博士英语课程作业

文化比较的七大规律.介绍这篇文章的全称是“东西方文化发展模式的七大规律”。这有力地证明了在文化对照领域一个受过教育的中国人的思维怎样运行的。这是转载北京大学英语系教授辜正坤的许可。.为什么要有大规模的文化视野？从宏观的角度看，人类文化是一元的；从微观的角度看，然而，人类文化的多样性指向多元化。如今，当人类文化发展到一个很高的程度，过分强调一元化的元素将导致文化虚无主义以至于抑制人类文化多元发展的潜能。另一方面，过分强调文化的多元性，则会产生提升文化沙文主义的风险。这种文化观大体上也适用于东西方文化之间的关系。简言之，我认为有七大规律主导着东西方文化的格局。以下是对这七个定律的简要介绍。.七大规律文化共性规律文化在人类的思想中有一个共同的根源。事实上，所有的文化都是人类创造的，证明了地球上的文化必须是一个共同的性质，即人类的本质。所有的文化都是因为客观世界和人类的三大欲望（对事物的欲望、对性以及权力的欲望）之间相互影响而形成的。此外，人类在地球上不得不以一种通过地球供给所形成的一种模式生存和发展。根（共同的性质），然而，也可以被理解为一个统一的两个根源：阴根（精神）源于三大欲望，阳根（实质）来自客观世界。文化就是开在这种嫁接之上的花朵。这就是为什么，在许多情况下，人们发现，西方文化的根源是一种方式，对于东方文化反之亦然。在逻辑和自然上，你可以看到在一定的历史阶段，西方文化精神在某种程度上体现了某种形式的东方文化，反之亦然。文化内部结构规律两种文化就像两个拥有不同生活方式和价值观的人，一旦他们发现了他们的相反性，他们就会故意或不自觉地试图去影响对方。每一方都试图改革、塑造或规范对方。他们这样做是因为他们都坚信自己在做正确的事情，因为他们真诚地相信他们拯救了他们的对手。例如，西方的基督教和东方的佛教几千年来一直真心诚意的做着这样的事，正因为披着“主义”或“思想”的外衣。在过去的三百年中，东方文化和西方文化正是通过这种方式进行融合。东西方文化发现自身的独特性，价值以及潜力，还有测试-东方文化的大阴阳循环影响下自身的独特定位和意义，这些都是文化内部结构形成的过程。有一个至少对于中国的学者来说极其重要的问题，就是思考东西方文化之间内部结构能够健康发展的范围是什么，毕竟这一过程有其自身的局限性。内部结构的形成过程通常停滞在某一点，即当两种文化达到一定程度的折衷时，因为东西方文化总是相反的直到它们的发展定位方向相关联为止。文化互补性规律在东西方文化的互补性中发现了全球文化的总体性和完美性。它自然地遵循东方文化或西方文化，当单从一方面做出判断时，是有瑕疵的，因为环境、气候、种族、语言、时间、可用的资源和许多其他因素是完全不同的。幸运的是，东西方文化有机地形成一个整体，当东方文化中哪里存在一个缺点常常就会在西方文化中发现一个优点来平衡，或者西方文化中存在较为薄弱的地方就会发现这在东方文化中很强大。当一种文化生病时，它的补救方法可以在另一种文化中找到。换句话说，西方文化是东方文化的一个医生，反之亦然。当我们拒绝一种文化时，我们就是拒绝治愈我们的疾病。一些学者总是有一种误解就是相信文化的特点可以简单地从一种文化转移到另一种文化中去。在我看来，特点是一种与众不同的天性和两个范畴：精神和身体。例如，科学和技术的特点，属于物理分类，而文学和艺术的特点，属于精神分类。物理特点可以很容易地借用或模仿，而精神上的特点从一种文化进入另一种文化往往是困难的（有时根本是不可能的）。计算机软件可以从国外引进和使用，只有在物理条件（如计算机）和相关的操作命令被提供的情况下。但文学或文化的价值是不同的，因为他们要求这一部分相关的人有相近的心理条件，如类似的文化背景和审美品味（习惯）。物理是可移动的，而精神通常是不行的。为了培养一种共同的审美倾向，我们必须提高我们对一种特殊文化的特别价值以及东西方文化的多元性和互补性的敏感性。文化冲突规律一方面，当代人类就以下事实达成了共识：现代文化的发展要求一个具有挑战性的强烈的反对意见，来最大程度的激发创作精神。另一方面，我们更清晰地意识到，当一个文化倾向于抑制或消除所谓的异教文化，它只是削弱自己的发展潜力。文化冲突或文化误读的必然性不是都能引起战争或激烈的冲突，人类现在越来越多地学习如何容忍，而不是相互斗争。显然，我们需要一种适当的反对，能足够强大以刺激文化的平稳发展，也能足够微弱以避免任何其他文化造成的可能的危害。文化互显规律只有通过与自己的对立面进行比较和对比，一种文化才能真正理解和体现它自己的优点。换言之，一种文化的优势或优点是通过与之对立的文化的存在形式来体现的。例如，一个好的方面就是东方文化中典型的信念就是自然与人类和谐相处被越来越强烈地认同，西方文化中只有当西方科学让西方人深刻地感受到人类与大自然相分离引起的苦难才意识到这一点。同样，现代西方文化通过科学备份可以自豪的说它是经过分析且精确的，只有当与东方文化进行强烈对比时才会出现全面模糊和过度合成的情况。文化相互印证的规律一种文化许多方面的合理性往往通过借用其相反文化的许多方面进行验证。在古代东方文化中提出的许多主张，最终被西方科学证明或验证。例如，佛教的许多概念、易经和老子的书已经被欧美地区的现代科学所验证。总体上说，虽然东西方文化都具有理性和非理性的特征，但可以说，东方文化的理性一面与西方文化中理性的一面相比不太明显。或者，换句话说，如果没有欧美地区近代科学的发展，东方古代文化中的许多深刻的思想不能得到理解和验证。同样，没有东方古人的智慧和开拓性的努力，西方的现代文化也会产生走岔路的危险。东方文化是西方文化的一面镜子，反之亦然。为了便于理解，可以提供一个笨拙的比喻，东方文化是一个命题，以及结论，而西方文化则是一个论据（证据和过程的示范）。只有在东西方文化的完美结合中才能得到至高的真理。阴阳发展周期规律按照规则，事物都是朝着相反的方向发展直到达到自身的极限，无论东方文化还是西方文化在很多方面迟早都将朝着相反的模式发展。第二十世纪的学者不需要为东方文化越来越西化，而西方文化越来越东方化而感到困惑。这在现代诗歌和艺术的发展方面可以明显地看出。总体上说，东方文化的阴倾向强于西方文化中的，而西方文化中的阳倾向强于东方文化中的。十六世纪以前，世界文化的主流是除了希腊和罗马文化之外的以阴为代表的古埃及文化、巴比伦文化、印度文化和中国文化。然而潮流改变了。以西方国家为代表的阳文化日益突出。近几年来，现代科学以惊人的速度发展着，西方文化在二十世纪末已经达到了其发展的巅峰。遵循上面提到的相同的规律，一个伟大而平缓的改变将在全球文化框架下发生。正如许多人所相信的那样，二十一世纪可能会见证东方文化的崛起。再次，有必要强调一种文化的崛起不需要另一种文化的衰落来伴随，因为现代人拥有的预测能力使他们能够在一定程度上调节或调整自身文化演进的过程。此外，一个看似新的文化的崛起，往往只是其之前模式的一种变化升级。Immigration,ancestors,AmericanInJuly1943,theU.S.militaryforceweretoattackSicily.Inordertoimprovethemorale,GeneralBattondeliveredhisspeechpassionately:“Whenlandingon,wewillencounterwithGermanyandItalyarmy,toattackthemanddestroythemisourhonorandprivilege.Inordertoimprovethemorale,GeneralBattondeliveredhisspeechpassionately:“whenlandingon,wewillencounterwithGermanyandItalyarmy,toattackthemanddestroythemisourhonorandprivilege.Inyourveins,thereareGerman,sandItalian,sdescent,butkeepinmind,inordertopursuefreedom,theylefttheirhomeandcountryandtraveledacrossoceans.Nowwe,regoingtowipeoutthosepeoplewhoseancestorslackedthecouragetomakesuchasacrificerathercontinuetolivealifeofslaves.”Thereweretworeasonsforimmigration:themoralloveoffreedom,andthepursuitofmaterial.Theancestorsabandonedtheirhome,tradition,andhometownvalue.Butaftertheirchildrenacceptedthenewvalueandtradition,theyridiculedandrejectedtheaccustomedthinkingpatternsfromEuropeans.Theygaveuptheirownnativelanguageandideasexpressedinit.Theirhometownlawandloyaltytotheirmotherland,theiroldvalueandwayoflife,andpartofthehabitualdietandclothing.AndthentheybecameAmericans.Thefirstgenerationofimmigrantshaddifficultiesincompletelychangingthemselves,buttheirchildrencould.Throughpublicschoolsandsocialeducation,thechildrenbecametheone-hundred-percentAmericans.Thefathergeneration,sforeignfeaturesbecamethesourceofthechildren,sselfinferiorityandhumiliation.Theauthorityofthefatherbecamelessandlessimportant.Mothers,nomatterwhichkindoflifestyletheymaintained,nomatterwhichlanguagetheyspoke,andbecausetheyprovidedlove,foodandsympathy,theystillkepttheimportanceofemotion.ThesecondgenerationofimmigrantshadtorefusetoacknowledgetheirfatherswhowereborninEurope,justlikeindependentAmerican'srejectingBritain.AmericansdidnotrepeltheBritishatfirst,buttheBritishgovernmenfshighpressureandbossypoliciesputthecoloniststothelowerstatus,anddestroyedtheirallegiancepsychology.ThebirthoftheUnitedStatesisknownfordenyingauthority:authorityismandatory,assertive,autocratic,andmorallywrong.TheconstitutionoftheUnitedStatesaimstolimittheauthorityofAmericangovernment,hencetheseparationofpowers.Freudrelatedhis“AmericaTheory”likethis:severalsuppressedsonsunitedandkilledthedespoticfather;thentheyfeltthattheycommittedagreatcrime,feltafraidthatonebrotheramongthemwouldbeupandreplacetheassassinatedfather,sposition,sotheymadeapact,onthebasisofallgivingupthepowerandspecialstatusofthefather,todeterminethelegallyequalstatusbetweenthebrothers.BritainanditsKingwereonbehalfofthedespoticfather;peopleofAmericacoloniesonbehalfofthesonswhokilledtheirfatherwithconspiracy;theDeclarationofindependenceandtheConstitutionofAmericaonbehalfofthecompactestablishedbyallbrothers,onthefoundationofgivingupthepowertocontrolpeople,toguaranteeallAmericansthefreedomandequality.ThepowertodominatepeopleismosthatedbyAmericans,andalsomostadmired.TherearetwobigquestionsaboutAmericannationalcharacter.1.Basedontheemotionallyequalityidea(onlywhite);ifapersonenslavesanother,hisbehaviorshouldnotonlyhavebeenspurned,butalsobannedbylaw;everyonehasequalopportunitiesandlegalstatus.2.Theybelievethatthepowerdominatingpeopleismorallydetestable,andshouldberesisted;suspicionofothersseizingpowerisnotenough;peoplemusttreatthoseindomesticnecessarypowerpositionsaspotentialenemies.TheequalityAmericanscherishinthepastgovernment,sweakness.OpposingtheauthoritybecomesatypicalAmericanbehaviorofpraise.American,sattitudestowardpowerareasthefollowing:poweritselfisbad,dangerous;forthesurvivalanddevelopmentofthecountry,acertainnumberofpeoplemustbegivenpower,butthepowermustbelimitedbylegalmethods,andpeopleinpowerpositionmustbesupervisedalways,andtheyshouldbeseenaspotentialenemies.ThisisthemostbasicelementofAmericancharacteristicsandbehaviors.Althoughithaspoliticalimplication,butintheenditisofthenatureofmorality,whichholdsthat:peopleorinstitutionsthatare“bullyingothers”arebad,andtheyviolatethegoodfeelingsandabsolutelycanbereproached.Thepowercontrollingotherscanberegardedasakindofrulebyforceofdictators,andpeoplewhopursuesuchpowerareseenassinners.Thoseitselfhasusetheirpowertodominateothersnatureoftheindustrytobecomethemostdespisedbypeopleandindustrybydoubt,whenpeaceforpolitics,formilitaryserviceinwartime.Theythatwanttoimprovehissocialstatusandmoneyforanypurposetojointhisindustryarethemajorsuspects.Itisbelievedthatisforthesakeofpersonalinterests,inordertomakemoney,ortoimprovetheirownstatusandpoliticalparticipationinthepolitical,notasasuspect.Eveniftheyfraud,atleastensuretheyparticipateinpoliticsisaprofit,thereisnoevilambitiononpurpose.Forpersonalinterestsoutsidethereasonoutofpoliticsareagreatdealofsuspects.Hemaybesecretlythegreedyforpower,thereforemustimplementthestrictestmonitoringtohim,andmakesurehenevermeetthiskindofthemostevildesires.FranklinRooseveltwasconsideredathreattojustice.ThiscanexplainthepowerfulPresidentinAmericanhistoryandweakPresidentScenariointurn.PowerfulPresidentonbehalfofamoralthreat,andweakcommonplacesPresidentwillmakethecountryintoanarchy.MoralabominationpowermayexplainwhyAmericansgenerallyskepticalattitudetotheirgovernment.Governmentissomethingotherpeople,theirdifferentinterestsandsocialinterests.Itsmaingoalistoincreaseitspower,andthepublic'smaindutyistoresistthegovernmentpower.Thegovernmentisanecessaryevil.Thegovernmentcanonlyistherefereeinsportscompetition.VerydifficulttosomesuspectthattheSupremeCourtandjudgesabuseofpower.Americanshatepower,sowillingtouseforceandviolenceagainstpower.SoAmericanviolencecultureispopular,gunflood.WorldWarIIveteransarenottheJapanesepeopleashuman,becausemilitarismabuseofpower.Americanstrytomakethepowerandthecivilianpower.OccupiedbytheRomanaftertheSecondWorldWar,theAmericanpeopleclimbinguptheVenetianpalace,simulatedMussolinimadeloudspeech,thecrowdwasmadeintoapictures,newspapersandmagazinesarewidelypublishedintheUnitedStates.ThisisasymbolofAmericanpowermentality,itmaybedevoidofpoliticalmeaning,anditssignificanceliesinthatsuchapowerfulsymboltoeverychildborntomotherswiththeUnitedStatescanreachthelevelof.Thosemaycausepeopletoreducethefearofthepeopletothemostordinarymortals.AmericansabouttheemperorworshipandfearoftheJapanesefearsdislike,consideredtobetheenemyofdemocracy.Thepatternsofdistributionofthenationalpowerwithinthefamilyalsohasitsprototype:fatherlikeonbehalfoftheexecutivepart,themotheronbehalfofthelegislation,withschoolteachersastheleaderoftheneighborhoodrepresentsthejudicialpower.Children'sstatussimilartothepeople,theyinapowertoresistanotherkindofpower,takingphasesystemandbalancedwaytokeeptheirindependence.UncleSamandLibertyUncleSamisanextremelyskinny,tallandoldman,andhisgreybeardiscutintotheoldbeardsofthejaws,dressedintheoldbeardsofthejaws,dressedintheoldclothesofAmericanflagpattern.Liberty:arobustwomanofmothergentleness,dressedintheclassicflappingoutwear,wearingacrown,withonehandholdingthetorch.UncleSamisbasicallyonbehalfoftheUnitedStatesgovernmentanditsdemandstopeople,suchastax,joiningarmy,buyingTreasurybonds,savings,etc.ManyAmericansbelievethattheyhavenothingtodowithhim,andtohim,thereisnoloveorrespect,buttheyhadbetterobeyhimreluctantly.Americans,attitudetowardhimisnegative.Thelibertyisapositiveimage,onbehalfofgenerosityandfreedom.Thetorchshinontheroadtodemocracyforstray,onbehalfofchanceandlove.TheFrenchdesignerBartholdiusedhismotherastheprototypeofthestatueofliberty.Themotto“Providemotherlycareandwelcome”isgravedintothebaseoftheLiberty.Thetwoportraitsdemonstrateveryimportantpsychology:thecharity,richnessandidealoftheUnitedStatesisrepresentedbywoman,onlyitsgradanddemands,bymen.Withinafamily,thepowerofparentsisthetargetofbeingchallenged.Americanpeoplethinkthatchildrenintheprocessofgrowthshouldnotberestrictedbyanypower,butinpracticeitprovesimpossible.Childrendevoidoftubebundletothemselvesandtheirparentsaredangerous.Itisagoodidealthatchildrenwouldnotberestrictedbyanypublicpower,towhichtheUnitedStatesismostclose.Therealwayssomeonetorewardgoodbehaviorandpunishwrongdoing.Thankstofather,spositionalmostexistinnameonly,almostdutyaretookoverbymother.Inallsocieties,fatherplaysthesocialrole,whilemothershouldersabiologicalone.Motherprovidesfoodandcaress,sosheisintheadvantageousstatus.InAmericansociety,motherisdriventoarrangethemaintasksofparenting.Howispeople's“ethics”or“conscience”constructed?InAmerican,thechildreneducationisassumedbymother.Howtogetinto“ethic”or“conscientiousness”ofpeople?Parentsuserewardsandpunishmentstotrainingchildren,themoreloveandrewardwillgivetochildrenthathisbehaviorconformtotherulesofmoralstandards,vicepunished.Astimepasses,thehabitisconvertedintonature,andtheyhavecometoaccepttheirparents,attitudeofapprovalordisapproval,andfinallysuchattitudebecomesapartofthemselves.Theinner-self-controlbecomesapartofthewholepersonality,andthepsychologicalanalystscallit“superego”or“conscience”.ItisbelievedthatAmericanconsciencebearscharacteristicofwoman,becauseintermsoftrainingchildrenwithrewardsorpunishments,motherdominates,andthenchildren,sconsciencecontainsmoremotherlycompositionthanfatherly.ThisiswhyAmericanwomanstayinakindofstateofwell-beingandpick-up.Thinkstothestubborn,deepmaternalconsciencehasbecomeapartofAmericanconscience,butstillAmericansocietyisapatriarchalone.Ontheonehand,thereistherequirementofmalesociety,onotherhand,mother,sinculcationdoesexistsintheheart,whichbringaboutobviousconflictsinAmericansociety.So,manymalevirtuesareconsideredastherequiredconcessionsbeforewoman,ratherthanhisgoodself-cultivation,henceespeciallymorementaldisordersinAmericanteenagers.InAmerica,mostprimaryandsecondaryschoolteachersarewoman,whichalsostrengthensthewomanconscience.But,itisdifficulttohearthemother'sedificationinbusinesscirclesandpartofpoliticallife.Becausemanypeoplethinkthatbusinessismainlyusedtohandlethings,onceinawhiletodealwiththeproblemtothepeople.Theexclusivewordbusinesscommunityisconsideredtobeman,beyondthefemalemoralcategory.Actually,Americanwomenalsohaveasayineconomiccircles,morethanthree-quartersofnationalretailgoodsareboughtbywomen.Thesegoodsthatfromtietocararedesignforwomen.Americansociety,smalerequirementsanditsmaternalconsciencehavecausedintenseconflictsintheUnitedStates,whichhassplitAmericanpeople'spersonalities.ThusAmericans7speechcontainstwovoices:oneistopromotethenobleideal,theotheristodenytheidealintheleastenlightenedspiritofself-interest,whichleadstothesituationinwhichAmericansalwaysapplydoublestandards.TheStatueoflibertyintheUnitedStatesisonlyanillusoryimage!Child,mother,fatherAmericansbelievethatchildrenarebornasapieceofpaper,afterwhich,ifthereisanyweakness,butalsobecauseoftheenvironmentandparent'signoranceormaliciousresults.Childrenarethefutureandhope,inlife,startingpoint,canbestrongerthangrandpaandprogenitor.ThisisthebasicbeliefoftheAmericanpeople.Nochildrencannotbetaught,onlyparentsandteacherswhowillnotbetaught.Inordertodevelopthisinnergiftofeverynewborn,aslongasthereisaproperupbringing.Whatistheproperupbringing?Generallyspeaking,parentsthinkthewaybywhichtheyarebredintoadulthoodisthewayofappropriateparenting.Inthismodetherearesmallchangesbecauseofthedifferentparents.IntheUnitedStates,children'seducationhasitsownregularity.ForinfantsintheUnitedStates,howtofeedtheirchildrenforfearofviolatingtheir"procedures"and"formula"".MostAmericanchildrenhaveexperiencesofgreathunger.Allthemethodsoffeedingchildrendependonastricttimetablewhichprovidesstrictlywhatfoodshouldbeofferedatanexacttime.ThisandChina's"cryingchildrenhavemilktodrink"thereisabigdifference.MostbabiesintheUnitedStateswillsoonbeabletoadaptquicklytothisschedule.Ifinordertoappeasethechildcryingandearlyfeeding,temporaryaccommodationisconsideredtoindulge.Thisexperienceofhungerafteradultchildrenhavemanybenefits,suchassaving,budget,etc.WhitepeopleintheUnitedStates,thegeneralobjectiontotheimplementationofcorporalpunishmentonchildren,andinsteadoffoodasarewardandpunishment.Moretorewardsweetsandicecream.Sosomefoodshaveasignofaffectionandpraise,suchastheparentsoftheirchildrenandlovetocallthe"sweet","sweet"andsoon.Youaresosweetthatyoucanmakemeeatyouup.Iliketoeatmyloveandlovefood.Ifswallowedistoholdandmakeitapartofmybody.Foodisprovidedbythemother,onbehalfofthemother'slove,refusedtoeatistorefusematernallove,refusedtogrowup.Americanchildrenhavelittlechancetokissandcaress.Themother'sloveforherchildreniscompletelydependentonthedegreeofsuccessinthecompetitionamongthepeers.Onlythechild'ssuccess,motherwillgiveunconditionalaffection,becauseitprovedhertoperformthemother'ssuccess,toprovethatshehasdonetheirduty,therecanbenoguiltinthefaceoftheworld.Theloser'scaress,motheroftenhaveasenseofguilt.Thebiggestfearisthattheparentsofchildrenintoa"sissy"risk.SissyconceptisanunderstandingofbasicconceptsofAmericancharacteristics,inanyothersocietywithoutpropersimilarphenomenon.Itreferstoaperson'sabilitytoshowthedependenceorfearofthecurrentsituation,orthelackofactiveorpurenaturalpassive.Itcanbeadaretoputtheirmoneyinagamblerthrowthehelveafterthehatchet,toseetheirchildreninthehospitalwasbitterandoverlyanxiousmother,abeautifulgirldarenotdatingboys,evenalowmanpersonality.Inordertopreventthisterribledanger,Americanchildrenareoftenencouragedtobeindependentandactive,somuchpraise,andviceversa.Childrengetmorefreedomandindependence,andatthesametimegetanothersourceofpower,andcanbeusedtofightagainsttheirparents.Veryfewparentscanresistarequest:Idon'tseewhyitshouldnotbeso;allotherchildrenareallowedtodoso;John'sparentsallowhimtodoso,andhe'sthreemonthsmorethanIdo.Sothechildwasgreaterfreedomandindependence.Americanpowerchecksandbalancesandtheconceptofdecentralizationofpower.Inordertogettheloveoftheirparents,theUnitedStates,themouthofthemouthofthefunctionhasbecomesoimportant,themouthofthecultureispopularintheworld.Thechildrenofparentsinordertoattractinterest,forthesakeoftheiradmirationandpraise,addingthetrimmingsinspeaking,overblownandself-aggrandizement,andparentsareaccustomedtothis,justknow,toidentify.ThentheAmericansgrewupheservedtoretainitsbombastichabits,butinnon-Americansaredifficulttounderstand.Childrenself-exaggeration,knowingthattheirstoryisonlyhalfbelievable,sotheparentsofthewordsareonlyhalfoftheletter.Whileparentsinordertoexertinfluenceonchildren,hadtobesoexaggeration,.ThisalsoshowsthattheAmericanpublicandpoliticallifeinparticularfocusonthewords,theUnitedStatesConstitutionandthedeclarationofindependenceisthefoundationoftheUnitedStates,andthe"Godofwords"(theBible)asthebacking.TheconstitutionoftheUnitedStateshasasemidivinenature.Whileplayingthewordsofthelawyerprofessionpopular,intheUnitedStatesPresident,thelawyerwasbornthemost,suchasJefferson,Lincoln,Rooseveltandothermorethanand20people.Americansbelievethatthegreatestthreattothedictatorship,istodeprivethelikestosaywhattosay,liketowritewhatyouwriteaboutthepowerof.Therefore,theUnitedStates"bigmouth"cultureisoftennotbasedonfacts,onlytheinterestsofthedemandsoftoday'sU.S.mediaandpoliticsisparticularlyprominent.Playthe"words"andledtotheAmericanspiritofdoubtbecomeaggravated.Thewordslieisself-evident,suchasthedeclarationofindependenceandpoliticallip-servicemeettheeyeeverywhere.TheidealAmericanfamilyconsistsoftwochildren,thebigoneistheeldersister,theyoungeroneistheyoungerbrother.Inthefamily,theAmericanchildren'stypicalresponsetothenewbornisakindofhatred,becausetheirincomewillbedividedintoapartofthe.UsuallythebrothersandsistersNeverminddeepstrong,eachotherdidnotburdenspecialduty,oncetheadulthometheneachonepursueshisonwardjourney.FarlessChinese"brotherasafather".Ifonlytwoboysinthefamily,theyoungerbrotherbrotherusuallyintroducedtohisplaymatesandsomeyouthgroups,becausemostpeopleolderthanhim,buttheteamalsodaretodoeverythingbeyondhisageandachievementstandardcanmatchdegree.Inspiredbythisstandard,theyoungerbrother'sspeechandbehaviorbecomeveryrashandbrutal,convincedthatthesuperiorphysicalandwisdomofhisbrothermustbeabletomakehimfreefromtheriskofhisownbehavior.ThehouseofRepresentativesoftenhasirresponsibleactions.HebelievesthathisbrotherandtheSenatewillmakehimfreefromtheconsequencesofhisownbehavior.Waituntilthechildrengrowup,parentsarewillingtosing"red",inordertogetthechildren.Americanchildrenalsohaveschoolchoicetogotoschool,accordingtowhethertheschoolcanprovidebetteropportunitiesforchildren,whetherthereisnoblackchildren,thenumberofforeignchildrenandsoon.Parentsaccordingtotheirchildrenintheschool'scompetitiveadvantagetogivecaress.Americanchildrenusuallyfindtherighttousetheteacher'spowertoresistthepowerofparents,sotheparentsofteachersin-depthstudyofteachers'privatelifebehaviorstandardsandmoralhonestyisveryhigh.ThefirstfunctionoftheAmericanschoolistomakeAmericanchildren"Americancharacteristics",andthesecondistoinstillandtransferknowledge.TheAmericanchildren'sacademicrequirementsarerelativelylow,butthetrainingoftheirindependentpersonalityandpromotingthedevelopmentofadultlifeiscontinuing.Thechildrenwereencouragedtousetheirsparetimetomakemoneytoclose,inordertoindependence.Thecommonfeaturesoftheyouthgroupsthatthestudentsparticipateinare:theyarebothinvolvedinillegalandlegalactivities.Inmostisnotwhatharm,suchasintrusion,vacancyinthecountryintheorchard,grabfruitwithoutaticketintothecircus,teasingpoliceetc..Thisactivitynotonlyallowforadults,butalsoforparentstolookforwardtoandpraise:successorcontemptbothauthoritativeisindependentandmanly.NevertrytodoaPassoverrulesmatterthechildisindangerofbecomingasissy.ThisalsoledtotheseriousnatureoftheillegalbehaviorofthechildrenoftheUnitedstates.Sex,Love,FriendshipManyAmericansusuallythink:whentheyobtainsuccesstheywillobtainlove,whentheyobtainlovetheywillobtainsuccess.Theyalwaysconfusethetwoideasintogether.Accordingtopuritantheory,aperson,ssuccessisthemanifestationofGod,slovetohim.HisfailureshowsthatheisnolongerlovedbyGodandhehascommittedacrime,oratleastnotmadefullefforttotry.InAmerica,thelovedonotneedtopayloveback,butmuststrivetomanifestthattheyareworthyofit.WhileChinesebelieve“Adripoffavorisworthywellrepaying”.AnAmericanusuallydesperatelyprovesthatheisworthyoflove,soheneedstoproveheisasuccess.Whenitcomestoloveexpression,thepresenceofothersisnecessary,whichmakesthephysicallyandmentallyhealthyAmericans,failuretostandlonelysolitude,thereforeothers,presentattentionandadmirationformedapartofAmericans,selfprideandrespect.TheattentionofothersisameanstomeetAmericans,selfpride.ThispsychologicalbackgroundcanshedslightonthestrangestfeatureinAmericans7sociallife:“communicationbetweenmenandwomen”whichtakesupmostofthesparetimeofeveryAmericansfromtheiradolescencetoengagement.Incommunication,thecommunicatorscanusecourtshiplanguageandgesture,andinfactdonotnecessarilyhaveintentionofcourtshipandlove.Inasuccessfulcommunication,thereshouldnotbeso-calledunlucklylosers,andbothshouldfeelthattheirself-esteemandself-confidencearestrengthened.In“communication”betweenmenandwomeninAmerica,thesatisfactionofsensoryorganandsexaccountsforonlyapartofthecommunicationpurposeistostrengthenself-esteem,tomakepeoplebelievetheyarecute,andthereforearesuccessful.Asforlove,Americanshaveanextremelyenthusiasticandprofoundfaithinit.Americansbelievethattheireccentricityoflovingcommunicationisdueto“humannature”.IncommunicationbetweenAmericanyouthandotherforeignoppositesexmembers,seriousmisunderstandingalwaysarise;adateintheeyesofAmericanpeopleismutuallybeneficialduskinwhichtwopeopleenjoyahappytime,tostrengtheneachother,sself-esteem,andshowthepersonalabilityintheword,whiletheforeignerswillthinkofitasdeliberatelure.Ifrejected,bothinjured;ifacceptedimmediately,Americanswillhavethefooledfeeling.Thisislikeamangoingtohunting,beforehisgoingout,thefoxcomesin,sittinginthebackyard,whichmakeshimauselessheroandgreatlydisappointed.Generallythecommunicationislaunchedbyboys,thegirlsinvited.Boysandgirlshavedifferentanchorpointsofchoosingpartners:forgirls,themoreboystoinviteherthebetters,thenshecanchoosetheveryonethatshethinkscanmakehermosthappy;theboy,sgoalistotrytomakethemostlyadoredandpursuedgirlbyhiscolleaguesandcompetitorshispartner.Inacommunication(PROM),ifagirlonlyreceivesaninvitation,eveniftheinviteristhebestboy,shemaynotfeelsuccessful;butifaboy,sinvitingalocal“famous“missisaccepted,hewillwinagreatvictory.Thebasicpurposeofdatingisto“letgirlsenjoyaperiodofhappytime”,whileforboys,itspurposeistoattractgirls,toprovethatheisworthyoflove,soastoprovethatheisasuccess.Inthelatercontact,theboywillrepeatedlyaskforfurtherspecialfavorstopr