Robinson-Crusoe-(罗宾逊漂流记)

CommentsonDefoe

SelectedReadingsDanielDefoeDefoe’sLife

Defoe’sWorksbornin1661,diedin1731sonofaLondonbutchernamedFoeat40,addedthearistocraticprefixDe-ajack-of-all-tradesaswellasawriteraradicalNonconformistinreligionajournalistandapamphleteerknewprisonlife(forwritingthepamphlet

TheShortestWaywithDissenters)

Defoe’sLife

Verses:HymntothePillory

《枷刑颂》

(1702)Fictions:RobinsonCrusoe

(1719)CaptainSingleton《辛格尔顿船长》

(1720)

DuncanCampbell(1720)

MemoirsofaCavalier(1720)

ColonelJack(1722)

MollFlanders

《摩尔·弗兰德斯》

(1722)

JournalofthePlagueYear

《大疫年纪事(1722)

TheHistoryoftheDevil(1726)

Defoe’sWorks

CommentsonDefoe

AlongwithSamuelRichardson,

DefoeisconsideredthefounderoftheEnglishnovel(beforehistimestorieswereusuallywrittenaslongpoemsordramas)oftengiventhecreditforthediscoveryofthemodernnovel;butwhetherornothedeservesthathonorisanopenquestion(RobinsonCrusoeislargelyanadventurestoryratherthanthestudyofhumancharacter)BackgroundRobinsonCrusoe

waspartlybasedontheactualdeedsofAlexanderSelkirk,an18thcenturyScottishsailorwhospentalmostfiveyearsaloneonadesertisland.Thisnovelisfamousforitslovelydetailsanditsexpressionofbeliefinman’s

abilitywhenleftaloneinnature.PlotsummaryCrusoesetsailontheseavoyagein1651againstthewishesofhisparents.Afterthetumultuousjourney,hisshipwreckedinastorm.Hislustforthesearemainedsostrongthathesetouttotheseaagain.ThisjourneyendsindisastertooandCrusoebecameaslave.After2yearsofslavery,hewasrescuedbyacaptainofPortuguese,withwhosehelp,CrusoebecameanownerofplantationinBrazil.Yearslater,hejoinedanexpeditiontobringslavesfromAfrica.

Buthewasshipwrecked,hiscompanionsalldied,savedhimselfandthreeanimals--thecaptain’sdogandtwocats.Thenhelivedthelonelylifeinanisolatedisland.Yearslater,

Crusoesavedaprisoner,namedhimFriday.CrusoethentaughthimEnglishandconvertedhimaChristianity.Fouryearslater,theywererescuedandreturnedtoEngland.Crusoelivedonuninhabitedfor28years.SavingFriday

Buildingafenced-ininhabitation每个成长中的青少年，尤其是男孩子都应该读读它。

——卢梭鲁滨孙漂流记笛福《鲁滨孙漂流记》一问世即风靡全球又历久不衰。至今已出了几百版，几乎译成了世界上所有各种文字。据说除《圣经》之外，《鲁滨孙漂流记》是再版最多的一本书。在欧美国家是儿童的必读书。《鲁滨孙漂流记》生存问题生存，还是毁灭，这是一个值得思考的问题。鲁滨孙及时调整悲观绝望的心态，决定在岛上顽强地生存下去。吃喝住穿是人生存所依赖的物质条件。物质问题计算时间、获得的东西、缺乏的东西、打造木栅栏围墙、每天觅食……人没有精神寄托，灵魂就无所依附。精神问题写日记，思考处境；得出经验教训，希望得到理解；安心于荒岛生活……

在海难中，同船的11人中，死了十个，就他一个人活着，这是上帝对他的特别关照。从船上获得大量维持生活的必需品，这是上帝对他的特别恩赐。

他日记本上列出的六大“好处”更体现了他要顽强活下去的理由。鲁滨孙虽身陷绝境,但他说服自己顽强的活着,并打定主意在岛上独自生活一辈子,这需要巨大的勇气。可以看出他是一个非常热爱生命、珍惜生活的人。他活着也许并非为了什么,仅仅是因为自己是一条生命,既然是生命就应该善待它。况且他活的积极、主动,活出了尊严,这样的人值得活着。鲁滨孙是一个珍惜生命，热爱生活；意志坚强，生存信念执著；勇于创造，务实肯干的人。“在最不幸的处境之中，我们也可以把好处和坏处对照起来看，从而找到聊以自慰的事情。”可以概括为一个人在逆境中不要悲观失望，而要努力看到积极的因素，从而改变自己被动的局面。

鲁滨孙记录时间,是为了清楚地了解自己是怎么活着的,可以活多长时间。这表明了他对生存下去充满信心。

记叙了他制作日历,记录时间,从船上获得物品,艰难地打造木栅栏围墙,以及每天在岛上各处寻找食物。这样写,从一个侧面体现了人类创造生活的艰难,也表现了鲁滨孙勤于创造、务实肯干的精神。

日记是为了记录生活，抚慰心灵，而且要面对自我。鲁滨孙记日记的行为，表明他作为一个文明人精神方面的需要，为了使自己的精神有所寄托，减轻心中的苦闷，便于深入思考当前的处境。在荒岛上，鲁滨孙有理由相信上帝的存在（这部作品里多次提到《圣经》及鲁滨孙对上帝的祈祷，有了这个前提，鲁滨孙就有了活下去的精神支柱，活的有理由，有意义。

本文没有生动的故事，作者是通过心理描写来刻画人物性格表现作品主题的。用第一人称来写，便于展现“我”的内心世界,使作品更具真实感,缩小了作品和读者之间的距离。坏处我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上,没有重见天日的希望。我现在被剔出来,与世隔绝,困苦万状。我与人类隔绝,仿佛一个隐士。我没有衣服穿。我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防御力和手段。我没有人可以说话,也没有人来解除我的愁闷。

好处但我还活着,没有想我同船的伙伴们一样,被水淹死。但我也从全体船员中被剔出来,独免一死,上帝既然用神力把我从死亡里救出来,一定也会救我脱离这个境地。但我并未因为没有粮食,饿死在这不毛之地。但我是在一个热带气候里,即使有衣服,也穿不住。但我所流落的岛上,没有我在非洲看到的那种野兽。假使我在那里覆了舟,我又将怎样？但上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸附近,使我可以从里面取出许多有用的东西,使我终身用之不尽。

坏处

好处我陷在一个可怕的荒岛上，没有重见天日的希望。我现在被剔出来，与世隔绝，困苦万状。我与人类隔绝，仿佛一个隐士。我没有衣服穿。我没有抵御野人和野兽袭击的防御力和手段。我没有人可以说话，也没有人来解除我的愁闷。但我还活着，没有想我同船的伙伴们一样，被水淹死。但我也从全体船员中被剔出来，独免一死，上帝既然用神力把我从死亡里救出来，一定也会救我脱离这个境地。但我并未因为没有粮食，饿死在这不毛之地。但我是在一个热带气候里，即使有衣服，也穿不住。但我所流落的岛上，没有我在非洲看到的那种野兽。假使我在那里覆了舟，我又将怎样？但上帝却不可思议把我送到海岸附近，使我可以从里面取出许多有用的东西，使我终身用之不尽。FridayFridayisloyaltoRobinson.hehasnotemperandheisoutgoing,kindhearted.FridaytoRobinsoniswhatachildtofather,

wheneverandwhateveritis,FridaypreferstosacrificehimselftoprotectRobinson.Robinsonhassavedapoorsavage’slifeandsoul,hislonelyisland,itisFridaywhoreleaseRobinsondeepinnerpressure.buthefeelssuperiortoFriday,heasksFridaytocallhimself“master”,thatimplieshisambitiontodominateandcolonizeothersavagetribes.excusetocolonizationbythewhite.Thebookprovedsopopularthatthenameofthetwomainprotagonistshaveenteredthelanguage.Theterm“RobinsonCrusoe”isvirtuallysynonymouswiththeword”castaway”andisoftenusedasametaphorforbeingrejected.IdiomsfromthebookRobinsonCrusoeusuallyreferredtohisservantasMymanFriday,

fromwhichthetermManFridayoriginated,referringtoadedicatedpersonalassistant,servant,

orcompanion.EveryonecanbeabandonedonthedesertislandlikeRobinson,

thetruthisevenwearenowlivingaroundinahustleandbustleoflargecrowds,westillhavealotofmomenttobealone,

toworkourownpathoflifeallalone.butluckily,whatRobinsonCrusoeshowsusis:solitudeisnotahorriblething;thereallysadthingiswecannotstandonourownfeetinthemiseryofthatendlessloneliness.Deeper

meaning

Heisconsideredoneofthegreatestfictionwritersof18th-centuryEngland.Defoewasaverygoodstory-teller.Hehadagiftfororganizingminute(carefulandexact)detailsinsuchavividwaythathisstoriescouldbebothcredibleandfascinating.Hissentencesaresometimesshort,crispandplain,andsometimeslongandrambling,whileleaveonthereaderanimpressionofcasualnarration.Hislanguageissmooth,easy,colloquialandmostlyvernacular.Thereisnothingartificialinhislanguage:itiscommonEnglishatitsbest.

AdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe

ThestoryofRobinsonCrusoeiswell-knownthroughouttheworld.IttellsofhowRobinsonCrusoe,anEnglishmariner,havingshipwreckedonanisland,managedtostruggleforlivefor28yearsthereandrescuedablackman,whomhenamedFriday,fromthecannibals(personwhoeatshumanflesh).Later,Robinsongotholdofashipandsailedhome.Thebook’s“realistic”touchandingenuity(originality)arousedgreatinterestfromthereadersbothinEnglandandabroad.

ThestorywasbasedonthelifeofAlexanderSelkirk,whowasputashoreonanuninhabitatedislandandspent5yearsthere.Defoewasprobablyfamiliarwithseveralversionsofthistale,andaddedmanyincidentsfromhisownimaginationtohisaccountofCrusoe,presentingitasatruestory.ThestorystartswithRobinsonCrusoe’srunningawayfromhome.Aninexperiencedteenagerandayoungmanfullofbrightfanciesaboutthefuture,henaturallychoosesgoingtosea,becauseinthosedaysitmeantachancetoliveachivalrouslife,toseethewondersoftheworldandtomakeafortune.

Aftermanysetbacksandadventuresonthesea,hesettlesdowninBrazilasaplanter.Butthecalloftheseaissostrongthathesoonembarksonanothervoyage,thistime,toAfrica.Unfortunatelyafrightfulstormblowstheboatoffitscourseandshipwrecksitnearanisland.

Ofalltheship’screwRobinsonaloneescapestotheshoreafterstrenuousefforts.Aftersalvagingfromthewreckedshipsomestoresofnecessitiessuchasbread,rice,barley,corn,planks,leadandgunpowder,anaxeandtwosaws,whichhelatermanagestobringtotheislandwithaself-maderaft.Afterseveralfutileattemptstoleavetheisland,Robinsonsettleshimselfdowntoahardandlonelylife.

Hegrowscrops,domesticatesanimalsandbuildscomfortablehomeshimself.HislifetakesaturnforthebetterwhenhesavesfromthehandsofsavagesayoungNegro,whomhenamesFriday.RobinsonteacheshimEnglishandeducateshiminsuchawaythatFridaysoonbecomesaloyalservantandanindispensablehelptohim.FinallytheyarepickedupbyanEnglishshipandreturntoEngland.Thusendsthefirstpartofthestory.

InRobinsonCrusoe,DefoetracesthegrowthofRobinsonfromanaïveandartless（simple,innocent）youthintoashrewdandhardened(strong-minded)man,temperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.TherealisticaccountofthesuccessfulstruggleofRobinsonsingle-handedlyagainstthehostilenatureformsthebestpartofthenovel.

Robinsonisherearealhero:atypicaleighteenth-centuryEnglishmiddle-classman,withagreatcapacityforwork,inexhaustibleenergy,courage,patienceandpersistenceinovercomingobstacles,instrugglingagainstthehostilenaturalenvironment.Heistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.

Asamemberofthemiddleclass,Defoespokeforandtothemembersofhisclassandhisnovelsenjoyedgreatpopularityamongthelesscultivatedreaders.Inmostofhisworks,hegavehispraisetothehard-working,sturdy(不屈的)middleclass.

37LifeontheislandCharactersofRobinson

Robinson’scompanionsToolsandfoodCrusoeVisitstheWreck

TheFootprintCrusoeSavesFridayfromtheCannibalsPlotoverviewBackgroundPericopesDefoe’smasterpiececonsistingofthreevolumes,onlythefirstoneverypopular,publishedinhundredsofeditionsandscoresoflanguagesbasedontheexperiencesofAlexanderSelkirk,acaptainlivedaloneinanislandfor5yearscreatingavisualpicturethatmanifestshowhumanhistoryhasdevelopedfromtheprimitivetothefeudalandthentothecapitalisticinthe18thcentury

AboutRobinsonCrusoe

aglorificationofbourgeoisqualitiesofindividualism,privateenterprise,andevenoflaboritsdetailstoldinasimple,straightforwardstyle,addingtotherealisticeffectofthestorystartingthetraditionofrealisticdescriptionandpresentingauthenticdetailswhichareimportantforthelaterdevelopmentofthenovel.

About

RobinsonCrusoe

attheearlystage,anindividuallaborer,andthenamaster,untilatlastanexploiter,acolonizer.animageofanenterprisingEnglishmanofthe18thcenturyanembodimentofthespiritofindividualenterpriseandcolonialexpansion.amanstrugglingagainstnatureandhumanfate,withindomitablewill.

Thehero:RobinsonCrusoe

RobinsonCrusoe

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FridayisloyaltoRobinson.Hehasnotemperandheisoutgoing,kindhearted.FridaytoRobinsoniswhatachildtofather.Wheneverandwhateveritis,FridaypreferstosacrificehimselftoprotectRobinson.

Friday

RobinsonCrusoe

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AlthoughRobinsonhastestedFridaymanytimes,Friday’sbehaviordoesn’tdisappointhim,Fridayproveshisloyalty.Robinsonhassavedapoorsavage’slifeandsoul,hefeelsveryhappy.Inthislonelyisland,itisFridaywhoreleaseRobinsondeepinnerpressure.Friday’sappearancemakesRobinsonnotsoconfused.Hebecomespositivetolife.

Infact,

everyonelivinginnoisysocietywillhavethefeelingofloneliness,Robinsonisamemberintherealsocietyandheisthemodelofourselves.Fridayistheinnertrueegosinourhearts.Heleadsustofindthedirectionsandhelpsustoovercomethedifficulty.Friday

Characteristicofthestyleandlanguagesimplelanguage,concisedescription,andwell-knitplotconstruction.FeaturesofDanielDefoe’snovelsDanielDefoeisrememberedchiefly,forhisnovels.Thecentralideaofhisnovelsisthatmanisgoodandnoblebynaturebutmaysuccumbtoanevilsocialenvironment.Thewriterwantstomakeitclearthatsocietyisthesourceofvariouscrimesandvices.DanielDefoe’sintentionisthatthereadersshouldregardhisnovelsastruestories.Forthisreason,hedeliberatelyavoidsallarts,allfinewritings,sothatthereadershouldconcentrateonlyonaseriesofplausible(似乎真实的)events.DanielDefoe’snovelsalltaketheformofmemoirsorpretendedhistoricalnarratives,everythinginthemgivingtheimpressionofreality.Man’sstrugglesagainstnatureGlorificationofthebourgeoismenwhohasthecourageandwilltofacehardshipanddeterminationtoimprovehislivelihood.Glorificationoflabor(Robinsonlivesonhisownhands)ThemeOneoftherepresentativeoftherisingbourgeoisieAnenterprisingEnglishmanAlaborer,ahard-workingindustriousandintelligentmanAtypicalcolonizer,explorer,andaforeigntrader;Heisalert,vigorousandresourcefulTheimageof

Robinson

Crusoe

CharacterizationofCrusoeDefoetracesthedevelopmentofCrusoefromanaïveandartlessyouthintoacleverandhardenedmantemperedbynumeroustrialsinhiseventfullife.Crusoeisaherowithundauntedwillandpower.

CrusoerepresentsatypicaloftheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearlystagesofitsdevelopment,practical,religiousandmindfulofhisownprofits.Crusoeiscondemnedasanimageofacolonist,forhesupportsNegro-slaveryandteachesthefirstword“master”toFriday.

Afriend/servantofCrusoe’s,hespendsanumberofyearsontheislandwiththemaincharacter,whosaveshimfromcannibalisticdeath.FridayisbasicallyCrusoe’sprotege,alivingexampleofreligiousjustificationoftheslaveryrelationshipbetweenthetwomen.HiseagernesstoberedoneintheEuropeanimageissupposedtoconveythatthisimageisindeedtherightone.FridayCrusoe’sshockingdiscoveryofasinglefootprintonthesandisoneofthemostfamousmomentsinthenovel,anditsymbolizeshisconflictedfeelingsabouthumancompanionship.Crusoehasearlierconfessedhowmuchhemissescompanionship,yettheevidenceofamanonhisislandsendshimintoapanic.Immediatelyheinterpretsthefootprintnegatively,astheprintofthedevilorofanaggressor.ThisinstinctivelynegativeandfearfulattitudetowardothersmakesusconsiderthepossibilitythatCrusoemaynotwanttoreturntohumansocietyafterall,andthattheisolationheisexperiencingmayactuallybehisidealstate.

TheSymbolic

meaning

ofthefootprint

Realisticstyle,truetolife,indetailsSmooth,simple,colloquiallanguageLongsentencesareloose;shortsentencesareplain,easytounderstandPresentsfactsinorder,themeaningisclearWritingstyleToreaditpolitically,wemayinterpretthestoryasanartisticprojectionofcolonialexpansion.Crusoe,backedbyadvancedtechnology(thegun),conquersalesscivilizedpeoplerepresentedbyManFriday.Thoughtheybecomegoodfriends,Fridayhasremainedaservant,ifnotaslave,tohismasterCments

Toreaditsocially,wefindthatCrusoe’sadventuresimplydifferentWesternculturalvalues.Thisnovelsingsasongof“thedignityoflabor,”asloganwhichthebourgeoisieusedtojustifytheiraccumulationofwealththoughdiligentworkandcolonialexpansion.Robinsonisaself-mademan.Hesucceedsincreatinganewlifeallthroughhisownefforts.

Thenovelalsoexploresthethemeof“backtonature.”IndustrializationbroughtEnglandmaterialwealth,butitalsoendedthepeacefullifeinthecountrysideandcreatedappallingpovertyinthecity.Thenovelexpressedadesiretogobacktoamoreeconomicandbasiclifestyle.

Thereisalsothethemeof“religiousdevotion.”Completelyseparatedfromcivilization,Crusoereflectsuponman’sfrailtyandGod’smercy.JustasMosescameoutofthewildernesswithafullerunderstandingofthesustainingpowerofreligion,Crusoefindstheneed,afterbeingthrownintothewildernessoftheisland,forprayerandrepentance,andfindsthatinnerpeacedoesnotcomefrommaterialpossessionsbutfromcommunicationwithGod.RobinsonCrusoe

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Crusoesaveaprisoner,naminghisnewcompanion"Friday"afterthedayoftheweekheappeared.CrusoethenteacheshimEnglish.Lastpart:RobinsonCrusoe

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FridayisextremelygratefulandbecomesRobinson'sdevotedservant.HelearnssomeEnglishandtakesontheChristianreligion.Forsomeyearsthetwolivehappily.

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Part5:RobinsonCrusoe

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Then,anothershipofsavagesarriveswiththreeprisoners.TogetherCrusoeandFridayareabletosavetwoofthem.OneisaSpaniard;theotherisFriday'sfather.Theirreunionisveryjoyous.Bothhavecomefromthemainlandcloseby.Clicktoaddtitleinhere

Following:RobinsonCrusoe

ClicktoaddtitleinhereWiththehelpofhisnewworkers,Crusoeincreaseshisagriculturalcapacity.

Afterafewmonths,theyleavetobringbacktherestoftheSpaniard'smen.Crusoeishappythathisislandisbeingpeopled.Whatwillhappennext

following:RobinsonCrusoe

ClicktoaddtitleinhereBeforetheSpaniardandFriday'sfathercanreturn,aboatofEuropeanmen

comesashore.Therearethreeprisoners.Whilemostofthemenareexploringtheisland.Whatwillhappennext

following:RobinsonCrusoe

ClicktoaddtitleinhereCrusoesavesthem.Helearnsfromonethatheisthecaptainofashipwhosecrewmutinied.Robinsonsayshewillhelpthemaslongastheyleavetheauthorityoftheislandinhishands,andaslongastheypromisetotakeFridayandhimselftoEnglandforfree.Sotheyfightwiththeirenemieswisely.

following:RobinsonCrusoe

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FridayisloyaltoRobinson.Hehasnotemperandheisoutgoing,kindhearted.FridaytoRobinsoniswhatachildtofather.Wheneverandwhateveritis,FridaypreferstosacrificehimselftoprotectRobinson.

AlthoughRobinsonhastestedFridaymanytimes,Friday’sbehaviordoesn’tdisappointhim,Fridayproveshisloyalty.Robinsonhassavedapoorsavage’slifeandsoul,hefeelsveryhappy.Inthislonelyisland,itisFridaywhoreleaseRobinsondeepinnerpressure.Friday’sappearancemakesRobinsonnotthatconfused.Hebecomespositivetolife.

Friday

FragmentappreciationRobinsonCrusoeIhadbeentellinghimhowthedevilwasgod'senemyintheheartsofmen,andusedallhismaliceandskilltodefeatthegooddesignsofprovidence,andtoruinthekingdomofChristintheworld,andthelike.——“Well,”saysFriday,“butyousay,godissostrong,sogreat,ishenotmuchstrong,muchmightastheDevil?“——“Yes,yes,”saysI,“Friday,godisstrongerthanthedevil,Godisabovethedevil,andthereforewepraytoGodtotreadhimdownunderourfeet,andenableustoresisthistemptationsandquenchhisfierydarts.“——”But”,saysheagain,“ifgodmuchstrong,muchmightasthedevil,whygodnokilltheDevil,somakehimnomoredowicked?“RobinsonCrusoe我又告诉他，在人们心里，魔鬼是上帝的敌人。他一贯心存恶意，使尽阴谋诡计来破坏上帝善良的计划，试图毁灭世界上的基督天国等等。于是，星期五说：你说，上帝是强大的，伟大的，他不是比魔鬼更强大、更有力吗？是的，是的，我说，星期五，上帝比魔鬼更强大，上帝高于魔鬼。因此，我们应该祈祷上帝，使我们有力量把魔鬼踩在我们的脚下，并使我们有力量抵制他的诱惑，扑灭他的火箭。可是，星期五又问，;既然上帝比魔鬼更强大、更有力，为什么上帝不把魔鬼杀死，免得他再作恶事呢？RobinsonCrusoeIsaid,godwillatlastpunishhimseverely;heisreservedforthejudgment,andistobecastintothebottomless-pit,todwellwitheverlastingfire.上帝最终将严惩魔鬼，魔鬼必定受到审判，并将被投入无底的深渊，经受地狱之火的熬炼，永世不得翻身。RobinsonCrusoehereturnsuponme,repeatingmyWords,“RESERVE,ATLAST,menounderstand;but,WhynotkilltheDevilnow,notkillgreatago?“他用我的话回问我：最终、必定，我不懂。但是，为什么不现在就把魔鬼杀掉？为什么不老早就把魔鬼杀掉？RobinsonCrusoe“Youmayaswellaskme,“saidI,”WhyGoddoesnotkillyouandI,whenwedowickedthingsherethatoffendhim?Wearepreservedtorepentandbepardoned.”我回答说：你这样问我，就等于问为什么上帝不把你和我杀掉，因为，我们也犯了罪，得罪了上帝。上帝留着我们，是让我们自己有机会忏悔，有机会获得赦免。

RobinsonCrusoeUponthisIresolvedtodiscovermyselftothem,andlearnsomethingoftheircondition:ImmediatelyImarchedinthefigureasabove,mymanFridayatag