研究生英语精读 王蕙等主编第一单元课后答案ppt

1HospitalsShiftSmokingBanstoSmokerBan

Morehospitalsandmedicalbusinessesinmanystatesareadoptingstrictpoliciesthatmakesmoking

areasontoturnaway

jobapplicants,sayingtheywanttoincreaseworkerproductivity,reducehealthcarecostsandencouragehealthierliving.

Thepoliciesreflectafrustrationthatsofterefforts-likebanningsmokingoncompanygrounds,offeringcessationprogramsandincreasinghealthcarepremiumsforsmokers-havenotbeenpowerful-enoughincentivestoquit.

这种规定反映出某种失败-禁止吸烟者不在工作场所吸烟，实施禁烟活动，增加吸烟者的医疗保健费用，这些软措施已经不能强有力地激励人们戒烟了。Thenewrulesessentiallytreatcigarettes

asanillegalnarcotic.Applicationsnowexplicitlywarnof“tobacco-freehiring，”jobseekersmustsubmittourinetestsfornicotine

andnewemployeescaughtsmokingfacetermination.新的规定从根本上认为香烟是一种非法的麻醉品，雇佣合同公开警告“吸烟者禁用”，求职者必须提交尿检报告，新雇佣的员工一旦被发现吸烟将面临解雇。Thisshift—fromsmoke-freetosmoker-freeworkplaces—haspromptedsharpdebate,evenamonganti-tobaccogroups,overwhetherthepoliciesestablishatroublingprecedentofemployersintrudingintoprivatelivestobanahabitthatislegal.这种转变——在职场禁止吸烟转变为禁用吸烟者——引起了激烈的争论，甚至在反对吸烟的人群中，人们在争论这些规定是否提供了一个令人不安的先例：雇主侵犯人们的私生活，禁止人们合法的行为习惯。“Ifenoughofthesecompaniesadoptthesespoliciesanditreallybecomesdifficultfor

smokerstofindjobs,therearegoingtobeconsequences,”said

Dr.MichaelSiegel,

aprofessorattheBostonUniversitySchoolofPublicHealth,whohaswrittenaboutthetrend.“Unemploymentisalsobadforhealth.”1.enoughof=anumberof2.“Unemploymentisalsobadforhealth.”失业也有害于健康“如果有更多的公司采取这些规定，那么吸烟者找工作真地就会变得更加困难，由此会导致某些后果。”波斯顿大学公共卫生学院教授，迈克西格尔博士，谈到，他曾写过有关这种趋势（转变）的文章。他还说，“失业也有害于健康”。1.asurgeofinterest:一股热情

asurgeofanger,pity，一阵怒气，怜悯。2.healthcareproviders：医疗保健服务人员Smokershavebeenturnedawayfromjobsinthepast—promptingmorethanhalfthestatestopasslawsrejectingbansonsmokers—buttherecentgrowthinthenumberofcompaniesadoptingno-smokerruleshasbeendrivenbyasurgeofinterestamonghealthcareproviders,accordingtoacademics,humanresourcesexpertsandtobaccoopponents.过去，禁止录用吸烟者—这种做法促使一半以上的州政府通过法律反对对吸烟者的限制—然而，根据学术界，人力资源专家和反对烟草的人所言，在保健服务人员中掀起了一股热浪，这使得越来越多的公司采取措施拒绝招聘吸烟者。Thereisnoreliabledataonhowmanybusinesseshaveadoptedsuchpolicies.Butpeopletrackingtheissuesaythereareenoughexamplestosuggestthepoliciesarebecomingmoremainstream,andinsomestatescourtshaveupheldthelegalityofrefusingtoemploysmokers.

还没有任何可靠的数据证实有多少公司采纳了这些规定。但关心这一事件的人士说有足够的实例可以证明这些规定已经逐步发展成为一种社会趋势，在一些州，法院已经支持拒绝雇佣吸烟者是一种合法的行为。Forexample,hospitalsinFlorida,Georgia,Massachusetts,Missouri,Ohio,Pennsylvania,TennesseeandTexas,amongothers,stoppedhiringsmokersinthelastyearandmoreareopenlyconsideringtheoption.

比如，去年，在佛罗里达州，乔治亚州，马萨诸塞州，密苏里州，俄亥俄州，宾夕法尼亚州，田纳西州，德克萨斯州以及其它一些州医院，已停止雇佣吸烟者。还有一些州医院公开表明它们也正在考虑这种选择。“We’vehadanumberofinquiriesoverthelast6to12monthsabouthowtodothis,”saidPaulTerpeluk,adirectorattheClevelandClinicwhichstoppedhiringsmokersin2007andhaschampionedthepolicy.“Thetrendlineisgettingprettysteep,andI’dguessthatinthenextfewyearsyou’dseealotofmajorhospitalsgothisway.”

“关于怎样做这件事情，我们已做了半年多的调查研究，”保罗Terpeluk说，“拒绝雇佣吸烟者这一现象正在迅猛发展，我猜想，近几年内大家会发现许多大医院都会这样做。”保罗Terpeluk

是克里夫兰医疗中心的主任，这家诊所在2007年就开始停止雇佣吸烟者，支持这样的规定。Anumberoftheseorganizationshavejustifiedthenewpoliciesasadvancingtheirinstitutionalmissionsofpromotingpersonalwell-beingandfindingwaystoreducethegrowthinhealthcarecosts.许多这种社会机构认为这些新规定很合理，有利于机构的工作任务，包括改善公民健康、解决医疗费用开支增长的问题。About1in5Americansstillsmoke,andsmokingremainstheleadingcauseofpreventabledeaths.Andemployeeswhosmokecost,onaverage,$3,391moreayeareachforhealthcareandlostproductivity,accordingtofederalestimates.

据联邦政府估计：在美国仍然有五分之一的人在吸烟，吸烟仍然是引起死亡的主要原因。每年因医疗的问题、生产率降低的问题吸烟的雇员平均要耗损$3,391美元。“Wefeltitwasunfairforemployeeswhomaintainedhealthylifestylestohavetosubsidizethosewhodonot,”StevenC.Bjelich,chiefexecutiveofSt.FrancisMedicalCenterinCapeGirardeau,Mo.,whichstoppedhiringsmokerslastmonth.“Essentiallythat’swhathappens.”

“我们认为对那些保持健康生活方式的人是不公平的，他们不得不资助那些有吸烟习惯的人，”佛朗西斯医疗中心的主要负责人StevenC.Bjelich说，“这就是现状。”在密苏里州开普吉拉多市的佛朗西斯医疗中心上个月开始停止雇佣吸烟者。Twodecadesago—afterlargecompanieslikeAlaskaAirlines,UnionPacific

andTurnerBroadcastingadoptedsuchpolicies—29statesandtheDistrictofColumbiapassedlaws,withthestrongbackingofthetobaccolobbyandtheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion,which

prohibitdiscriminationagainstsmokersorthosewhouse“lawfulproducts.”Someofthosestates,likeMissouri,makeanexceptionforhealthcareorganizations.20年前，诸如阿拉斯加航空公司，联合太平洋铁路和特纳广播公司这些大公司采纳了禁止雇佣吸烟者规定之后，29个州和哥伦比亚特区立法（禁止雇佣吸烟者），也得到了烟草业游说团体和美国公民自由联盟的强劲支持，虽然烟草业游说团体和美国公民自由联盟反对歧视吸烟者、反对歧视那些使用“合法产品”的人。有些州，如密苏里州，对医疗卫生组织就采取了例外。AspokesmanforPhilipMorrissaidthecompanywasnolongeractivelyworkingontheissue,thoughitremainedstronglyopposedtothepolicies.MeghanFinegan,aspokeswomanfortheServiceEmployeesInternationalUnionwhichrepresents1.2millionhealthcareworkers,saidtheissuewas“notonourradaryet.”

菲利普·莫里斯烟草公司的发言人说虽然本公司极力地反对这种规定，但是本公司不再就这个问题继续纠缠下去了。代表一百二十万健康工人的服务业员工国际联合会的女发言人说这一问题还不在他们所考虑的范围内。Oneconcernvoicedbygroupslikethe

NationalWorkrightsInstituteisthatsuchpoliciesareaslipperyslope—thatiftheyprovesuccessfulin

drivingdownhealthcarecosts,employersmightbeemboldened

tocrackdownonotherbehaviorbytheirworkers,likedrinkingalcohol,eatingfastfoodandparticipatinginriskyhobbieslikemotorcycleriding.TheheadoftheClevelandClinicwasbothpraisedandcriticizedwhenhemusedinaninterviewtwoyearsagothat,wereitnotillegal,hewouldexpandthehospitalpolicytorefuseemploymenttoobesepeople.诸如美国工作权利协会这样的机构担心，这样的规定是一种灾难性的滑坡现象—如果他们成功地降低了医疗费用，那么雇主很可能会得到鼓舞对员工的其他行为严加限制，如酗酒、吃快餐，以及表现飙摩托车之类的危险爱好。克利夫兰诊所的主任既受到表扬又受到批评，他回忆了两年前的一场（非法）招聘，如果那场招聘不是非法，他会把医院的政策扩展到拒绝招聘肥胖者。“Thereisnothinguniqueaboutsmoking,”saidLewisMaltby,presidentoftheWorkrightsInstitute,whohaslobbiedvigorouslyagainstthepractice.“Thenumberofthingsthatwealldoprivatelythathavenegativeimpacton

ourhealthisendless.Ifit’snotsmoking,it’sbeer.Ifit’snotbeer,it’scheeseburgers.Andwhataboutyoursexlife?”“这不仅仅是吸烟的问题，”工作权利协会主席路易斯.马尔特比说，他非常反对拒绝雇佣吸烟者这种做法。“对健康不利的个人生活不计其数。如果不涉及吸烟，就涉及啤酒。不涉及啤酒，就涉及干酪汉堡包。性生活呢？”Manycompaniesaddtheirownwrinkletothesmokingban.Someevenprohibitnicotinepatches.Somecompaniestesturinefortracesofnicotine,whileothersoperateonthehonorsystem.许多公司对禁止吸烟谋划了自己的妙计。有些公司甚至反对员工贴尼古丁贴片。有些公司实行尿检以检测尼古丁含量，还有一些公司遵循信用制。Whilemostofthecompaniesappliedtheirrulesonlytonewemployees,afeweventuallymandatedthatexistingemployeesmustquitsmokingorlosetheirjobs.Thereisalsodisagreementoverwhethertofireemployeeswhoarecaughtsmokingaftertheyarehired.TheTrumanMedicalCenters,hereinKansasCity,forexample,willinvestigateaccusationsoftobaccousebyemployees.Inonerecentcaseanewemployeereturnedfromalunchbreaksmellingofsmokeand,whenconfrontedbyhissupervisor,admittedthathehadbeensmoking,saidMarcosDeLeon,headofhumanresourcesforthehospital.Theemployeewasfired.

大多数的公司仅对新的员工执行禁烟规定，一小部分公司最终强行迫使现有的员工必须禁烟，否则会失业。对已雇人员一旦发现吸烟是否予以解雇，人们的意见仍有分歧。例如，在堪萨斯城，杜鲁门医疗中心将对雇员使用烟草的处罚情况进行调查。有家医院人力资源部主任马科斯.德里昂说：最近有个案例，有名新的雇员在吃完午饭返回公司时，身上带有烟草味，面对上司时，承认自己刚吸过烟，结果被解雇了。Evenantismokingadvocateshavefoundtheissuetrickytonavigate.TheAmericanLungAssociation,theAmericanCancerSocietyandtheWorldHealthOrganizationdonothiresmokers,citingtheirowneffortstoreducesmoking.甚至主张反对吸烟者的拥护者也认为这是个难以操作的问题。美国肺病协会，美国癌症协会以及世界卫生组织没有雇佣吸烟者，给大家做出表率尽最大的努力减少人们吸烟。ButtheAmericanLegacyFoundation,anantismokingnonprofitgroup,haswarnedthat

refusingtohiresmokerswhoareotherwisequalifiedessentiallypunishes

anaddictionthatisfarmorelikelyto

afflictajanitorthanasurgeon.(Indeed,ofthefirst14applicantsrejectedsincethepolicywentintoeffectinOctoberattheUniversityMedicalCenterinElPaso,Tex.,onewasapplyingtobeanurseandtherestforsupportpositions.)美国遗产基金会是一个反对吸烟非盈利的团体，它警示：拒绝聘用吸烟者，虽然在其他方面合格，这样的做法实质上惩罚了(医疗单位的门卫而不是外科大夫)，烟瘾使医疗单位的门卫而不是外科大夫更受折磨。（的确，自从这种规定在德克萨斯州埃尔帕索大学医疗中心去年10月份实施以来，首批应聘人员14名被拒绝，其中一名是申请护士岗位，其余的都是申请其他辅助岗）。“Wewanttobeverysupportiveofsmokers,andthebestthingwecandoishelpthemquit,notconditionemploymentonwhethertheyquit,”saidEllenVargyas,chiefcounselfortheAmericanLegacyFoundation.“Smokersarenottheenemy.”“我们想支持吸烟者，我们能办到的最好的事是帮助他们戒烟，而不是使从业取决于他们是否戒烟，”美国遗产基金会首席顾问艾伦瓦亚斯谈到，“吸烟者不是我们的敌人”。TakingadragofhercigaretteoutsidetheUniversityofKansasSchoolofNursing,justbeyondthesignwarningthatsmokingisprohibitedoncampus,MandyCarrollexplainedthatshewaswellawareofthepotentialconsequencesofherpack-a-dayhabit:bothherparentsdiedofsmoking-relatedillnesses.ButMs.Carroll,a26-year-oldnursingstudent,saidsheopposedanyeffortbyhospitalsto“discriminate”againstherandothersmokers.曼蒂.卡罗尔，26岁，堪萨斯大学护士学院的学生，在校外吸烟，远离校园里张贴的禁止吸烟的警示牌，她解释道自己对每天一包烟的习惯所带来的潜在危险非常清楚：她的父母都死于与吸烟相关的疾病。但是，她说她反对医院歧视她和其他吸烟者的任何行为。“Obviouslyweknowtheeffectsofsmoking,weseeiteverydayinthehospital,”Ms.Carrollsaid.“It’sastupidchoice,butit’sapersonalchoice.”“当然我们都知道吸烟的危害，每天在医院里亲眼目睹，”卡罗尔女士说，“这是一个愚蠢的选择，但也是个人的选择。”Othersdonotmindthestrictpolicy.JohnJ.Stinson,68,saidhehadbeensmokingformorethanthreedecadeswhenhedecidedtoapplyforajobattheClevelandClinic,helpingincomingpatients,nearlythreeyearsago.而其他人不在乎这种严格的做法。约翰.斯丁森,68岁，他说差不多3年前，自己决定到克利夫兰诊所应聘，帮助新来的病人，那时自己已经吸了30多年的烟了。Itturnedouttobethemotivationheneeded:hepassedtheurinetestandhasnothadacigarettesince.“It’sagoodidea,”Mr.Stinsonsaid.结果（应聘）激发了他戒烟的兴趣：他通过了尿检测试，从那以后再也没有吸烟。“这是个很好的主意。”斯丁森说。27ExercisesReadingComprehension

VocabularyClozeTranslationClozeClozeCloze28Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.（1）ThoughfundingfromtheIMF,theWorldBank,theUnitedStatesandotherdonorshasmadeitpossibletostreatmentandpreventionmethodsinAfrica,localgovernmentsalsohaveakeyroletoplayinmobilizingtheirpopulationsanderadicatingmalariainthelongterm.Vocabularyubsidize

29Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.

(2)

Otherindustrygroupsseeanygovernmentinterventionandoversightintheirpoliciesasasslopetowardgovernmentcontroloftheinternet.Vocabularylippery30Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(3)TheU.N.SecretaryGeneralsaidhisrolewouldbeasana

fortheworld'spoorestpeople,whohefearswillsufferthemostifdonorcountriesreducetheirinternationalassistanceordonotfulfilltheiraidcommitments.Vocabularydvocate31Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(4)OurmistocollectanythingthatrelatestoAfrica,andthisisanimportantevent.Vocabularyandate32Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(5)

Entrepreneursareapowerfulforceforchange.Theyimprovethebusinessclimateintheirowncountriesandcnecessarypolicyreforms.Andtheyimprovepracticesinglobalmarkets.Vocabularyhampion33Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(6)

Andleadersarehavingtomaketoughchoicesabouthowton

throughthiseconomicstorm.Vocabularyavigate34Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(7)Whendeflationstrikes,it'shardtoe

consumersandbusinessestospend.Vocabularymbolden35Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(8)Bothfirmshaveanitoundercuttheotherfirm,drivingdownprofitsforboth.Vocabularyncentive

36Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(9)Governmentaidtofilmandtelevision,however,neednotbejinsolelyeconomicterms.Vocabulary

ustified

37Fillintheblankswiththewordsyouhavelearnedinthetext.Thefirstletterforeachwordisgiven.(10)Thepeopleofthewholeworldareattentivelyfollowingthiswar,whichhasnopinthehistoryoftheEast,andwhichwillgodownasagreatwarinworldhistorytoo.Vocabulary

recedent

38Chooseanappropriatewordorphrasefromthefollowinglisttofillineachofthefollowingblanks.EachwordcanbeusedonlyONCE.Changetheformwherenecessary.implementationscreendisparateaslipperyslopeUnemploymentbudgetinnovativeSpotcessationadvocatesubstantiallyimplicationunleash

incentivewellnessexplosionpremisedistractionimpracticalillCloze39A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.B.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.Translation40(1)TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.大学校园禁烟难抵初衷尽管大学校园全面禁烟有着良好的初衷，然而较告知瘾君子们吸烟的后果及戒烟的好处而言，强迫他们去别处吞云吐雾并非是提倡健康生活方式的有效途径。41(1)TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.校园禁烟极有可能导致学生们偷偷吸烟或者干脆对禁令置之不理。且不说已经有规定禁止学生在室内、宿舍楼内以及餐厅和教学楼周围吸烟以保护不吸烟者的权利。42(1)TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.提倡无烟校园的确是一种进步，不过完全绝对的禁烟却是一种倒退。当然，有更多富有成效的办法和途径来帮助我们营造无烟校园，既不会损害自主选择的权利，同时也保护了个人的自由。43(1)TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.作为教育机构的大学，增加其戒烟扶助计划的意义可谓深远而重大。我们为何要迫使学生服从禁烟的各种条条框框，何不把无烟校园作为大学建设的一个目标？44（2）TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1、中国政府致力于打击各行各业的腐败现象。(crackdownon)

TheChinesegovernmentismakinganefforttocrackdownoncorruptionindifferentwalksoflife.45（2）TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.2)研究发现，烟民倾向于集体戒烟，这意味着以小组形式组织的戒烟活动比个人单独戒烟更见成效。(cessatio