英美概况名词解释-史上最全哦

====Word行业资料分享--可编辑版本--双击可删====源-于-网-络-收-集英国部分1.TheThamesRiver2.TheHighLanders3.TheBritishCommonwealth英联邦4.Cockney伦敦佬5.Eisteddfodau6.TheMaritimeClimate海洋性气候7.TheEnglishChannel8.TheChunnel英吉利海峡隧道9.“peasoup”fogs伦敦雾10.Britishisles11.Stonehenge:巨石阵12.Thomasbecket:托马斯13.GeoffreyChaucer14.Joanofarc:圣女贞德15.lollards:罗拉德派16.ThePuritans清教徒17.JuliusCaesar18.TheHardrian'sWall哈德连长城19.Heptarchy七王国21.Witan贤人会议22.AlfredtheGreat豆瓣23.WilliamtheConqueror威廉征服24.ThebattleofHastings25.TheDanelaw施行丹麦法的地区26.NormanConquest诺曼征服27.DomesdayBook英国国王1806年颁的土地调查清册28.TheBlackDeath黑死病29.thedivinerightsofkings君权神授30.TheWarsofRoses玫瑰战争(考过)31.theSpanishArmada:西班牙无敌舰队32.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688光荣革命33.TheGunpowderPlotof1605火药阴谋案34.BloodMary血腥玛丽35.rottenboroughs衰败选区36.MrsPankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。37.theleagueofnations国际联盟38.theblitz闪电战39.thebeatles甲克虫乐队40.Thatcherism撒切尔主义41.balanceofpayments收支平衡42.johnMaynardKeynes43.visibletradeandinvisibletrade44.Europeanunion欧盟45.Monetaristpolicies(货币主义政策)46.TheTradeUnionActof1871工会法47.Agribusiness农业产业48.Britishdisease英国病49.Constitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制50.PrivyCouncil枢密院51.Commonlaw公共法52.thestateopeningofparliament53.TheCivillist英国王室费(考过)54.thecivilservice公务员(考过)55.lifepeer终身贵族56.acquittal无罪裁决57.cross-examination58.TheCrownCourt刑事法庭59.probation缓刑60.capitalpunishment死刑61.themetropolitanpoliceforce62.TheNationalHealthService英国国民保健制度63.nationalinsurance社会保险64.generalpractitioner(GP)65.socialworker66.thesalvationarmy67.Comprehensiveschools68.Reuters路透社69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公费保证的学校70.eleven-plus(升学考试)71.BBC72.Rupertmurdoch73.thebritishmuseum74.PilgrimsThanksgivingDayIreland(爱尔兰)美国部分1.AmerigoVespucci2.theMississippi3.Hispanics4.WASPS5.babyboom6.thegreatlakes7.Ellisisland8."thegreatcompromise"9.theEmancipationProclamation10.notaxtationwithoutrepresentation11.theChineseExclutionAct12.Indenturedservants13.bostonteaparty(考过)14.continentaldivide15.federalists16.thegettysburgaddress17.thekukluxklan18.muckrakers黑幕揭发者19.intolerantnationalism20.theredscare21.theprogressivemovement22.overload23.TheNewDeal24.thetrumandoctrine25.themarshallplan26.thesmithact27.thecivilrightsactof196428.thepovertyline29.poverty30.monopoly31.oligopoly32checksandbalances33.winner-take-all34.thefreeenterprisesystem35.thefederalsystem36.separationofpowers37.privateschool38.schooldistrict39.globaleducation40.poorrichard'salmanac41.transcendentalism42.jazz43.knickerbockersera44.father'sday45.mother'sday46.congressionalmedalofhonor47.UNICEF48.GreatCanyon49.NewEngland50.HispanicAmericans51.Chicanos52.PuertoRicans53.FederalistPapers54.TheFirstContinentalCongress55.ManifestDestiny56.TheBlackThursday57.NewFrontier58.PortHuronStatement59.NOW60.Counterculture61.AmericanCornBelt62。AmericanCornBelt63。ThreegiantsinAmericanautomobileindustry64.ElectoralCollege65USpresidentialinauguration66communitycollege67newbasics68Knickerbockers69LeavesofGrass70HarlemRenaissance71Halloween72independenceDay英国概况名词解释(全部版)1.TheThamesRiverTheThamesRiveristhesecondlargestandmostimportantriverinBritain.Itis336KMlong,risinginsouthwestEnglandandflowingthroughEnglandandoutintotheNorthSea.Itflowsratherslowly,whichisveryfavorableforwatertransportation.2.TheHighLandersTheyaretheScotswholiveinthemountainousregionsoftheHighlandsinNorthernScotland.Theyareaproud,independentandhardypeoplewhomaintaintheirstrongculturalidentity.Theymainlylivebyfarmingsheepinmountainareasorfishingonthecoastsandislands.3.TheBritishCommonwealth英联邦TheBritishEmpirewasreplacedbytheBritishCommonwealthortheCommonwealthofNationsin1931.ItisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachmembernation.Atpresentthereare50memberscountieswhitinthecommonwealth(1991).是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独立构成的自由联合体。4.Cockney伦敦佬AcockneyisaLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells-theBellsofthechurchofSt.Mary-LeBowineastLondon5.Eisteddfodaufestivalsofsonganddanceandpoetrycelebratedbythewelshthroughtheyear.Bythiswaythewelshkeepthewelshlanguageandwelshculturealive.6.TheMaritimeClimate海洋性气候Thetypeofclimatewhenwinterismild,nottoocoldandsummeriscool,nottoohot,andithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.7.TheEnglishChannelAChannelthatseparatesBritainfromtherestofFranceisquitenarrow.Achanneltunnelunderthischannelwasbuiltin1994tojointhetwocountriestogether.8.TheChunnel英吉利海峡隧道In1985theBritishgovernmentandFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnel,whichiscalled“Chunnel”,undertheStraitsofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.TheChunnelwasopentotrafficinMay1994.9.“peasoup”fogs伦敦雾thefamous“peasoup”fogswerethickheavyyellowfogsofLondonandothercitiesseldomoccuranymore.厚的\重的\黄色的雾气10.BritishislesTheBritishIslesismadeupoftwolargeislandsandhundredsofsmallones.ThetwolargeislandsareGreatBritainandIreland.11.Stonehenge:巨石阵ItisacirculargroupoflargestandingstonesonSalisburyPlain,Wiltshire,regardedasoneofthemostimportantmonuments纪念碑ofitskindinEurope,andverypopularwithvisitors.12.Thomasbecket:托马斯hewasEnglishchurchmanandstatesman.hebecameChancellorofEnglandunderHenryIIin1155.hewasappointedArchibishopofCanterburyin1162.13.GeoffreyChaucerHewasanimportantEnglishpoetinthefourteenthcentury.HisbestknownisTheCanterburyTales,whichdescribesagroupofpilgrimstravellingtoCanterburytovisitThomasBecket’stomb坟墓.BecausehewasthefirstimportantEnglishpoettowriteinEnglish.Hehasbeenknownasthe“FatherofEnglishPoetry”.14.Joanofarc:圣女贞德shewasanationalheroineofFranceduringthehundredyear’swar,shesuccessfullyledthefrancetodrivetheEnglishoutoffrance.15.lollards:罗拉德派theywerepoorpriestsandtravelingpreacherswhowerejohnwyclif’sfollowers.theyplayedanimportantroleinthementalpreparationsforthepeasantuprisingof1381.theypreachingtheequalityofmenbeforegod.16.ThePuritans清教徒ThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNewworldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.17.JuliusCaesarHewasagreatRomangeneral.In55BCand54BC,heinvadedBritaintwice.BecauseoftheresistenceoftheBritishpeople,hewithdrewwithhostagesandprisoners.That'sthebeginningoftheRomaninvasion.带着人质和俘虏撤退。18.TheHardrian'sWall哈德连长城ItwasoneoftwogreatwallsbuiltbytheRomanstokeepthePictsoutoftheareatheyhadconquered.由罗马人修建，把皮克特人挡在已征服的地区之外。19.Heptarchy七王国DuringtheAnglo-Saxon'stime,Britainwasdividedintomanykingdoms,amongwhichthereweresevenprincipalkingdomsofKent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,EastAnglia,MerciaandNorthumbria.TheyweregiventhenameofHeptarchy.In597,PopeGregoryIsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheEnglishPeopletoChristianity.Hewasverysuccessfulinconvertingthekingandthenobility.HewasthefirstarchbishopofCanterbury.教皇，格里高力一世派圣奥古斯丁到英格兰去使英格兰人皈依基督教。21.Witan贤人会议Witanwasthecouncilormeetingofthewisemen.ItwascreatedbytheAnglo-Saxonstoadvisetheking.It'sthebasisofthePrivyCouncilwhichstillexiststoday.22.AlfredtheGreat豆瓣AlfredwasastrongkingofWessex.HedefeatedtheDanesandreachedafriendlyagreementwiththem.Hefoundedastrongfleetandisknownas"ThefatheroftheBritishnavy".HereorganizedtheSaxonarmy,makingitmoreefficient.Healsotranslatedbooksandestablishedschools.Allthisearnedhimthetitle"AlfredtheGreat".23.WilliamtheConqueror威廉征服WilliamwasDukeofNormandy.HelandedhisarmyinOct.1066anddefeatedkingHarold.ThenhewascrownedkingofEnglandonChristmasDaythesameyear.HeestablishedastrongNormangovernmentandthefeudalsysteminEngland.建立了封建制度24.ThebattleofHastingsIn1066,KingEdwarddiedwithnoheir,theWitanchoseHaroldasking.William,DukeofNormandy,invadedEngland.OnOctober14,thetwoarmiesmetnearHasting.Afteraday'sbattle,Haroldwaskilledandhisarmycompletelydefeated.SothisbattlewasveryimportantonthewayoftheRomanconquest.哈罗德被威廉击败。25.TheDanelaw施行丹麦法的地区Bythemiddleoftheninthcentury,theVikingsandtheDaneswereposingathreattotheSaxonkingdomofWessexwhosecapitalwasWinchester.Alfred,KingofWessex,wasstrongenoughtodefeattheDanesandcametoarelativelyfriendlyagreementwiththemin879.TheDanesgainedcontrolofthenorthandeastofEngland(-"theDanelaw"),whileAlfredwouldruletherest.协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而阿尔弗雷德统治其他地区。26.NormanConquest诺曼征服TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheconquerorconfiscatedalmostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheweakSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.27.DomesdayBook英国国王1806年颁的土地调查清册ItisabookcompiledbyagroupofclerksunderthesponsorshipofKingWilliamtheFirstin1086.Thebookwasinfactapropertyrecord.ItwastheresultofageneralsurveyofEngland.Itrecordedtheextent,value,stateofcultivation,andownershipoftheland.ItwasoneoftheimportantmeasuresadoptedbyWilliamItoestablishthefullfeudalsysteminEngland.Today,itiskeptinthePublicRecordsOfficeinLondon.28.TheBlackDeath黑死病Itisamodernnamegiventothedearlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadthroughEuropeinthefourteenthcenturyparticularlyin1348-1349.Itcamewithoutwarning,andwithoutanycue.InEngland,itkilledalmosthalfofthetotalpopulation,causingfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.29.thedivinerightsofkings君权神授thetheorythatakingruleswiththeauthorityofgod.30.TheWarsofRoses玫瑰战争(考过)thenameWarsoftheRoseswasrefertothebattlesbetweentheHouseofLancaster,symbolizedbythereadrose,andthatofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.31.theSpanishArmada:西班牙无敌舰队thefleetsenttoinvadeEnglandbyPhilipIIofspainin1588.32.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688光荣革命In1685CharlesIIdiedandwassucceededbyhisbrotherJamesII.JameswasbroughtupinexileinEurope,wasaCatholic.Hehopedtorulewithoutgivinguphispersonalreligiousvies.ButEnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholickingin1688than40yearsago.SotheEnglishpoliticiansrejectedJamesII,andappealedtoaProtestantking,WilliamofOrange,toinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone.WilliamlandedinEnglandin1688.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth,withnobloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking.ThiswasknownastheGloriousRevolution.33.TheGunpowderPlotof1605火药阴谋案TheGunpowderPlotof1605wasthemostfamousoftheCatholicconspiracies.OnNov.5,1605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowKingJamesandhisministersupintheHouseofParliamentwhereGuyFawkeshadplantedbarrelsofgun-powderinthecellars.TheimmediateresultwastheexecutionofFawkesandhisfellow-conspiratorsandimpositionofsevereanti-Catholiclaws.Thelong-termresulthasbeenanannualcelebrationonNov.5,whenabonfireislittoturnaguyandafireworkdisplayisarranged.34.TheBlackDeath黑死病Itisamodernnamegiventothedearlybubonicplague,anepidemicdiseasespreadthroughEuropeinthefourteenthcenturyparticularlyin1348-1349.Itcamewithoutwarning,andwithoutanycue.InEngland,itkilledalmosthalfofthetotalpopulation,causingfar-reachingeconomicconsequences.35.rottenboroughs衰败选区aparliamentaryconstituencywhichpossessedtherighttoelectmembersofparliamenteventhoughitspopulationhaddwindledorwasnonexistent.议会选民区都有权利去选举议会的成员即使它的人口已经下降或是不存在。36.MrsPankhurst潘克赫斯特太太是女权的主要倡导者之一。britishsuffragette,shefoundedthewomen’ssocialandpoliticalunion,shediedamonthbeforewomengainedfullvotingequalitywithmen.37.theleagueofnations国际联盟aninternationalorganizationof1920—1946setupafterthefirstworldwartopromoteinternationalcooperationandtoachieveinternationalpeaceandsecurity.38.theblitz闪电战anairattack,particularlytheLondonblitzof1940—1941.theworldisfromthegerman“blitzkrieg”39.thebeatles甲克虫乐队oneofbritain’smostinfluentialpopgroups,firstperformingin1959inLiverpool.40.Thatcherism撒切尔主义Theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativePartytopowerandMargaretThatcherbecamethefirstwomanprimeministerinBritain.Herpoliciesarepopularlyreferredtoasstate-ownedindustries,theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,theweakingoftradeforcesunions,thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,andanemphasisonlawandorder.包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的作用，强调法律与秩序。41.balanceofpayments收支平衡itisthedifferencebetweenthemoneyfromexportsandthecostofimports.42.johnMaynardKeyneshewasaninfluentialbritisheconomist.Keynesmaintainedthatgovernmentsshouldusefiscalpolicytostabilizetheeconomy.用财政使经济稳定.</P<p>43.visibletradeandinvisibletradevisibletradeistradeofgoodssuchasmachineswhileinvisibletradeistradeofservicessuchasbankingandtourism.44.Europeanunion欧盟ECstandsforEuropeancommunity.ECisnowcalledEuropeanunion(EU).itisanorganizationof15westernEuropeancountriesthatpromotescooperationamongitsmembers.45.Monetaristpolicies(货币主义政策)SincetheAmericaneconomywasplaguedbystagflation,intheearly1980s,thetraditionalKeynesiantheory(传统的凯恩斯理论)wasreplacedbynewmonetarist,whichsoughttofightinflationbyincreasingsupplyandreducingdemand,Ononehand,taxeswerecuttoincreaseeconomicdynamism.Ontheotherhand,interestrateswereraisedtoreducethesupplyofmoney.增加供应，减少需求来打击通货膨胀。一方面，减少税收增加经济活力；另一方面，增加利率减少货币支出。46.TheTradeUnionActof1871工会法Itlegalizedthetradeunionsandgivefinancialsecurity.Itmeantthatinlawtherewasnodifferencebetweenmoneyforbeneficpurposesandcollectingittosupportstrikeaction.使工会合法化，并给其财政保障。这意味着从法律上而言，为福利募集资金与为罢工募集资金毫无二至。47.Agribusiness农业产业Thenewfarminghasbeencalled“agribusiness”,becauseitisequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintotheprocesseswhichoccuronthefarmandoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarm48.Britishdisease英国病Theterm“Britishdisease”isnowoftenusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdecline.49.Constitutionalmonarchy君主立宪制ItisapoliticalsystemthathasbeenpractisedinBritainsincetheGloriousrevolutionof1688.Accordingtothissystem,theConstitutionissuperiortotheMonarch.Inlaw,theMonarchhasmanysupremepowers,butinpractice,therealpowerofmonarchyhasbeengreatlyreducedandtodaytheQueenactssolelyontheadviceofherministers.Shereignsbutdoesnotrule.TherealpowerliesintheParliament,ortobeexact,intheHouseofCommons.50.PrivyCouncil枢密院AconsultativebodyoftheBritishmonarch.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktothetimesoftheNormanKings.AftertheGloriousRevolutionof1688,itsimportancewasgraduallydiminishedandreplacedbytheCabinet.Today,itisstillaconsultationbodyoftheBritishmonarch,Itsmembershipisabout400,andincludesalCabinetministers,thespeakeroftheHouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.51.Commonlaw公共法thetraditionalunwrittenlawofEngland,basedoncustomandthedecisionsofjudgesoveraperiodofyearsratherthanonwrittenlawspassedbyparliament.英国的不成文法，以法官的判断和习惯为依据，而不以议会的成文法为依据。52.thestateopeningofparliamenttheofficialopeningofanewsessionofparliament,usuallyattheendofOctoberorbeginningofNovember,orafterageneralelection.53.TheCivillist英国王室费(考过)anannualallowance,approvedbyparliament,madetothesovereignandmembersoftheroyalfamilyfortheexpenseinvolvedincarryingouttheirpublicduties.议会每年一次的津贴补助对君主和皇家成员在行使公共职务时的花费。54.thecivilservice公务员(考过)thebodyofstateofficialsthathelpsthegovernment.55.lifepeer终身贵族apersonwhoisgivenapeerage贵族地位thatisnothandedoftohisorherdescendants,usuallyasarewardforpublicservice.56.acquittal无罪裁决acquittalbroadlymeansthattheindividualisreleasedordischargedwithoutanyfurtherprosecutionforthesameactortransaction.是意味着被指控者无罪开释，并再也不可就这件特定罪行被指控。57.cross-examinationthequestioningofawitness,byapartyorlawyerotherthantheonewhocalledthewitness,concerningmattersaboutwhichthewitnesshastestifiedduringdirectexamination.58.TheCrownCourt刑事法庭AcriminalcourtthatdealswiththemoreseriouscasesandholdssessionsintownsthroughoutEnglandandWales.ItispresidedovereitherbyajudgefromtheHighCourtofJusticeoralocalfull-timebation缓刑aschemewherebyacriminaloffenderisplacedunderthesupervisionofaprobationofficerforaperiodofbetweensixmonths(12monthsinscotland)andthreeyears.6个月到三年之间。60.capitalpunishment死刑theexecutionofacriminalbyhanging.capitalpunishmentalsoknownasthedeathpenalty.61.themetropolitanpoliceforcethepoliceforceresponsibleforLondon,withitsheadquartersatnewScotlandyard.62.TheNationalHealthService英国国民保健制度ItisaveryimportantpartofthewelfaresysteminBritain.ItisanationwideorganizationbasedonActsofParliament.Itprovidesallkindsoffreeornearlyfreemedicaltreatmentbothinhospitalandoutside.Itisfinancedmainlybypaymentsbythestateoutofgeneraltaxation.Peoplearenotobligedtousethisservice.Theserviceisachievingitsmainobjectiveswithoutstandingsuccess.63.nationalinsurance社会保险thesumleviedonallworkingpeoplebythestateasaninsuranceagainstsicknessandunemployment.64.generalpractitioner(GP)adoctorwhoisnotaspecialistbutwhohasamedicalpracticeinwhichhetreatsallillness.65.socialworkerapersonemployedbyalocalauthorityoravoluntaryorganizationtogivepracticalaidandadvicetopeopleinneed.66.thesalvationarmyaworld-wideChristianorganizationfoundedbyWilliambooth,in1865.itgivingpracticalaidandspiritualcomforttothepoorandneedy.救世军。67.ComprehensiveschoolsComprehensivesschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict.68.Reuters路透社是世界前三大的多媒体新闻通讯社，提供各类新闻和金融数据，在128个国家运行。路透提供新闻报导给报刊、电视台等各式媒体，并向来以迅速、准确享誉国际。另一方面，路透提供工具和平台，例如股价和外币汇率，让交易员可以分析金融数据和管理交易风险；同时路透的系统让客户可以经由因特网完成买卖，取代电话或是纽约证券交易所的买卖大厅等人工交易方式，它的电子交易服务串连了金融社群。路透社是最早的通讯社，也是目前英国最大的通讯社和西方四大通讯社之一。Itwasfoundedin1851bytheGerman,JuliusReuter.Itisnowapubliclyownedcompany,employingover11000staffin80countries.Ithasmorethan1300staffjournalistsandphotographers.69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公费保证的学校theyarestateschoolsoutsidelocaleducationauthoritycontrol.therearenotuitionfeesattheseschools.由国家学校以外的当地教育机构控制，在这些学校是免费的。70.eleven-plusanexaminationformerlyusedtoselectschoolpupilsatabout,theageof11foranappropriatesecondaryeducation.一种考试对11岁孩子选择适当的中等教育。71.BBCthebritishbroadcastingcorporation,theUKorganizationresponsibleformakingantransmittingofitsowntelevisionandradioprograms.72.Rupertmurdochaustralian-bornusnewspaperpublisher.hebecameauscitizenin1985.73.thebritishmuseumthenationalmuseumofarchaeologyandethnographyinBloomsbury,London.考古学和人种学。74.PilgrimsThanksgivingDayThePilgrimsin1620,201ofthemsailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.Thefirstwinteraftertheirarrivalwasverycoldandwhenspringcame,halfofthemweredead.ThentheIndianscametotheirhelpandtaughtthemhowtogrowcorn.Theyhadagoodharvestthatyear.SotheyinvitedtheIndiansandheldthefirstThanksgivingcelebrationinAmericatogivethankstoGod.Ireland(爱尔兰)1、peaceagreementonnorthernireland2、republicofIreland—therepublcofirelandisanindependentcountrysituatedinwesternEurope.itoccupiesfour-fifthsoftheislandofIreland.itscapitalisDublin.therepublicofIrelandisalsoknownasEireinIrish.3、IrishCatholicism—irelandisoneofthemostcatholiccountriesofEurope.Catholicismisanintegralandpervasiveinflunceonnationallife.today93.1%oftheirishpopulationareRomanCatholics.abouthalftheCatholicbishopsintheUnitedStatesareofIrishorigin.爱尔兰裔。4、Easterurprisingof1916—theeasterurprisingtookplaceinApril1916.agroupofnationalistsseizedtheDublingeneralpostofficeanddeclaredtheindependenceofIreland.afteraweekoffighting,therebellionwassuppressedbythebritisharmyandmostofitsleaderexecuted.5、Anglo-irishtreaty—from1918—1921therewasfightingbetweentheirishrepublicanarmyandthebritishgovernment.in1921thebritishsignedtheAnglo-irishtreaty.thebritishgovernmentagreedtoorganizeapartitionofireland.thesouthernpartofirelandgaindominionstatusastheirishfreestate,whilethenorthernpartwouldremainapartoftheUnitedkingdom.6、Fiannafail----itisthelargestpoliticalpartyinIreland.itshistoricprinciplesareneutrality,promotionofGaelicandstrongsupportforaunitedireland.itsneweconomicpolicesincludesupportfortheEC,ahighleverofpublicexpendituretoreduceunemploymentandfullemployment.7、FineGael----oneofthetwomajorpartiesinireland.itchangeditsimagefromaconservativepartytoasociallyprogressivepartysincethe1960s.itadvocatesaprogramofexpandedsocialservices,butislessinfavourofpromotingGaelicthanfiannafailis.8、JamesJoyce----themostwell–knownirishwriterofthe20thcentury.hismainworksincludeDubliners,APortraitoftheArtistAsAYoungManandUlysses.hisinnovationsinlanguageandstylehavedeeplyinfluenced20thcenturywriting.9、Irishoririshgaelic---itisacelticlanguage.10、UlyssesisJamesJoyce’smasterpiece.杰作ThenoveldescribestheeventsofonedayinthelivesofseveralpeopleinDublinandexplorestheirsub-consciousminds.小说描述了都柏林的几个人在一天里的事情，探索了他们的潜意识思想。11、IrishFamine---IrishFaminereferstothewidespreadstarvationofIrishpeasantrywhichfollowedtheeffectsofpotatocropfailureinthemid-19thcentury.ItwasoneofthereasonsthatIrelandsufferedalotofthelossofpopulation.12、IrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)---TheIrishRepublicanArmy(IRA)isananti-Britishmilitaryforceestablishedintheearly20thcentury.SincetheIrishCivilWar,IRAhasremainedaforcetobereckonedwith对付inIrishpolitics.InrecentdecadesIRAcontinuestodemandthattheRepublicofIrelandshouldbeunitedwiththesixcountriesthatfromNorthernIreland.美国部分1.AmerigoVespucci---AmerigoVespucci,anavigator,provedthatthelandwasnotIndia,butanewcontinent.Therefore,thelandwasnamedAmericaafter.2.theMississippi---themississippihasbeencalled"fatherofwaters"or"oldmanriver",themississippianditstributariesdrainoneoftherichestfarmareasintheworld.itisthemostimportantriverintheworld.它与它的支流流经世界上最富饶的农业区之一。3.Hispanics---itstandsforthespanish-speakingpopulationoftheunitedstates.thesepeoplemainlycenterinnewmexico,californiaandtexas.therearethreemajorhispanicgroupshistoricallyhavingthegreatinfluenceontheus.theyarechicanos,thepuertoricansandthecuban-americans.4.WASPS---WASPSarethemainstreamamericans,referingtothewhiteAnglo-saxonprotestants.5.babyboom--babyboomreferstothehigherbirthratebetween1946and1964.6.thegreatlakes---thegreatlakesarethemostimportantlakesintheunitedstates.theyarelakesuperior,lakemichigan,lakehuron,lakeEireandlakeontario.7.Ellisisland---Ellisislandwasanimportantimmigrationreceptionspotinthe1890andattheturnofthecentury.8."thegreatcompromise"---"thegreatcompromise"ofjuly16,givingeachstateanequalvoteintheSenatebutmakingrepresentationintheHousereflectthesizeofeachstate'spopulation."大妥协",即参议院中各州有相同的选举权,而众议院代表应按各洲人口比例产生.9.theEmancipationProclamation---duringthecivilwar,lincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationtogetmoresupportfortheunionathomeandabroad.Itgrantedfreedomtoallslaves.解放宣言,由林肯颁布,为了得到国内外对联邦的支持.解放宣言给了所有奴隶以自由.10.notaxtationwithoutrepresentation---thatis,withouttheirrepresentativestakingpartindecisionmaking,theyhadnoobligationtopaytaxes.没有代表权不交税，就是说他们如果对殖民地的事务决策没有代表权，他们将没有义务缴纳税金。11.theChineseExclutionAct---itwaspassedbytheu.scongressinmay1882,itstoppedchineseimmigrationfortenyears.排华法案在1882年5月由美国国会通过，它10年内禁止中国移民入境。12.Indenturedservants---indentureservantsrefertosomeimmigrantswhohastoworkforafixedtermfortheirmasterstorepaythecross-atlanticfareanddebts.契约佣工，指一些移民必须要在一个限定的时期里为他们的雇主工作来偿还他们横渡大西洋的费用和债务。13.bostonteaparty(考过)---in1773,whenshipsofteareachedbostonandthegovernorwasdetermindtoseethatteawaslegallyprotectedinitsdistribution,severaldozenbostonresidentsdressedasindiansboardedtheshipsatnightandthrew$75,000worthofteaintotheharbor.thiscametobeknownasthe"bostonteaparty".波士顿倾茶事件，1773年，当满载茶叶的船只到达波士顿时，总督大人决定看看，以确保茶叶卸载时得到合法保护，晚上，几个波士顿居民化装成印度人来到船上仍掉了价值75，000的茶叶。这就是著名的波士顿倾茶事件。14.continentaldivide---itisanimaginarylinethatseparatesstreamsthatflowintothepacificoceanfromthosethatflowintotheatlantic.那是一条难以想象的线，将流入太平洋和流入大西洋的河流划分开来。15.federalists---theywerethosewhodemandedastrongnationalsystemandwholaterstrugglehardfortheratificationoftheconsititution.联邦制拥护者就是指那些要求建立坚固的国家体系，之后又为宪法的通过全力奋斗的人。16.thegettysburgaddress---itreferstotheshortspeechpresidentlincolnmadewhenhededicatedthenationalcemeteryatgettysburg.Heendedthespeechwith“thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperish死亡fromtheearth”.葛底斯堡（地址），指林肯在阵亡将士墓落成仪式上发表的一个简短的演说</P<p>17.thekukluxklantehkkkwasthefirstorganizedin1866andthenreformedin186