化学专业英语竞赛

化学专业英语一、无机化学1.periodictable元素周期表element元素metal金属 nonmetal 非金属 transitionmetal 过渡金属group/family族period周期block区2.electronconfigurationelectronshell 电子层alkalimetal碱金属alkalineearthmetal碱土金属chalcogen氮族元素halogen 卤素noblegas稀有气体lanthanide镧系元素actinide 锕系元素s-blocks区（H、He、碱金属'碱土金属）p-blockp区（IIIA〜VIIA族、稀有气体（He除外））d-blockd区（过渡金属）f-blockf区（镧系元素、锕系元素）电子排布，电子构型shell （电子）层 subshell（电子）亚层atomicorbitalmolecule原子轨道分子structure 结构molecular 分子的atom原子atomicnucleus原子核electron 电子electroncloud电子云ion离子anion/左n.aian/阴离子cation/'k^t.ai.sn/阳离子quantumnumber量子数principalquantumnumberazimuthalquantumnumbermagneticquantumnumberspinquantumnumber主量子数（principalquantumnumberazimuthalquantumnumbermagneticquantumnumberspinquantumnumber主量子数（n）角量子数（1）磁量子数（m）自旋量子数（s或m）1Wn0WlWn-1-IWmWl±1/2Pauliexclusionprinciple（泡利不相容原理）：Twoelectronscannotoccupythesamequantumstatewithinaquantumsystemsimultaneously.Hund,sprinciple/Hund,srule（洪特规则）：Iftwoorbitalsofequalenergyareavailable,electronswilloccupythemsinglybeforefillingtheminpairs.chemicalbond化学键ionicbond离子键 ionizationenergy电离能electronaffinity 电子亲和能ionicpolarization离子极化dipole 偶极covalentbond 共价键metallicbond 金属键（=metallicbonding）intermolecularforce分子间作用力vanderWaalsforce范德华力Lewisstructure路易斯结构lonepairs 孤电子对，孤对电子valenceelectron价电子singlebond 单键multiplebond多重键（doublebond双键，triplebond三键）chemicalreaction化学反应四种基本反应类型（fourbasictypes）：combinationreaction化合反应 C+O2=C02

decompositionreaction分解反应 Cu(OH)2=CuO+H2Odisplacementreaction(singledisplacementreaction)置换反应 Fe+CuSO4=FeSO4+Cumetathesisreaction(doubledisplacementreaction)复分解反应AgNO3+NH4I=NH4NO35+AgI1precipitation沉淀(作用)precipitate沉淀物其它反应：reduction-oxidationreaction(=redoxreaction)氧化还原反应oxidation氧化 reduction还原combustion燃烧(寸^口睡)stoichiometry/.stoiki'nmztri/化学计量 stoichiometricration 化学计量比reactivityseriesofmetals/activityseriesofmetals金属活动性顺序standardelectrodepotential 标准电极电势(符号E。)chemicalstabilityacid-basereaction化学稳定性酸碱（中和）反应chemicalstabilityacid-basereaction化学稳定性酸碱（中和）反应conjugatedacid共轭酸Lewisacid 路易斯酸Br0nstedacid Br0nsted酉食conjugatedbaseLewisbaseBr0nstedbase共轭碱路易斯碱Br0nsted碱solvation

hydrationsolvation

hydration7.solution溶液solute溶质solvent溶剂concentration浓度concentrated浓的dilute稀的molality质量摩尔浓度（mol溶质/kg溶剂）molefraction摩尔分数massfraction质量分数massconcentration质量浓度(kg/m3)osmoticpressure渗透压molarconcentration摩尔浓度(mol/L)solubility溶解度solubilityproduct溶度积(Ks)soluble可溶的slightlysoluble微溶的insoluble难溶的，不溶的溶剂化作用solvate溶剂合物（如CaCl2-C2H5OH）水合作用 hydrate水合物（如CuSO4-5H2O）hemihydrate半水合物monohydrate一水合物dihydrate二水合物(tri-3,tetra-4,penta-5,hexa-6,hepta-7,octa-8,nona-9,deca-10,undeca-11,dodeca-12)8.compound(=chemicalcompound)化合物inorganiccompound无机化合物organiccompound有机化合物nomenclature/ns'menkl3tfb(r)/命名法empiricalformula实验式，简式chemicalformulastructuralformula化学式结构式 molecularformula分子式macromolecule 高分子coordinationcomplex配合物，络合物polymer聚合物9.无机化合物命名法元素最低价（负）低价（正）次〜较低价，亚〜一般价态最高价，高〜【O】oxygenoxide【Cl】chlorinehydrochloricadj.chloridehypochlorousadjhypochloritechlorousadj.chloritechloricadj.chlorateperchloricadj.perchlorate【MnJmanganesemanganousadj.manganitemanganicadj(+3)manganate(6价)permanganate【Fe】ironferrousadj.(+2)ferrite(+3)ferricadj.(+3)ferrate(+6)【Se】seleniumhydroselenicadj.selenideselenousadj.seleniteselenicadj.selenate

元素名以ium（或um）结尾的，去掉后缀，某化物加ide,如硫化钠sodiumsulfide。次某酸盐加hypoite,如次氯酸钠sodiumhypochlorite。亚某酸盐加ite，如亚硒酸钠，sodiumselenite。正常价态的加ate，如磷酸铵ammoniumphosphate。高某酸盐（+7和+8价）加perate，如高氯酸钾potassiumperchlorateo形成的酸用相应的形容词性的词+acid,如高氯酸perchloricacid,碳酸carbonicacid。离子用名词词性的词+ion,如硝酸根离子nitrateion（变价金属离子可用形容词性的，如亚铁离子ferrousion）。IUPAC命名法用罗马数字标注价态，如氯化铁iron（III）chlorideo10.其它nuclearreaction 核反应radiation 辐射，放射nuclide 核素allotrope 同素异形体amphotericcompound两性化合物radioactivedecayisotopeallotropyproticsolvent放射性的 radioactivity衰变 criticalmass同位素同素异形现象isomer质子溶剂 aproticsolvent放射性临界质量同分异构体非质子溶剂二、有机化学1.alkane 烷烃methane 甲烷 ethane 丙烷 propane 丙烷（烷烃按词头+ane,5碳及以上的烷烃按数词前缀+ane,前缀见一、5）saturatedhydrocarbons饱和烃 alkyl烷基aromatic芳香烃的 aliphatic脂肪烃的opticalisomer光学异构体 chirality/kai'r田liti/手性asymmetricmolecule不对称分子butanecycloalkane丁烷环烷烃2.unsaturatedhydrocarbons不饱和烃alkene 烯烃(后缀ene)ethylene 乙烯(=ethene)butene 丁烯acetylene 乙快(=©山丫比)1-butyne 1-丁快(=6a-1-丫尤)propadiene 丙二烯(=allene)additionreaction 力口成反应functionalgroup官能团ozonolysis 臭氧化反应(ozone臭氧)cycloaddition环加成反应alkyne(后缀yne)propylene (=propene) 丙烯pentene 戊烯propyne 丙快2-pentyne (=pent-2-yne) 2-戊快1,3-butadiene(=buta-1,3-diene)1,3-丁二烯substitutionreaction 取代反应substituentgroup 取代基hydroboration-oxidationreaction硼氢化-氧化反应free-radicaladdition 自由基加成反应3.haloakane卤代烷烃eliminationreaction消除反应organometalliccompounds金属有机化合物Grignardreagent格氏试剂allylchloride烯丙基氯electrophilicaddition亲电加成反应nucleophilicaddition亲核加成反应4.aromatichydrocarbon芳香烃(=arene)aromaticity芳香性benzene苯phenyl苯基benzyl苄基，苯甲基PAH(=Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons)多环芳烃naphthalene萘phenanthrene^菲anthracene蒽benzyne苯快aryne芳快toluene甲苯(=methylbenzene)xylene(o-,m-,p-)二甲苯（邻、间、对）cumene异内苯(=isopropylbenzene)styrene(=vinylbenzene)苯乙烯

5.groupscontainingoxygen含氧基团alcohol醇methanol甲醇ketone酮acetone丙酮aldehyde醛acetaldehyde乙醛acylchloride酰氯carboxylate（羧酸）盐ester（羧酸）酯peroxide过氧化物ether醚anhydride酸酐formicacid甲酸ethylformate甲酸乙酯aceticacid乙酸ethylacetate乙酸乙酯6.groupscontainingnitrogen含氮基团amide酰胺amine 胺ammine（无机）氨配体primaryamine伯胺secondaryamine仲胺tertiaryamine/'t3:Jbridmi:n/叔胺quaternaryammoniumcompound季铵盐imine亚胺azide叠氮化物azocompound偶氮化物azobenzene偶氮苯diazoniumcompound重氮盐azocoupling重氮偶合（反应）azodye偶氮染料nitrate硝酸盐，硝酸酯nitrile腈isonitrile异睛acetonitrile乙睛oxime肟(R1R2C=NOH)nitrite亚硝酸盐，亚硝酸酯nitrocompound硝基化合物nitrosocompound亚硝基化合物7.groupscontainingsulfur含硫化合物thiol硫醇ethanethiol乙硫醇sulfide（无机）硫化物，（有机）硫醚disulfide二硫化物sulfoxide亚飒(R1R2s=O)sulfone飒(R1R2s(=O)2)sulfonicacid磺酸sulfonate苯磺酸盐thiocyanate硫氰酸盐，硫氰酸酯8.heterocycliccompound杂环化合物NitrogenOxygenSulfur5-memberedring(Saturated)四氢吠喃tetrahydropyran(THF)5-memberedring(Unsaturated)oNHpyrrole毗咯Qfuran吠喃Qthiophene噻吩6-memberedring(Saturated)Hpiperidine哌啶

三、物理化学1.stateofmatter物态solid固体 liquid 液体phasediagram相图 triplepoint 三相点temperature温度 pressure 压力crystal（=crystallinesolid） 晶体melting熔化 sublimation 升华boiling沸腾 evaporation 蒸发saturatedsolution饱和溶液super-saturatedsolution过饱和溶液gas 气体 plasma等离子体criticalpoint临界点degreeoffreedom 自由度amorphoussolid非晶体，无定形体freezing 凝固 condensation液化deposition 凝华 crystallization结晶unsaturatedsolution未饱和溶液Supersaturation过饱和（状态）2.crystalstructure晶体结构spacelattice晶格，空间点阵coordinationnumber配位数unitcell 晶胞 alloy 合金crystalsystem晶系3.chemicalthermodynamics化学热力学internalenergy 内能（U）Helmholtzfreeenergy亥姆霍兹自由能（A）enthalpy 焓（H）Zerothlawofthermodynamics（热力学第零定律）：idealgas 理想气体Gibbsfreeenergy吉布斯自由能（G）entropy 熵（S）Iftwosystemsareinthermalequilibriumwithathirdsystem,theyareinthermalequilibriumwitheachother.Thislawhelpsdefinethenotionoftemperature.Firstlawofthermodynamics（热力学第一定律）：Whenenergypasses,aswork,asheat,orwithmatter,intooroutfromasystem,thesystem'sinternalenergychangesinaccordwiththelawofconservationofenergy.Equivalently,perpetualmotionmachinesofthefirstkindareimpossible.Secondlawofthermodynamics（热力学第二定律）：Inanaturalthermodynamicprocess,thesumoftheentropiesoftheinteractingthermodynamicsystemsincreases.Equivalently,perpetualmotionmachinesofthesecondkindareimpossible.Thirdlawofthermodynamics（热力学第三定律）：Theentropyofasystemapproachesaconstantvalueasthetemperatureapproachesabsolutezero.Withtheexceptionofnon-crystallinesolids（glasses）theentropyofasystematabsolutezeroistypicallyclosetozero,andisequaltothelogarithmoftheproductofthequantumgroundstates.4.chemicalkinetics化学动力学chemicalequilibrium化学平衡reactionmechanism反应机理reactiveintermediate活性中间体catalysis 催化作用heterogeneouscatalysis多相催化，非均相催化autocatalysis 自催化catalystpoison 催化剂毒物dynamicequilibrium动态平衡activatedcomplex 活化配合物，活化络合物catalyst（缩写cat.）催化剂enzyme 酶homogeneouscatalysis均相催化inhibitor 抑制剂reactionrate 反应速率，化学反应速率

elementaryreactionrate-determiningstep基元反应速率控制步骤（=rate-limitingstepfreeradical(=radical))(缩写区口5)自由基5.electrochemistry电化学anode阳极cathode阴极halfreaction半反应electrochemicalcell电化学电池，电化电池electrolysis电解electrode电极electrodepotential电极电势6.colloidchemistry胶体化学colloid胶体dispersion分散系gel凝胶sol溶胶aerogel气凝胶aerosol气溶胶emulsion乳浊液suspension悬浊液7.surfacechemistry表面化学interface界面phaseboundary相界面surfactant表面活性齐I」（合成词，surfaceactiveagents）zwitterionic两性离子的nonionic非离子型的surfacetension表面张力contactangle接触角四、分析化学1.analysis分析qualitativeanalysis定性分析quantitativeanalysis定量分析chemicalan