建筑工程专业英语unit 9

Lesson9

ConstructionManagement精品资料BuildingConstructionisaspecializedbranchofcivilengineeringconcernedwiththeplanning,executionandcontrolofconstructionoperationsforsuchprojectsashighways,buildings,dams,airports,andutilitylines.construction 施工(shīgōng)utilitylines 公共设施精品资料Planningconsistsofschedulingtheworktobedoneandselectingthemostsuitableconstructionmethodsandequipmentfortheproject.Executionrequiresthetimelymobilizationofalldrawings,layouts,andmaterialsonthejobtopreventdelaystothework.Controlconsistsofanalyzingprogressandcosttoensurethattheprojectwillbedoneonscheduleandwithintheestimatedcost.execution 实行,实施(shíshī)，施工mobilization 动员layouts 规划,设计,(工厂等的)布局图精品资料PreparationofsiteThisconsistsoftheremovalandclearingofallsurfacestructuresandgrowthfromthesiteoftheproposedstructure.Abulldozerisusedforsmallstructures,largerstructuresmustbedismantled.bulldozer:推土机，开土机，压路机dismantled:拆除，拆卸(chāixiè)，粉碎精品资料EarthmovingThisincludesexcavationandtheplacementofearthfill.Excavationfollowspreparationofthesite，andisperformedwhentheexistinggrademustbebroughtdowntoanewelevation.Excavationgenerallystartswiththeseparatestrippingoftheorganictopsoil，whichislaterreusedforlandscapingaroundthenewbuilding.Thisalsopreventscontaminationoftheinorganic

materialwhichisbelowthetopsoilandwhichmayberequiredforfill.Excavationmaybedonebyanyofseveralexcavators(Fig9.1),suchasshovels,draglines，clamshells，cranes，andscrapers[1].

contamination 玷污(diànwū)，污染，污染物inorganic 无机的精品资料Efficientexcavationonlandrequiresadryexcavationarea，becausemanysoilsareunstablewhenwetandcannotsupportexcavatingandhaulingequipment.Dewateringbecomesamajoroperationwhentheexcavationliesbelowthenaturalwatertableandinterceptsthegroundwaterflow.dewatering 降水(jiàngshuǐ)intercepts 拦截精品资料Whenthisoccurs，dewateringandstabilizingofthesoilmayheaccomplishedbytrenches,whichconductseepagetoasumpfromwhichthewaterispumpedout.Dewateringandstabilizingofthesoilmayinothercasesbeaccomplishedbywellpointsandelectroosmosis.wellpoint:降低(jiàngdī)地下水位的井点，深坑点electroosmosis：[物]电渗精品资料Somematerials，suchasrock，cementedgravels，andhardclays,requireblastingtoloosenorfragmentthematerial.Blastholesaredrilledinthematerial;explosivesarethenplacedintheblastholesanddetonated.Thequantityofexplosivesandtheblast-holespacingaredependentuponthetypeandstructureoftherockandthediameteranddepthoftheblastholes.fragment:断片(duànpiàn)，碎块，使成为碎片blastholes：炸药孔detonated：突然大爆炸,使爆炸精品资料Afterplacementoftheearthfill，itisalmostalwayscompactedtopreventsubsequentsettlement.Compactionisgenerallydonewithsheep's-foot,grid,pneumatic-tired，andvibratory-typeroller，whicharetowedbytractorsoverthefillasitisbeingplaced.Hand-held,gasoline-drivenrammersareusedforcompactionclosetostructureswherethereisnoroomforrollerstooperate[2].earthfill:回填土compaction：土体压实精品资料FoundationtreatmentWhensubsurfaceinvestigationrevealsstructuraldefectsinthefoundationareatobeusedforastructure，thefoundationmustbestrengthened.Waterpassages,cavities,fissures,faults,andotherdefectsarefilledandstrengthenedbygrouting.cavities 孔洞(kǒngdòng)fissures 裂缝grouting 注浆精品资料Groutingconsistsofinjectionoffluidmixturesunderpressure.Thefluidssubsequentlysolidifyinthevoidsofthestrata.Mostgroutingisdonewithcementandwatermixtures,butothermixtureingredientsareasphalt,cementandclay,andprecipitatingchemicals.injection 注浆solidify 固化，固结(ɡùjié)，凝固void 空的精品资料

Stee1erectionTheconstructionofasteelstructureconsistsoftheassemblyatthesiteofmill-rolledorshop-fabricatedsteelsections[3].Thesteelsectionsmayconsistofbeams，columns、orsmalltrusseswhicharejoinedtogetherbyriveting，bolting,orwelding.Itismoreeconomicaltoassemblesectionsofthestructureatafabricatingshopratherthaninthefield，butthesizeofpreassembledunitsislimitedbythecapacityoftransportationanderectionequipment.riveting 铆接bolting 螺栓连接welding 焊接连接preassemble 预先(yùxiān)装配精品资料Thecraneisthemostcommontypeoferectionequipment，butwhenastructureistoohighorextensiveinareatobeerectedbyacrane，itisnecessarytoplaceoneormorederricksonthestructuretohandlethesteel.Inhighstructuresthederrickmustbeconstantlydismantledandreerectedtosuccessivelyhigherlevelstoraisethestructure.crane 起重机derrick 悬臂(xuánbì)起重机dismantled 拆除精品资料Forriverbridgesthesteelmaybehandledbycranesonbarges,or,ifthebridgeistoohigh,bytravelingderrickswhichrideanthebridgebeingerected.Cablesforlongsuspensionbridgesareassembledinplacebyspecialequipmentthatpullsthewirefromareel,setupatoneanchorage,acrosstotheoppositeanchorage,repeatingtheoperationuntilthebundleofwiresisoftherequiredsize[4].barge:驳船(bóchuán)suspension:悬挂anchorage:锚固点精品资料

ConcreteconstructionConcreteconstructionconsistsofseveraloperations:forming，concreteproduction，placement，andcuring(Fig9.2).Formingisrequiredtocontainandsupportthefluidconcretewithinitsdesiredfinaloutlineuntilitsolidifiesandcansupportitself.Theformismadeoftimberorsteelsectionsoracombinationofbothandisheldtogetherduringtheconcreteplacingbyexternalbracingorinternalties.Theformsandtiesaredesignedtowithstandthetemporaryfluidpressureoftheconcrete.forming 成型curing 养护timber 木材(mùcái)external 外部的精品资料Theusualpracticeforverticalwallsistoleavetheformsinpositionforatleastadayaftertheconcreteisplaced.Theyareremovedwhentheconcretehassolidifiedorset.Slipformingisamethodwheretheformisconstantlyinmotion(Fig9.3)，justaheadoftheleveloffreshconcrete.Theformisliftedupwardbymeansofjackswhicharemountedonverticalrodsembeddedintheconcreteandarespacedalongtheperimeterofthestructure.Slipformsareusedforhighstructuressuchassilos,tanks,orchimneys[5].slip-forming 滑模施工(shīgōng)perimeter 周边silo 筒仓tank 盛液体或气体的大容器罐精品资料Concretemaybeobtainedfromcommercialbatchplantswhichdeliveritinmixtracks[6].Concreteproductionatthejobsiterequirestheerectionofamixingplant,andofcementandaggregatereceivingandhandlingplants.Aggregatesaresometimesproducedatornearthejobsite.Thisrequiresopeningaquarryanderectingprocessingequipmentsuchascrushers(碎石机)andscreens(筛子(shāizi)).mixingplant:混凝土搅拌车间(chējiān)cement：水泥aggregate：骨料quarry：采石场精品资料Curingofexposedsurfacesisrequiredtopreventevaporationofmixwaterortoreplacemoisturethatdoesevaporate.Theproperbalanceofwaterandcementisrequiredtodevelopfulldesignstrength.evaporation 水分(shuǐfèn)蒸发balanceofwaterandcement 水灰比develop 发展，达到designstrength 设计强度精品资料Concretepavingforairportsandhighwaysisafullymechanizedoperation.Batchesofconcreteareplacedbetweentheroadformsfromamixtruckoramovablepaver，whichisacombinationmixerandplacer.Aseriesofspecializedpiecesofequipment，whichrideontheforms,followtospreadandvibratetheconcrete,smoothitssurface，cutcontractionjoints,andapplyacuringcompound.paving:路面Batches：一批批的movablepaver：可移动式铺路(pùlù)机vibrate：震动精品资料PrestressedConcreteconstruction：ThecommonconstructionmethodofprestressedConcreteispre-tensioningandpost-tensioning.(Fig9.5)prestressedconcrete 预应力混凝土pre-tensioning 先张法post-tensioning 后张法精品资料Prestressedconcreteusesteelsandconcretesofveryhighstrengthincombination.Thesteel,mostlyintheshapeofwiresorstrandsbutsometimesasbars,isembeddedintheconcreteunderhightensionwhichisheldinequilibriumbycompressionstressedinthesurroundingconcreteafterhardening.Becauseofthisprecompression,theconcreteinaflexuralmemberwillcrackonthetensionsideatamuchlargerloadthanwhennotsoprecompressed.wire 钢丝strand 钢铰线bar 粗钢筋(gāngjīn)precompression 预先压缩精品资料Thisreducesradicallyboththedeflectionsandthetensilecracksatserviceloadsinsuchstructuresandtherebyenablesthesehighstrengthmaterialstobeusedeffectively.Prestressedconcreteisparticularlysuitedtoprefabricationonmassproductionbasis,althoughitisbeingusedaswellwithoutsuchprefabrication.Itsintroductionhasextendedtoaverysignificantdegree,therangeofstructuralusesofthecombinationofthesetwomaterials.deflection 构件挠度tensilecracks 裂缝(lièfèng)宽度massproduction 大批量生产精品资料

TestsonCompletionandEmployer'sTaking-Over

Thecontractorshallprepare,andkeepup-to-date,acompletesetof"as-built"recordsoftheexecutionoftheworks,whicharecalledAs-BuiltDocuments,showingtheexactas-builtlocations,sizesanddetailsoftheworkasexecuted.Theserecordsshallbekeptonthesite.Twocopiesshallbesuppliedtotheengineerpriortothecommencementofthetestsoncompletion.Inaddition,thecontractorshallsupplytotheengineeras-builtdrawingsoftheworks,showingallworksasexecuted,andsubmitthemtotheengineerforreview.testsoncompletionandemployer‘sTaking-Over 竣工(jùngōng)初验和雇主的接收“as-built”records “竣工(jùngōng)”记录精品资料Priortocommencementofthetestsoncompletion,thecontractorshallsupplytotheengineerprovisionalOperationandMaintenanceManualsinsufficientdetailfortheemployertooperate,maintain,dismantle,reassemble,adjustandrepairtheplant.ThecontractorshallcarryoutthetestoncompletionafterprovidingtheAs-BuiltDocumentsandOperationandMaintenanceManuals.testoncompletion 竣工初验OperationandMaintenanceManuals 《操作和维修(wéixiū)手册》精品资料Iftheworks,orasection,failtopassthetestsoncompletion,theengineerorthecontractormayrequirethefailedtests,andtestsoncompletiononanyrelatedwork,toberepeatedunderthesametermsandconditions.contractor 承包商thesametermsandconditions 按照相同(xiānɡtónɡ)的条款和条件精品资料[1].Excavationmaybedonebyanyofseveralexcavators，suchasshovels，draglines，clamshells，cranes，andscrapers.土体开挖可由下列(xiàliè)任何一种开挖机械实施，比如：单斗挖土机、拉铲挖土机、抓铲挖土机、起重机、铲运机等。back精品资料[2].Compactionisgenerallydonewithsheep's-foot,grid,pneumatic-tired，andvibratory-typerollers，whicharetowedbytractorsoverthefillasitisbeingplaced.Hand-held,gasoline-drivenrammersareusedforcompactionclosetostructureswherethereisnoroomforrollerstooperate.土体压实常用羊足碾、平碾、气胎碾、震动碾压路机，由牵引机拖拉(tuōlā)在回填土上进行碾压。当没有操作压路机的空间时，常用手持式和煤油驱动锤来进行土体压实。back精品资料[3].Theconstructionofasteelstructureconsistsoftheassemblyatthesiteofmill-rolledorshop-fabricateds