供电。能量转换形式

Theenergyconversionform

蒸汽热能汽流动能电能机械能技术参数（一）

technicaldata汽轮机Turbine：转向（汽轮机—发电机）turningclockwise转速speed3000rpm跳车转速tripspeed3300rpm盘车转速turningbearingspeed45rpm第一临界速度1stcriticalspeed1100rpm第二临界速度2ndcriticalspeed2200rpm发电机最大输出功率generatorpoweroutput:MaximumContinousRating（MCR）120MW技术参数（二）technicaldata蒸汽系统Steamsystem（Normal）

压力bar温度℃流量kg/s热焓kJ/kg高压入口Hpinlet80.5475202.113336.3中压抽汽MPbleeding1522033.332850.2低压抽汽LPextraction7170126.752779.2尾气排放Exhaust0.13144243.72353.4LSCV

BLCV/BLEEDINGBLOCKECVCOND.变电设备用户联网TurbineGeneratorHPSTEAMMPheaderLpheaderCond.TurbineInlet&outletFromLp&MpHeadToUserLPHead(12123.8T)F/L2894.8TVE5457.6TRB2629TCLO2536.6TMB575.4TWT2.6TNaOH27.8TMPHead(4507.8T)MC3041TF/L863TVE75TRB258TSO214TMB238.4TRC18.4TNote:Abovealldataisusefor24hoursonlyPoweroutputtouserNAOH299.7RC/LK148MC353WH33.9RB&VE494.8F/L562.8O289.5WWT62.5CLO2519.9RWT74.8MB76.1PG88SERVEPOWER16.7POWEROUTPUT2823.3UNIT:MWH开车时需要满足的条件

START-UPGENERALREQUIREMENTS

★Electricalpowersupplyinoperation.运行时的电源供应★Allofmotorizerequirementready.要满足所有的电动要求★Instrumentairavailable/inoperation.仪表用气的供应/运行★Allofcontrolsysteminoperation/normalfunction.所有的控制系统处于运行状态/正常状态开车时需要满足的条件

START-UPGENERALREQUIREMENTS

★润滑油、顶轴油系统正常★lubeoil、jackoilsysteminnormal★盘车系统、轴封系统正常★Turningbearingsystemsealingsysteminnormal★冷凝系统以及其他辅助系统正常★condensersystemandtheothersauxiliarysysteminnormal开车系统的程序

START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

CoolingWaterOperation/Circulation.冷却水的运行/循环CoolingTowerPumpstart.冷却水塔泵的启动CoolingwaterforMainCondensercirculation.主冷凝器冷却水的循环CoolingwaterforOilCoolercirculation.油冷凝器冷却水的循环CoolingwaterforAirCoolercirculation.空气冷凝器冷却水的循环CoolingTowerFanstart.冷却水塔风机的启动COOLINGWATERSYSTEM

C.TOWERBASINMAINCONDENSERAIRCOOLEROILCOOLERC.TOWERFANFanstart3setsPumpstart2setsMaincondenserinoperation/circulationAircoolerinoperation4setsOilcoolerinoperationandtheotheronestandby开车系统的程序

START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

AllofOilSysteminOperation/NormalFunction油系统的启动LubeOilsystemoperation(ACAuxiliaryOilPumpstart).润滑油系统（启动辅助油泵）。ControlOilsystemoperation(supplyfromACAuxiliaryOilPump).控制油系统（来自AC辅助油泵）Oilvaporextractorinoperation.启动抽油烟机。OilCoolerinoperationandtheotheronestandby.油冷器的启动，另一个备用。Oiltankheaterinoperation(ifnecessary)油加热器的启动（如果有必要）TurningGearOperation盘车的启动StartJackingoilpump.顶轴油泵的启动。StartTurningGearbyautomode(fromDCS).通过自动模式启动盘车（DCS）LubeOilpress.>2barLubeOiltemp.<55oCLubeOilControlvalve(mechanical)MainOilPumpoperationafterspeed>2700rpm5.TurningGearstart6.OilHeaterstartifnecessary3.OilVaporExtractorstart4.JackingOilPumpstart2.AuxiliaryOilPumpstartDCEmergencyOilPumpin‘AutoMode’1.OilCoolerinoperationSafetyblock/TripunitEmergencystopvalve(ESV)Bleedingblock(BSCV)Extractioncontrolvalve(ECV)Livesteamcontrolvalve(LSCV)Controloilpress.>8bar开车程序START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

CondensateSystemCirculation/Operation冷凝水的循环FillupofCondensateleveltonormallevel(400–500mm)fromfillingwaterline.用补水管中的水将冷凝水的液位加到正常液位(400–500mm)。StartCondensatepump(bothDCSandFieldisavailable)andtheotheroneinpriorityselection(Automode).启动冷凝水泵（DCS和现场），另一台在预选（自动控制）。StartGlandFan(LeakSteamBlower).启动格兰风扇Condensatelevelcontrolputon‘AutoMode’冷凝水液位控制自动控制。MAINCONDEN-SERLCtoRWTankHPCHAMBERLPCHAMBERSILENCERHHPHeadertoAtmosphereGlandFanCond.PumpSECEJECTORPRIEJECTORStart-upEjectorVACUUMSYSTEMCond.Levelcontrolin‘Automode’Cond.Pumpstartandtheotheroneinpriority开车程序START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

PrewarmingMainSteamLine对主蒸汽管进行暖管Openallofdraininmainsteamline.打开主蒸汽管上所有的疏水阀Openofbypassvalveofmainsteam1ststageslowly(makesurethereisnowaterhummerinline).缓慢打开一段主蒸汽管上的旁通阀（确保在管道中没有水）。Openofbypassvalveofmainsteam2ndstageslowly(makesurethereisnowaterhummerinline).缓慢打开二段主蒸汽管上的旁通阀（确保在管道中没有水）。Prewarmingofmainsteamlineoveraftermainsteamtemperature>3800C.当蒸汽温度>3800C时，暖管就完成了。GENERATORHHPHEADERMESVLSCV2ndStage1stStageFlashBox(TURBINEHPCHAMBERTURBINELPCHAMBERMAINSTEAMLINEOpenbypassvalveslowlyOpenallofdrainvalveOpenbypassvalveslowlyOpenallofdrainvalveOpenallofdrainvalveLSCVcontrolledspeedaftertheTurbineAutoStartcommandisreleaseAfterthelineisready,ESVopenbyTurbinestartcommand开车程序

START-UPSYSTEMSEQUENCE

SealingSteamSystemOperation密封蒸汽的启动Sealingsteamfrontend(HHPsteam)密封蒸汽前端（HHP）Prewarmingofsealingsteamlines.密封蒸汽管道的暖管。Openmanualvalve(doublevalve).打开手动阀。OpenthecontrolvalvebyautomodefromDCS,setpoint=1.080bar,在DCS自动打开控制阀，设定值=1.080bar。Sealingsteamrearend(LPsteam)密封蒸汽的后端（LP）Prewarmingofsealingsteamlines.密封蒸汽管道的暖管。Openmanualvalve(doublevalve).打开手动阀。OpenthecontrolvalvebyautomodefromDCS,setpoint=1.230bar.在DCS自动打开控制阀，设定值=1.230bar.LPHEADERTURBINEHPCHAMBERTURBINELPCHAMBERHHPHEADERHHPBLOWTANKTo:AFTERCONDENSEROFEJECTORSYSTEMGENERATORSEALINGSTEAMSYSTEMDoublevalveopenedafterprewarminglinefinishOpenallofdrainvalveOpenallofdrainvalveDoublevalveopenedafterprewarminglinefinishControlvalvein‘Automode’withsetpoint1.080barControlvalvein‘Automode’withsetpoint1.230barToaftercooler/ejectorcoolerControlvalvesealingsteamrearend(LP)Controlvalvesealingsteamfrontend(HHP)汽机的启动程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

Turbineprewarming(ESVopen/manualstart).汽机的暖机（ESV打开/手动阀启动）Mainsteamtemperatureinthemainsteamline>380oC.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的温度>380oC.Mainsteampressureinthemainsteamline<permissionpressureprewarmingvalve.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的压力<暖机时允许的压力值。Turbineautostart(LSCVcontrolled).汽机自动启动（LSCV控制）Mainsteamtemperatureinthemainsteamline>420oC.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的温度>420oC.Temperatureofprewarmingvalve>400oC.暖机的温度>400oC.Mainsteampressureinthemainsteamlinepermissionpressure<80bar.主蒸汽管中蒸汽的压力<80bar.LSCVBLCV/BLEEDINGBLOCKECVCOND.TURBINESTART-UP汽机的启动程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

TurbineGeneratorsynchronizetoBusBar.汽轮发电机同步到总排Turbineautostart/speedcontrolleris‘active’.汽机自动启动/速度控制器激活。Excitation‘ON’(afterspeed3000RPM).励磁启动（速度到过3000RPM后）Synchronizationcriteria并网的三个条件Voltagedifferenceshouldbeassmallaspossible

电压差尽可能的小。Frequencydifferenceshouldbeassmallaspossible

频率差尽可能的小。Phaseangledifferenceshouldbeassmallaspossible

相位角差尽可能的小。Synchronizing‘ON’同步启动CBclose,TGalreadysynchronized.CB关闭，TG已经并网。汽机的启动程序

TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

Pick-upload加载

Important（重要事项）:MonitoringthepositionoftheFreeRangeTurbineCasingFlangeandFreeRangeTurbinecasingTop/Bottom.根据上下汽缸的温差来决定升载的情况。MonitoringtheElongationRelative.监测胀差。Monitoringallofindicationeg.Vibrationvalue,Shaftposition,Bearingtemperature,Oiltemperature,andect.监测所有的振动、轴的位移、轴承的温度、油温等。Importantduringstart-upandpick-uploadImportantduringstart-upandpick-uploadImportantforTurbineprewaming&start-up汽机的开车程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

LPExtractioncontroller‘ON’.LP抽汽控制器的启动Adjustload,accordingtoLPPressurerequirement.根据LP压力的需要来调整负载。PrewarmingLPExt.lineandopenvalveontheLPHeaderside.对低压抽汽管进行暖管，然后打开LP集汽柜侧的阀门。Openthemotorizevalveontheextractionline.打开抽汽管上的电动阀。Spraywatercontrolvalvein‘AutoMode’.减温注水控制阀到自动模式。Release/ONNonReturnValve(NRV).解除截止阀。Controller‘ON’控制器启动。汽轮机启动程序TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCEMPBleedcontroller‘ON’.MP充汽控制器的启动Adjustload,accordingtoMPPressurerequirement.根据中压蒸汽的压力需求来调整负载。PrewarmingMPBleedinglineandopenvalveontheMPHeaderside.对MP充汽管进行暖管，然后打开MP集汽柜侧的阀门。Openthemotorizevalveonthebleedingline.打开充汽管上的电动阀。Spraywatercontrolvalvein‘AutoMode’.减温注水控制阀到自动模式。Release/ONNonReturnValve(NRV).解除截止阀。Controller‘ON’控制器启动。Motorizevalve1ststageEmg.StopValve(ESV1&2)LiveSteamControlValve(LSCV1&2)ExtractionControlValve(ECV1&2)BleedSteamControlValve(BleedingBlock)BleedingNonReturnValve(NRV)Ext.NonReturnValve(NRV)SpraywatercontrolvalveBleedingSpraywatercontrolvalveExtraction汽机的开车程序

TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

Normaloperationcontroller.（正常运行的控制器）Monitoringforallofsystem(DCSandPLC).监测所有的系统（DCS和PLC）Controlallofequipmentforabnormalnoise,temperature,vibration,leakageandect.控制所有设备的声音异常、温度、振动、泄漏等问题。RecorddataintheLogSheetasperhour.每小时在报表上记录数据。Monitoringallofinterlockingindication.监测所有的连锁显示。汽机的开车程序

TURBINESTART-UPSEQUENCE

MostImportantDisplaysforMonitoring（临测的重要画面）RUNSUPERVISIONDisplay（运行画面的监测）GENERATORSUPERVISIONDisplay（发电机的监测）TURBINECLCDisplay（汽轮机CLC的监测）LUBEOILSYSTEMDisplay（润滑油系统的监测）CONTROLOILSYSTEMDisplay（控制油系统的监测）Checkingforallofindicationondisplaysimmediately（立即检查所有画面上所有的显示）VibrationTurbineHPVibrationTurbineLPSpeedindicationVibrationGeneratorFr.VibrationGeneratorRearVibrationExciterEndBearingTemp.BearingTemp.BearingTemp.BearingTemp.BearingTemp.GeneratorWindingTemp.,6setsGeneratorSpaceHeaterCoolAirTemp.,2setsWarmAirTemp.,2setsSetpointLiveSteamControllerSetpointFrequencyControllerSetpointSpeedControllerSetpointBleedingControllerLimiterSetpointExtractionControllerLubeOilTemp.LubeOilPress.ControlOilPress.控制油的压力汽机的停车程序

TURBINESHUTDOWNSEQUENCE

UnloadtheTurbine.（汽机的降载）Decreaseloadaccordingtoelectricalconsumption(frequencymonitoring)andmainsteampressure.根据电力的消耗（频率监测）和主蒸汽的压力来降低负载。UnselectedloadsheddingaccordingTurbineLoad.根据汽机的负载来解除其负载保护。ContinueloaddowntheturbineandadjustLPextandMPbleedingaccordingly.继续对汽机进行降载，再相应的调整低压抽汽和中压抽汽。汽机的停车程序

TURBINESHUTDOWNSEQUENCE

StoptheTurbine.（汽机的停止）MPBleedcontroller‘OFF’accordingtoTurbineLoadandMP落Headerpressureandstopthesystem.

根据汽机的负载和中压集汽柜的压力来关闭中压充汽的控制器，停止该系统。LPBleedcontroller‘OFF’accordingtoTurbineLoadandLPHeaderpressureandstopthesystem.根据汽机的负载和低压集汽柜的压力来关闭低压充汽的控制器，停止该系统。CloseEmergencyStopValve(ESV)orpresstheemergencyst