第三讲动词时态

动词时态一.一般现在时态（do/does式）：1.一般用法:1〕表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作,e.g.①Heoftengotothecinema.②Mysisterwearsglasses.③Igototheschooleveryday.2〕表示现在或经常性的情况或状态,e.g.①Motherisill.②Helikeslivinginthecountry.

3〕表示现在的能力、特征、职业等,e.g.①Hesingswell.（能力）BACK②Myfathergetsupearly.（习惯）③MissDothyteachesEnglish.（职业）④Thismachinerunssmoothly.（特征）4〕表示客观真理、科学事实、格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在的事实,e.g.①Summerfollowsspring.（客观规律）②Theearthrunsaroundthesun.（客观规律）③Fireburns.（客观事实）④Knowledgeispower.（客观真理）2.特别用法:1〕主句是将来时态或表示将来意义,时间状语从句和条件状语从句须用一般现在时表将来,e.g.①I’llwritetoherwhenIhavetime.②Ifwehurryup,wecancatchthebus.③Tellmeincaseyougetintodifficulty.2〕主句是将来时态或表示将来意义,让步状语从句和方式状语从句须用一般现在时表将来,e.g.①Whateveryousay,Iwon’tpay.②Whetheryouhelphimornot,hewillfail.③NexttimeI’lldoashesays.

3〕用于“the＋比较级…,the＋比较级…”中,前一个用一般现在时表将来,后一个用一般现在时表将来或一般将来时,e.g.Themoreyoueat,thefatteryou（will）become.4〕当主句为将来时,定语从句用一般现在时表将来,eg.①I’llgiveyouanythingyouaskfor.②He’llgiveanyone＄5，000whohelphimwithhisRussian

5〕表示按规定、时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作,用一般现在时表将来,e.g.①Areyouondutynextweekend?②Thetrainleavesat12:00.6〕在makesure（弄清楚）,makecertain（弄清楚）,mind（注意）,watch（注意）,takecare（注意,当心）becareful（注意,当心）等后的that从句中用一般现在时表将来,e.g.①Wemusttakecarethatnooneseesus.②Makesureyoulockthedoorbeforeyouleave.③Becarefulthatyoudon’thurtherfeelings.④Watchthatthebabydoesn’tgoneartheheater.7〕在itdoesn’tmatter,Idon’tcare,Idon’tmind等结构后以及类似结构后的名词性从句用一般现在时表将来,e.g.①Itdoesn’tmatterwherewegoonholiday.②Doesitmatterwhogoesfirst?③Idon’tcarewhetherwewinorlose.8〕主句是将来完成时态,从句有bythetime所引导的从句用一般现在时表将来（主句是过去完成时态,从句有bythetime所引导的从句用一般过去时）,e.g.Bythetimehecomes,I’llhaveleft.（Bythetimehecame,Ihadleft.）二.一般过去时态（did式）:1.基本用法:1〕表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作,e.g.Weoftenplayedtogetherwhenwewerechildren.注:表示过去习惯性的动作,可用would,usedto,e.g.Heusedtoworkbybus.2〕表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态:①Heboughtthecomputerfiveyearsago.②Itwasthenasmallfishingvillage.2.特别用法:1〕表客气或委婉的现在:①Iwonderedifyouwerefreethisevening.②Ithoughtyoumightlikesomeflowers.（注:过去进行时也可表示现在使语气更委婉、客气,eg.①Iwaswonderingifyoucouldgivemealift.②Wewerehopingyouwouldstaywithus.能这样用的动词主要限于want,wonder,think,hope,intend等少数动词。）2〕一般过去时态用于某些特殊结构中表现在,这些结构主要是it’stime…,Iwish…,Iwouldrather…,ifonly…,asif…,asthough…等:①It’stimewestarted.②IwishIknewhisname.③I’dratheryoulivedwithus.注:wouldrather等还可用一般过去时表将来.e.g.IwouldratheryoucamenextMonday.三.一般将来时（will/shall＋动原）:1.一般用法:一般将来时基本用法：表示单纯的将来事实，e.g.Weshallhavealotofrainnextmonth.2.表示将来时的常见用法及区别:beto/begoingto/beaboutto/be＋v-ing/bedueto/will/shall＋动原1〕表示某个意图没有经过事先考虑,而是在说话的时候才决定做某事用will,e.g.①--Youforgettoclosethedoor.--Oh,I’llcloseitatonce.②--Annisinhospital.--Oh,really?Ididn’tknow.I’llgoandvisither.2〕表示迹象表明要发生某事,则只能用begoingto,e.g.Lookatthedarkclouds.It’sgoingtorain.3〕begoingto还有以下用法,e.g.①强调主观想法或意图:I’mgoingtowashthecarifIhavetime.（注意:此时不能用be＋v-ing,be＋v-ing表示将来,主要强调已经作出的安排,e.g.I’mpickingyouupat6:00,don’tforget.）②强调某个意图是事先考虑好的:--Annisinhospital.--Yes,Iknow.I’mgoingtovisithertomorrow.4〕beto:①命中注定的事,隐含在未来之中的事,Ithinkwearetomeetagainmanyyearslater.②父母让子女,上级让下级做的事,表示命令,You’retodoyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV.③表征求意见,用于问句,Arewetohandinthepapersat10:30?

5〕beaboutto表示动作之快的将来,其后不能接时间状语,它与beonthepointofdoingsth.相似,①Autumnisabouttostart.②Theyareonthepointofstarting.6〕bedueto与时间表,旅行计划等有关,e.g.①Thetrainisduetoleaveat7:00.②Heisduetoleaveverysoon.四.过去将来时（would＋动原）与一般将来时相似。五.现在完成时（have/has＋p.p.）1.基本用法:1〕影响性用法:该用法表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成,且对现在造成影响或结果,同时说话者强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果,e.g.①Hehasleftthecity.（结果:他不在这个城市）②Someonehasbrokenthewindow.（结果:窗户仍破着）

2〕持续性用法:该用法表示一个过去发生的动作在过去并未在过去完成,而是持续到现在,且可能继续持续下去或可能到此结束,e.g.①Haveyouwaitedlong?②Wehavebeenbusythisafternoon.2.用现在完成时的典型场合:1〕“since＋过去时间”或“since接that从句（从句中用一般过去时）”则句中用现在完成时,e.g.①Ihaven’tseenhersincelastweek.②WherehaveyoubeensinceIlastsawyou?2〕句中有sofar/in（for/during）thepast（last）years（months…）/uptonow/untilnow等短语则句中谓语用现在完成时,e.g.①Sofartherehasbeennonews.②Shehasn’thadanyfriendssofar.③InthepasttwoyearsI’veseenhimthreetimes.④HehasbeeninGuangdong（for）thelastmonth.⑤Uptonow,theworkhasbeenveryeasy.3〕“It/This/Thatisthefirst（second/third…）time＋that从句”或“It/This/Thatistheonly…＋that从句”或“It/This/Thatisthe＋最高级…＋that从句”从句中谓语用现在完成时,e.g.①It/This/ThatisthefirsttimethatIhavecometoZhejiang.②It/This/ThatistheonlypartythatIhaveeverreallyenjoyedinmylife.③It/This/ThatisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveeverread.（注:以上句型把is改为was,则从句时态相应改为过去完成时态）3.现在完成时与一般过去时态的区别:现在完成时强调对现在的影响或结果,而一般过去时态强调这一个动作发生的时间是过去。e.g.①I’velivedherefortenyears.（现在仍住在这儿）②Ilivedherefortenyears.（现在不住在这儿）③Hehasboughtahouse.（现在已拥有这房子）

④Heboughtahouse.（现在拥不拥有这房子,不知道,只是知道买了房子,现在可能拥有也可能卖掉了）4.“havebeento＋地点”与“havegoneto＋地点”,前者表示去过某地,说话的时候已不在去过的地方,现在在对方的身边,而后者表示说话的时候,去某地的人不在场,可能到达某地,也可能在去某地的路上,反正不在说话者的身边。e.g.①HehasbeentoParisthreetimes.②HehasgonetoParis.六.过去完成时（had＋p.p.）1.基本用法:既表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作,也表示从某一较早的过去动作持续到一个较迟的过去的动作,e.g.①HehadleftwhenIarrived.②Bysixo’clockhehadworkedtwelvehours.用好过去完成时,关键在于理解它的时间是“过去的过去”。2.want/think/hope/plan/mean/expect/intend/suppose等动词的过去完成时＋不定式的一般式（等于这些动词的一般过去式后接不定式的完成式）,表示过去为曾实现的愿望、打算、想法等e.g.①Ihadmeanttocome,butsomethinghappened.（＝Imeanttohavecome,butsomethinghappened.）②Ihadintendedtospeakatthemeeting,buttimedidn’tpermit.（＝Iintendedtohavespokenatthemeeting,buttimedidn’tpermit.）这种用法在不定式里已讲过。3.一些特殊句型中的过去完成时:1〕“It/This/Thatwasthefirst（second/third…）time＋that从句”或“It/This/Thatwastheonly…＋that从句”或“It/This/Thatwasthe＋最高级…＋that从句”从句中谓语用过去完成时。2〕by（theendof）＋过去时间,句中谓语用过去完成时,e.g.①Wehadlearnt3,000wordsbytheendoflastterm.②By8:00a.m.yesterday,wehadarrivedthepark.

3〕bythetime＋一般过去式,主句中谓语用过去完成时,e.g.Bythetimehecameback,wehadrepairedthemachine.4〕Nosooner＋had＋主语＋p.p.＋than＋一般过去时/Hardly＋had＋主语＋p.p.＋when＋一般过去时/Scarcely＋had＋主语＋p.p.＋when/before＋一般过去时/Barely＋had＋主语＋p.p.＋before＋一般过去时e.g.①Nosoonerhadhegonetothegardenthanhissonwenttoplaywithhisclassmates.②Hardlyhadheheardthenewswhenhecried.七.现在进行时（be＋v--ing）:1.基本用法:表示说话人在说话时正在进行的动作,或不断重复的动作或目前这个阶段（不一定是说话的时候）正在进行的动作,e.g.①We’rehavingameeting.（说话时正在进行的动作）②Heisteachinginaschool.（目前这个阶段正在进行的动作）2.现在进行时表示将来,主要表示按计划或安排要发生的动作,e.g.①I’mleavingtomorrow.②Theyaregettingmarriednextweek.注:现在进行时表示将来,其计划性较强,并往往暗示一种意图,而一般现在时态表示将来,除特殊的从句用一般现在时态表示将来,一般其客观性较强,多指按时刻表或规定要发生的事情,e.g.①I’mnotgoingoutthisevening.②Whattimedoesthetrainleave?3.现在进行时与always/forever/constantly/continuously等连用,表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩,e.g.①She’salwayshelpingothers.②She’sconstantlychanginghermind.4.动词be的现在进行时,表示一时的表现或暂时的状态,e.g.①Sheisfoolish.（生性如此）②Sheisbeingfoolish.（一时的表现）能这样用的形容词多为angry,careful,clever,stupid,kind,brave,friendly,rude,polite等动态形容词。八.过去进行时（was/were＋v--ing）1.一般用法:表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作,HewasplayingwhileIwasstudying.2.过去进行时表示现在,主要使语气更委婉、客气,eg.①Iwaswonderingifyoucouldgivemealift.②Wewerehopingyouwouldstaywithus.能这样用的动词主要限于want,wonder,think,hope,intend等少数动词。3.过去进行时与always/forever/constantly/continuously等连用,表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩,e.g.①She’salwayshelpingothers.②Theywerealwaysquarrelling.

4.动词be的过去进行时,表示一时的表现或暂时的状态,e.g.①Shewasfriendly.（生性如此）②Shewasbeingfriendly.（一时的表现）九.将来进行时（will/shall＋be＋v--ing）1.基本用法:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,e.g.WhenIgethomeat9:00tomorrow,mysonwillbewatchingTV.2.表示按计划或安排要发生的动作,e.g.①I’llbetakingmyholidayssoon.②We’llbevisitingLondonnextweek.3.用于问句,表客气或委婉的语气.e.g.①Willyoubehavingsometea?②Whenwillyoubepayingbackmymoney?十.将来完成时（will/shall＋have＋p.p.）1.基本用法:既表示到将来某一时间为止势必会完成的动作或预计要完成的动作,e.g.Whenwegetthere,she’llhavegonetowork.

2.by（theendof）＋将来时间,句中谓语用将来完成时,e.g.①Wewillhavelearnt3,000wordsbytheendofnextterm..②By8:00a.m.tomorrow,wewillhavearrivedthepark.3.bythetime＋一般现在时,主句中谓语用将来完成时,e.g.Bythetimehecomesback,wewillhaverepairedthemachine.4.与用一般现在时态表示将来一样,时间状语从句和条件状语从句须用现在完成时表将来,e.g.I’llgowithyouwhenIhavefinishedmywork.等我完成工作以后我就同你去。十一.现在完成进行时（have/hasbeenv--ing）1.一般用法:表示现在以前一段时间里一直在进行的动作,这一动作可能仍在进行,也可能已停止,e.g.Ithasbeenrainingsincetwodaysago.2.现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别:1］现在完成时可以表示一个已经完成的动作,而现在完成进行时表示一个正在进行的动作,e.g.①Ihavereadthebook.②Ihavebeenreadingthebook.2］现在完成时只陈述一个事实,但现在完成进行时可表示感情色彩,e.g.①Ihavewaitedthreehours.②Ihavebeenwaitingthreehours.（等得好辛苦）3］现在完成进行时常用来谈论较短暂的动作或情况,而现在完成时谈论延续较长的动作或情况,甚至永久情况,e.g.①HehaslivedinParis.②HehasbeenlivinginParis.十二.过去将来完成时（would＋have＋p.p.）表示在过去看来将来某个时候已经完成的动作,e.g.Shesaidshewouldhavefinishedherexamsbythen.强化训练:1.

SinceIwonthebigprize,mytelephonehasn’tstoppedringing.People___toaskhowIamgoingtospendthemoney.A.phoneB.willphoneC.werephoningD.arephoning2.

Assoonashecomesback,I’lltellhimwhen____andseehim.A.youwillcomeB.willyoucomeC.youcomeD.doyoucome3.

--Hurryup！AliceandSuearewaitingDAforyouattheschoolgate.--Oh！Ithoughtthey___withoutme.wentB.aregoingC.havegoneD.hadgone

4.They___ontheprogramforalmostoneweekbeforeIjoinedthem,andnowwe___itasnogoodresultshavecomeoutsofar.A.hadbeenworking,arestillworkingB.hadworked,werestillworkingC.havebeenworking,haveworkedD.haveworked,arestillworking5.Susandecidednottoworkontheprogramathomebecauseshedidn’twantherparentstoknowwhatshe___.A.hasdoneB.haddoneC.wasdoingD.isdoingDAC6.Themanagerhadfallenasleepwherehe____,withoutundressing.A.waslayingB.waslyingC.hadlaidD.hadlied7.

Morethanadozenstudentsinthatschool____abroadtostudymedicinelastyear.A.sentB.weresentC.hadsentC.hadbeensent8.Thecountrylifeheisusedto___greatlysince1992.changeB.haschangedC.changingD.havechanged9.Whentheoldman___towalkbacktohishouse,thesun____itselfbehindthemountains.started,hadalreadyhiddenB.hadstarted,hadalreadyhiddenC.hadstarted,washidingD.wasstarting,hidBBBA10.

BythetimeJanegetshome,heraunt___forLondontoattendameeting.A.willleaveB.leavesC.willhaveleftD.left11.

Turnonthetelevisionoropenamagazineandyou_____advertisementshowinghappyfamilies.A.willoftenseeB.oftenseeC.areoftenseeingD.haveoftenseen12.

--IhearJanshasgonetotheHolyIslandforherholiday.--Oh,hownice！Doyouknowwhenshe____?

A.wasleavingB.hadleftC.hasleftD.left13.

Allmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor,hernervousness____.CADhasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrown14.

–Youhaven’tsaidawordaboutmynewcoat,Brenda.Doyoulikeit?--I’msorryI____anythingaboutitsooner.Icertainlythinkit’sprettyonyou.was’ntsayingB.don’t

sayC.won’tsayD.didn’tsay15.

I___ping-pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyearA.willplayB.haveplayedC.playedD.play16.

Selectingamobilephoneforpersonaluseisnoeasytaskbecausetechnology___sorapidly.A.ischangingB.haschangedC.willhavechangedD.willchangedCDDA17.

–You’veleftthelighton.--Oh,soIhave.___andturnitoff.

A.I’llgoB.I’vegoneC.IgoD.I’mgoing18.

ThereportersaidthattheUFO___easttowestwhenhesawit.A.wastravellingB.travelledC.hadbeentravellingD.wastotravel19.

--Hey,lookwhereyouaregoing！--Oh,I’mterriblysorry.____.A.I’mnotnoticingB.Iwasn’tnotnoticingC.Ihaven’tnoticedD.Idon’t