文学-第2次课教学内容

ConsideredbymanytobethegreatestofallAmericanpoets,WaltWhitmancelebratedthefreedomanddignityoftheindividualandsangthepraisesofdemocracyandthebrotherhoodofman.HisLeavesofGrass,unconventionalinbothcontentandtechnique,isprobablythemostinfluentialvolumeofpoemsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.LeavesofGrassInthisgiantwork,opennessfreedomandaboveallindividualismareallthatconcernedhimMostofthepoemsinLeavesofGrasssingofthe“en-masse”（全体）andtheselfaswell.Whitmanextolstheidealsofequalityanddemocracyandcelebratesthedignitytheself-reliantspiritandthejoyofthecommonman.Question：themeaningoftheGrassisthemostimportantimageinthispoem.Itsymbolizescommonness,equalityandStyleandTheuseofthepoetic"I".Speakinginthevoiceof"I",Whitman esallthosepeopleinhispoems,andyetremains"WaltWhitman",henceadiscoveryoftheselfintheotherwithsuchidentification.Theuseoffreeverse.Freeverseispoetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.(WhitmanthoughtthatthevoiceofdemocracyshouldnotbehaltedbytraditionalformsofWhitmanbelievedthatpoetryshouldbespoken,notwritten,andthisbasiccriterionernedtheconceptandformofhispoetry.Theuseofcolorfulwordsandvivid"SongofWhitman'smainclaimtoimmortalityliesin"SongofMyself."HereheplacestheRomanticselfatthecenteroftheconsciousnessofthepoem:Icelebratemyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.Iloafeandinvitemysoul,IlearnandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofasummerEdgarAllanPoe(1809-Bestknownforhispoemsandshortfiction,EdgarAllanPoe,borninBoston,Jan.19,1809,diedOct.7,1849inBaltimore,deservesmorecreditthananyotherwriterforthetransformationoftheshortstoryfromanecdotetoart.Hevirtuallycreatedthedetectivestoryandperfectedthepsychologicalthriller.Healsoproducedsomeofthemostinfluentialliterarycriticismofhistime--importanttheoreticalstatementsonpoetryandtheshortstory--andhashadaworldwideinfluenceonliterature.Poe’sachievementliesinthreeareas:poetry,shortstoryandliterarycriticism.MajorLove-usuallyofamourningmanforhisdeceasedBeauty-ofayoungwomaneitherdyingorDeath-asourceofPoe’sPoeticThepoem,hesays,shouldbeshort,readableatoneItschiefaimisbeauty,namely,toproduceafeelingofbeautyintheTheaimofbeautyistoelevatethesoul,andthehighestdevelopmentofitismelancholy,thatistoexcitethesoultotears.Thedeath,then,ofabeautifulwomanis,unquestionably,themostpoeticaltopicintheReadAnnabelLee&ToAnnabelItwasmanyandmanyayearago,Inakingdombythesea,ThatamaidentherelivedwhomyoumayknowBythenameofANNABELLEE;AndthismaidenshelivedwithnootherthoughtThantoloveandbelovedbyme.Iwasachildandshewasachild,Inthiskingdombythesea;Butwelovedwithalovethatwasmorethanlove-IandmyAnnabelLee;WithalovethatthewingedseraphsofheavenCovetedherandme.Andthiswasthereasonthat,longago,Inthiskingdombythesea,Awindblewoutofacloud,chillingMybeautifulAnnabelLee;SothatherhighbornkinsmancameAndboreherawayfromme,ToshutherupinasepulchreInthiskingdombythesea.Theangels,nothalfsohappyinheaven,Wentenvyingherandme-Yes!-thatwasthereason(asallmenknow,Inthiskingdombythesea)Thatthewindcameoutofthecloudbynight,ChillingandkillingmyAnnabelLee.ButourloveitwasstrongerbyfarthantheloveOfthosewhowereolderthanwe-OfmanyfarwiserthanAndneithertheangelsinheavenabove,Northedemonsdownunderthesea,CaneverdissevermysoulfromthesoulOfthebeautifulAnnabelLee.ForthemoonneverbeamswithoutbringingmedreamsOfthebeautifulAnnabelLee;AndthestarsneverrisebutIfeelthebrighteyesOfthebeautifulAnnabelLee;Andso,allthenight-tide,IliedownbythesideOfmydarling-mydarling-mylifeandmybride,Inthesepulchretherebythesea,Inhertombbythesounding我——我——我的生命，我的新娘，在大海边墓穴里LikemanyotherPoepoemsincluding"TheRaven","AnnabelLee"followsPoe'sfavoritetheme:thedeathofabeautifulwoman,whichPoecalled"themostpoeticaltopicintheworld".LikewomeninmanyotherworksbyPoe,sheisstruckwithillnessandmarriesyoung.Thepoemfocusesonanideallovewhichisunusuallystrong.Infact,thenarrator'sactionsshowthathenotonlylovesAnnabelLee,butheworshipsher,somethinghecanonlydoafterherdeath.ThenarratoradmitsthatheandAnnabelLeewerechildrenwhentheyfellinlove,buthisexplanationthatangelsmurderedherisinitselfchildish,suggestinghehasnotmaturedmuchsincethen.Hisrepetitionofthisassertionsuggestsheistryingtorationalizehisownexcessivefeelingsofloss.Unlike"TheRaven",inwhichthenarratorbelieveshewill"nevermore"bereunitedwithhislove,"AnnabelLee"saysthetwowillbetogetheragain,asnotevendemons"caneverdissever"their"AnnabelLee"consistsofsixstanzas,threewithsixlines,onewithseven,andtwowitheight,withtherhymepatterndifferingslightlyineachone.Thoughitisnottechnicallyaballad,Poereferredtoitasone.Likeaballad,thepoemusesrepetitionofwordsandphrasespurposelytocreateitsmournfuleffect.Therehasbeendebateoverwho,ifanyone,wastheinspirationfor"AnnabelLee".Thoughmanywomenhavebeensuggested,Poe'swifeVirginiaElizaClemmPoeisoneofthemorecrediblecandidates.BiographersandcriticsoftensuggestPoe'sfrequentuseofthe"deathofabeautifulwoman"themestemsfromtherepeatedlossofwomenthroughouthisownlife,includinghismotherElizaPoeandhisfostermotherFrancesAllan.Biographersofteninterpretthat"AnnabelLee"waswrittenforPoe'swifeVirginia,whohaddiedtwoyearsprior.AstrongcasecanbemadeforPoe'swifeVirginia:Shewastheonehelovedasachild,theonlyonewhohadbeenhisbride,andtheonlyonewhohaddied.AutobiographicalreadingsofthepoemhavealsobeenusedtosupportthetheorythatVirginiaandPoeneverconsummatedtheirmarriage,as"AnnabelLee"wasa"maiden".SomecriticsbelievedthatAnnabelLeewasmerelytheproductofPoe'sgloomyimaginationandthatAnnabelLeewasnoreal inparticular.AchildhoodsweetheartofPoe'snamedSarahElmiraRoysterbelievedthepoemwaswrittenwithherinmindandthatPoehimselfsaidso.----byEdgarAllanHelen,thybeautyistoLikethoseNicéanbarksofyore,Thatgently,o'eraperfumedsea,Theweary,way-wornwandererboreTohisownnativeshore.Ondesperateseaslongwonttoroam,Thyhyacinthhair,thyclassicface,ThyNaiadairshavebroughtmehomeTotheglorythatwasGreece,AndthegrandeurthatwasLo!inyonbrilliantwindow-Howstatue-likeIseetheestand,Theagatelampwithinthyhand!Ah!Psyche,fromtheregionswhichAreHolyLand!啊！化身的，你所来之处，就是TheauthorwrotethispoeminhonorofJaneStanard,themotherofhischildhoodfriendRob.Throughhiswriting,PoesoughttothankherforactingasasecondmothertohimandshowhisPoeusesallusionstoclassicalnamesandplaces,aswellascertainkindsofimagestotheimpressionofafar-offidealized,unrealwoman,likeaGreekstatue.(wordsthatsupporttheimageofanidealwomanare“hyacinth”and“classic”“Naiadairs”and“statue-like”.Helenstands,notlikearealwoman,butlikeasaintina"windows-niche”.) esasymbolbothofbeautyandoffrustration,aromanticallyidealized,yetinaccessibleimageoftheheart'sdesire.AsistypicalwithmanyofPoe'spoems,therhythmandrhymeschemeof"ToHelen"isirregularbutmusicalinsound.Thepoemconsistsofthreestanzasoffivelineseach,wheretheendrhymeofthefirststanzaisABABB,thatofthesecondisABABA,andthatofthethirdisABBAB.Poeusessoothing,positivewordsandrhythmstocreateafittingtoneandatmospherefortheHisconcludingimageisthatoflight,witha"brilliantwindowniche"andtheagatelampsuggestingtheglowingofthe"HolyLand,"forwhichHelenisthebeacon.Poe'sAestheticTheoryof"Unityofeffectorimpression"isofprimaryimportance;themosteffectivestoryisonethatcanbereadatasinglesitting.Theshortstorywritershould ysubordinateeverythinginthe incidents,style,and tobringingoutofasingle,preconceivedeffect.(Thereshouldnowordwritten,ofwhichthetendency,directorindirect,isnottotheonepre-establishedTheveryfirstsentenceoughttohelpbringoutthe“singleeffectoftheAtaleshouldrevealsomelogicaltruthwith“thefullestsatisfaction”andshouldendwiththelastsentence,leavingasenseoffinality.THEOVALbyEdgarAllanPoeTHEchateauintowhichmyvalethadventuredtomakeforcibleentrance,ratherthanpermitme,inmydesperaywoundedcondition,topassanightintheopenair,wasoneofthosepilesofcommingledgloomandgrandeurwhichhavesolongfrownedamongtheAppennines,notlessinfactthaninthefancyofMrs.Radcliffe.Toallappearanceithadbeentemporarilyandverylayabandoned.Weestablishedourselvesinoneofthesmallestandleastsumptuouslyfurnishedapartments.Itlayinaremoteturretofthebuilding.Itsdecorationswererich,yettatteredandantique.Itswallswerehungwithtapestryandbedeckedwithmanifoldandmultiformarmorialtrophies,togetherwithanunusuallygreatnumberofveryspiritedmodernpaintingsinframesofrichgoldenarabesque.Inthesepaintings,whichdependedfromthewallsnotonlyintheirmainsurfaces,butinverymanynookswhichthebizarrearchitectureofthechateaurenderednecessary-inthesepaintingsmyincipientdelirium,perhaps,hadcausedmetotakedeepinterest;sothatIbadePedrotoclosetheheavyshuttersoftheroom-sinceitwasalreadynight-tolightthetonguesofatallcandelabrumwhichstoodbytheheadofmybed-andtothrowopenfarandwidethefringedcurtainsofblackvelvetwhichenvelopedthebeditself.IwishedallthisdonethatImightresignmyself,ifnottosleep,atleastalternaytothecontemplationofthesepictures,andtheperusalofasmallvolumewhichhadbeenfounduponthepillow,andwhichpurportedtocriticizeanddescribethem.Long-longIread-anddevoutly,devotedlyIgazed.Rapidlyandgloriouslythehoursflewbyandthedeepmidnightcame.Thepositionofthecandelabrumdispleasedme,andoutreachingmyhandwithdifficulty,ratherthandisturbmyslumberingvalet;Iplaceditsoastothrowitsraysmorefullyuponthebook.Buttheactionproducedaneffectaltogetherunanticipated.Theraysofthenumerouscandles(forthereweremany)nowfellwithinanicheoftheroomwhichhadhithertobeenthrownintodeepshadebyoneofthebed-posts.Ithussawinvividlightapictureallunnoticedbefore.Itwastheportraitofayounggirljustripeningintowomanhood.Iglancedatthepaintinghurriedly,andthenclosedmyeyes.WhyIdidthiswasnotatfirstapparenteventomyownperception.Butwhilemylidsremainedthusshut,Iranoverinmymindmyreasonforsoshuttingthem.Itwasanimpulsivemovementtogaintimeforthought-tomakesurethatmyvisionhadnotdeceivedme-tocalmandsubduemyfancyforamoresoberandmorecertaingaze.InaveryfewmomentsIagainlookedfixedlyatthepainting.ThatInowsawarightIcouldnotandwouldnotdoubt;forthefirstflashingofthecandlesuponthatcanvashadseemedtodissipatethedreamystuporwhichwasstealingovermysenses,andtostartlemeatonceintowakinglife.Theportrait,Ihavealreadysaid,wasthatofayounggirl.Itwasamereheadandshoulders,doneinwhatistechnicallytermedavignettemanner;muchinthestyleofthefavoriteheadsofSully.Thearms,thebosom,andeventheendsoftheradianthairmeltedimperceptiblyintothevagueyetdeepshadowwhichformedtheback-groundofthewhole.Theframewasoval,richlygildedandfiligreedinMoresque.Asathingofartnothingcouldbemoreadmirablethanthepaintingitself.Butitcouldhavebeenneithertheexecutionofthework,northeimmortalbeautyofthecountenance,whichhadsosuddenlyandsovehementlymovedme.Leastofall,couldithavebeenthatmyfancy,shakenfromitshalfslumber,hadmistakentheheadforthatofaliving .Isawatoncethatthepeculiaritiesofthedesign,ofthevignetting,andoftheframe,musthaveinstantlydispelledsuchidea-musthavepreventedevenitsmomentaryentertainment.Thinkingearnestlyuponthesepoints,Iremained,foranhourperhaps,halfsitting,halfreclining,withmyvisionrivetedupontheportrait.Atlength,satisfiedwiththetruesecretofitseffect,Ifellbackwithinthebed.Ihadfoundthespellofthepictureinanabsolutelife-likelinessofexpression,which,atfirststartling,finallyconfounded,subdued,andappalledme.WithdeepandreverentaweIreplacedthecandelabruminitsformerposition.Thecauseofmydeepagitationbeingthusshutfromview,Isoughteagerlythevolumewhichdiscussedthepaintingsandtheirhistories.Turningtothenumberwhichdesignatedtheovalportrait,Itherereadthevagueandquaintwordswhichfollow:Shewasamaidenofrarestbeauty,andnotmorelovelythanfullofglee.Andevilwasthehourwhenshesaw,andloved,andweddedthepainter.He,passionate,studious,austere,andhavingalreadyabrideinhisArt;sheamaidenofrarestbeauty,andnotmorelovelythanfullofglee;alllightands,andfrolicsomeastheyoungfawn;lovingandcherishingallthings;hatingonlytheArtwhichwasherrival;dreadingonlythepalletandbrushesandotheruntowardinstrumentswhichdeprivedherofthecountenanceofherlover.Itwasthusaterriblethingforthisladytohearthepainterspeakofhisdesiretoportrayevenhisyoungbride.Butshewashumbleandobedient,andsatmeeklyformanyweeksinthedark,highturret-chamberwherethelightdrippeduponthepalecanvasonlyfromoverhead.Buthe,thepainter,tookgloryinhiswork,whichwentonfromhourtohour,andfromdaytoday.Andbewasapassionate,andwild,andmoodyman,whobecamelostinreveries;sothathewouldnotseethatthelightwhichfellsoghastlyinthatloneturretwitheredthehealthandthespiritsofhisbride,whopinedvisiblytoallbuthim.Yetshes donandstillon,plainingly,becauseshesawthatthepainter(whohadhighrenown)tookafervidandburningpleasureinhistask,andwroughtdayandnighttodepictherwhosolovedhim,yetwhogrewdailymoredispiritedandweak.Andinsoothsomewhobeheldtheportraitspokeofitsresemblanceinlowwords,asofamightymarvel,andaproofnotlessofthepowerofthepainterthanofhisdeeploveforherwhomhedepictedsosurpassinglywell.Butatlength,asthelabordrewnearertoitsconclusion,therewereadmittednoneintotheturret;forthepainterhadgrownwildwiththeardorofhiswork,andturnedhiseyesfromcanvasmerely,eventoregardthecountenanceofhiswife.Andhewouldnotseethatthetintswhichhespreaduponthecanvasweredrawnfromthecheeksofherwhosatebesidehim.Andwhenmanyweeksbadpassed,andbutlittleremainedtodo,saveonebrushuponthemouthandonetintupontheeye,thespiritoftheladyagainflickeredupastheflamewithinthesocketofthelamp.Andthenthebrushwasgiven,andthenthetintwasplaced;and,foronemoment,thepainterstoodentrancedbeforetheworkwhichhehadwrought