大气污染控制工程-Lecture3AirPollutionControlLaws

Prof.JiakuanYangHuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnologyAirPollutionControlEngineeringQuestionsfortheLastLecturePleaseexplainhowglobalwarminggenerates.2HowOzoneHolesareformed?AnswerGreenhousegasesaretransparentforsunlight,butabsorblongerwavelengthradiation.Whentheamountofgreenhousegases,suchasCO2,CH4etc,increasetoahighvalue,theglobaltemperatureincreases.GreenhouseeffectSunlightinthedayOutgoingradiationinthedayOutgoingradiationinthenightHowOzoneHolesareformed?Lecture3

AirPollutionControlLawsand

regulation,ControlPhilosophiesⅠU.S.AirPollutionControlLawsandRegulationsⅡUnitsofAirPollutantsⅢAirPollutionControlPhilosophiesⅠU.S.AirpollutioncontrollawsandregulationsMostairpollutioncontrolactivitiesintheUnitedStatestakeplaceinresponsetoorinanticipationofairpollutionlawsandregulations.ImpactsofLawsandregulationsFirstlawsandregulations,thencontrolactivitiesTheflowoflegalauthorityleadingto

AirPollutionControlBasiclegalstructure,CommonlawsCleanairactLocalregulationsfederalregulationsstateregulationsU.SEPAregulationsAirPollutionControlCommonAbbreviationsofAirLaws

andRegulationsEPA

:EnvironmentalProtectionAgencySIP

:StateImplementationPlan(州执行计划）NAAQS:NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(美国室内空气质量标准）PSD

:PreventionOfSignificantDeteriorationNSPS:NewSourcePerformanceStandardsNESHAP:

NationalEmissionStandardForHazardAndAirpollutionsACGIH:

AmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienistsNAAQSandACGIH(Page28)Table2.3AirQualitystandardsandindustrialexposurestandardsSubstancePermittedambientC(NAAQS)PermittedindustrialC(TWAandSTEL)SO280μg/m3(0.03ppm)2ppm,8-haverageⅡUnitsofAirPollutantsManyEPAregulationsarebasedonastandardtemperatureof25°C.Throughoutthisbook,airandprocessgasesareassumedtobeat1standardatmosphereand20°C.Inchemistry,standardatmosphereconditions,0°C,1atm.ⅡUnitsofAirPollutants

ppmaconcentrationexpressedinpartspermillion(ppm)Foraconcentrationinagas,byvolumeorbymol.Foraconcentrationinaliquidorsolid,bymassorweight.ppbpartsperbillion,μg/kgⅡUnitsofAirPollutantsWhenexpressingtheconcentrationofSO2intheair,1ppmSO2means1m3SO2in106m3air.WhenexpressingtheconcentrationofHginthepollutedwater,1ppmHgmeans1mgHgin1Lwastewater.1ppm=10-6Forexample:ⅡUnitsofAirPollutantsConversionbetweenppmandµg/m3At1atmand25°C,1m3ofanyperfectgascontains40.87moles.C(μg/m3)=ppm×40.87×(molecularweight,g/mol)Forexample:SO20.03ppmC=0.03×40.87×64=78.5µg/m3ⅡUnitsofAirPollutantsForperfectgasesat1atmand25°C,1m3

Numberofmol(molecularweight)ⅢAirPollutionControlPhilosophiesAperfectairpollutionphilosophyandimplementingregulationsarecost-effective,simple,enforceable,flexible,andevolutionary.EmissionstandardsphilosophyAirqualitystandardsphilosophyEmissiontaxesphilosophyCost-benefitstandardsphilosophy1)Emissionstandardsphilosophy

Thebasicideaoftheemissionstandardphilosophyisthatthereissomemaximumpossible(orpractical)degreeofemissioncontrol.Costisverybad.CleanestpossibleairphilosophyBestpracticalmeansphilosophy2)TheAirQualityStandardPhilosophyTheairqualitystandardphilosophyislogicallya“zero-damage”philosophy.Theairqualitystandardphilosophyisbasedontheassumptionthatthetruesituationformostmajorairpollutantsisthethresholdvaluesituation.SuitableAirpollutioncontrolmeans(ortechniques)willbeusedinordertodecreasethepollutantconcentrationvaluesunderthethresholdvalue.3)EmissionTaxPhilosophyLawsbasedonemissiontaxphilosophywouldtaxeachemissionofmajorpollutantsaccordingtoitsemissionrate.XcentsperpoundofpollutantYforallemitters.Forexample:4)Cost-benefitPhilosophyThecost-benefitapproachacceptssomeamountofairpollutiondamagetohumanhealth.Thisphilosophysuggeststhatweattempttodecide,inasrationalamanneraspossible,howmuchdamageweshouldacceptandcorrespondinghowmuchweshouldbewillingtospendtoreducedamagestothislevel.Pollutioncontrolcost(orpollutioncontrolexpenditure)PollutiondamageTotalConcentrationofairpollutantscost4)Cost-benefitPhilosophyHigherconcentration,higherdamagecost.Higherconcentration,lowercontrolcost.Total=damage+controlMinimizationofthesumoftwocostsd(sumoftwocosts)dc=0环境空气质量控制标准的种类和作用

环境空气质量控制标准按用途分：大气环境质量标准大气污染物排放标准大气污染控制技术标准大气污染预警预报标准按其适用范围分国家标准地方标准行业标准环境空气质量标准

环境空气（Ambientair）质量标准是以保障人体健康和一定的生态环境为目标，而对大气环境中各种污染物的允许含量所作的限制规定，是最基本的大气环境标准，是进行大气环境科学管理，制定大气污染防治规划和大气污染物排放标准的依据，是环境管理部门的执法依据。大气环境污染物排放标准

大气污染物排放标准是为实现大气环境质量标准，对污染源排入大气的污染物允许含量的限制规定。是控制大气污染源的污染物排放量和选择设计净化装置的重要依据，也是环境管理部门的执法依据。大气污染物排放标准可分为国家标准、地方标准和行业标准。

大气污染控制技术标准

是根据污染物排放标准引申出来的辅助标准，如燃料、原料使用标准，净化装置选用标准，排气囱高度标准及卫生防护距离标准等。是为保证达到污染物排放标准而从某一方面做出的具体技术规定，目的是使生产、设计和管理人员容易掌握和执行。

警报标准

大气污染警报标准是为保护大气环境不致恶化，或根据大气污染发展趋势预防发生污染事故而规定的空气中污染物含量的极限值。超过这一限值就应警报，以便采取必要的预防措施，尽量减少对人们的危害。

中华人民共和国国家标准

环境空气质量标准

Ambientairqualitystandard

GB3095－1996

(代替GB3095－82)

国家环境保护局1996-01-18批准 1996-10-01实施主题内容与适用范围 本标准规定了环境空气质量功能区划分、标准分级、污染物项目、取值时间及浓度限值，采样与分析方法及数据统计的有效性规定。 本标准适用于全国范围的环境空气质量评价。环境空气质量功能区的分类和标准分级环境空气质量功能区分类一类区为自然保护区、风景名胜区和其它需要特殊保护的地区。二类区为城镇规划中确定的居住区、商业交通居民混合区、文化区、一般工业区和农村地区。三类区为特定工业区。环境空气质量标准分级（环境空气质量标准分为三级）一类区执行一级标准二类区执行二级标准三类区执行三级标准各项污染物的浓度限值注：①适用于城市地区；②适用于牧业区和以牧业为主的半农半牧区，蚕桑区；③适用于农业和林业区。ThisLectureandtheNextLectureThisLecture:Chapter3Page