跨文化交际课件

LanguageandCulture

1入境而问禁入国而问俗入门而问讳——《礼记曲礼上》BookofRites2CaseAnalysis1.A:Whycouldn’tCinderellabeagoodsoccerplayer?B:Shelosthershoe,sheranawayfromtheball,andhercoachwasapumpkin.2.A:Coffee,please.B:Whiteorblack?A:Uhjustwantsomecoffee.3.AChinese:Haveyouhadyourlunch?AnAmerican:No,Ihaven’t.ButIthinkIcanmanagetoarrivehomeforsupper.3LanguageNothingmoreclearlydistinguishesoneculturefromanotherthanitslanguage.

ArensbergandNiehoff

4Whatislanguage?Languageisawayofcommunicatingneededbyallpeoples.Itistheprincipalmeanswherebypeopleconductsociallives.5Whatisculture?Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.Inanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.6TherelationbetweenlanguageandcultureLanguageexpressesandembodiesculturalreality.Languageandcultureareinextricablyentwined.Languageisanimportantwaytotransmitculture.Languageisthecarrierofculturewhichinturnisthecontentoflanguage.7语言和文化密不可分.语言是文化的一部分，文化又无时无刻影响着语言.语言是文化的载体，又是文化的写照 .语言文字当中，处处都打有文化的烙印，语言活动过程中，时时可觅见文化的踪迹.8CultureBigCultureSmallCulture(exceptlanguage)OtherCulturalPhenomenaLanguageLanguageTherelationbetweenlanguageandculture91.Languageasareflectionofthesociety2008年度中国主流媒体十大流行语榜单及解读综合类十大流行语北京奥运、金融危机、志愿者、汶川大地震、神七、三聚氰胺、改革开放30周年、降息、扩大内需、粮食安全

10metrosexual=metropolis+sexual

metrosexualNewly-coinedword:都市玉男/型男11MetrosexualMeetthemetrosexualHe'swelldressed,narcissisticandobsessedwithbutts.Butdon'tcallhimgay.ByMarkSimpson/story/ent/feature/2002/07/22/metrosexual/12Aladultissingle,assured,solventandsecureinhisnew-foundmasculinity.Agedbetween25andthirtysomething,theLadultworksmoderatelyhardatmiddlemanagement....HespendsalotongadgetsandDVDs,andenjoyspoker,onlinegamblingandevenflyfishing.Heironshisownshirtsandcancooksimplemeals.[Observer,1Jan.2006]最近在歐美大量出現Ladult這個詞彙，指20幾到30幾歲的青壯男性，由於坐擁社會資源，讓他們意識到自己有權利與義務更加關心這個社會(2006远东月刊)。Ladult=lad+adult都市新男性

13BritishandAmericanEnglish(differencesofsigns)US:Nodogsallowed.England:Weregretthatintheinterestofhygienedogsarenotallowedonthesepremises.US:Videocontrolled.England:Notice:Intheinterestofourregularcustomersthesepremisesarenowequippedwithcentralsecurityclosedcircuittelevision.142.Languagecanbeanexpressionofracialandethnicdiscrimination.Somewordshavemorethanonemeaningandcreatenegativeimages,suchas“blackhearted”or“ablackmarkonyourrecord.”Negativewordscanalsobecomeassociatedwithgroups,suchasreferringtoNativeAmericansas“savages.”15DutchDutchactDutchbargainDutchcourageDutchman’slandDutchtreatDutchuncleDutchcomfortIamDutched.I’maDutchmanif…[美俚]自杀酒席上作成的交易<俗>酒后之勇过分直率或严厉地批评或谴责别人的人各付己帐无济于事的安慰socialprejudice海市蜃楼16OneEnglishmancanbeatthreeFrenchmen.TheItaliansarewisebeforethedeed,theGermansinthedeed,theFrenchafterthedeed.AnAmericanwillgotohellforabagofcoffee.Socialprejudice17Theuseoftheword“man”inwordslikechairmanandmankind.Useofthepronouns“he”and“she”affectsthinkingaboutgender.Forexample,nursesandsecretariesareusuallyreferredtoas“she.”3.Languagecanalsobeasourceofsexualdiscrimination18InChapterIIIinJaneAusten’snovel,“PrideandPrejudice”,Mrs

Bennet,excitedafterparticipatinginaparty,talkedtoherhusbandaboutMr.Bingleyasfollows:19

Oh!MydearMr.Bennet,wehavehadamostdelightfulevening,

amostexcellentball.…Janewasso

admired.Everybodysaidhowwellshelooked.Mr.Bingleythoughtherquite

beautiful,…Iwassovexedtoseehimstandupwithher.…Iamquitedelightedwithhim.Heissoexcessivelyhandsome!…[Mr.Darcy]isamostdisagreeable,horridman.Sohighandsoconceitedthattherewasnoenduringhim!Hewalkedhere,andhewalkedthere,fancyinghimselfsoverygreat!Nothandsomeenough

todancewith.见《英语与社会》p.2320Inthischapter,JaneAustenhastakenadvantageoftheseintensifierstoindicatethatMrs

Bennetisshallow,superficial,andexaggerating.21SexisminEnglish:Thechickenmetaphortellsthewholestoryofawoman'slife.Inheryouth

sheisachick.Thenshemarriesandbeginsfeatheringhernest.Soonshebegins

feelingcoopedup,soshegoestohenpartieswhereshecackleswithherfriends.

Thenshehasherbrood,beginstohenpeckherhusband,andfinallyturnsintoanoldbiddy.http:///~jmatthew/articles/sexinEnglish.html224.Languageasareflectionofvalues23English:fairplay,privacyorindependence,individualism

AmericanEnglishvocabulary:

eg.self-absorbed,self-appointed,self-centered,self-confident,self-conscious,self-important,self-image,self-reliance,self-regard(关注自己，关注自身利益)24Theupperclass:America,cake,helping,ice,lavatory,lookingglass,pudding,relatives,rich,Royalties,scent,scurf,sick,sofa,spectacles,writingpaperThelowerclass:theStates,pastry,portion,ice-cream,toilet,mirror,dessert,relations,wealthy,Royals,perfume,dandruff头皮屑

,ill,settee长沙发

,notepaper,glasses5.Languageasareflectionofsocialstatus25SpeakerA SpeakerB

Ididityesterday. Idoneityesterday.Hehasn’tgotit. Heain’tgotit.Itwasshethatsaidit. Itwasherwhatsaidit.WhenwelookatthelanguageusedbytwospeakersAandB,wecanestimateroughlytheirrelativesocialstatus.26Culturally-loadedwordsAnimalwordsColorwordsTaboosandeuphemisms27

Chinese

English吹牛――talkhorse孺子牛――willinghorse牛饮――eat/drinklikeahorse健壮如牛――ashealthyasahorse老黄牛――worklikeahorse强按牛头不喝水――Youcanleadahorsetotheriver,butyoucanneverexpecttoforceittodrink.AnimalWordsWhydifferent?28Chinese:麒麟送子English:avisitbythestork29Exercise:Betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion.drinklikeafishtreaduponeggs宁为鸡头，不为凤尾。牛饮如履薄冰30Chinese:胆小如鼠狐假虎威瓮中之鳖English:astimidasarabbit/chicken-heartedanassinalion’sskinlikearatinahole31Chinese:落汤鸡母老虎（比丈夫强的妻子）English:likeadrenchedchicken;likeadrownedratgreymare32dog

汉族人眼中的“狗”：

走狗、狗仗人势、狗腿子、狐朋狗友、狼心狗肺……loveme,lovemydogaluckdogtopdogolddogcleverdog西方人眼中的“dog”：1.胜利者；夺魁者2.主要人物33中国龙是一种祥兽

西方龙则是邪恶的代名词

龙34AcollectionofAsianAmericanfeminists’articles(publishedin1997)THEASIANMYSTIQUE:DragonLadies,GeishaGirls,andOurFantasiesoftheExoticOrient(publishedin2005)（亚洲的奥秘：泼妇，艺伎，我们关于奇异东方的幻想，）35WhyarewomenofAsianoriginsooftendepictedinHollywoodandWesternliteratureassubmissive,sexuallyavailableGeishaordemureChinaDolls—ortheconverse,asDragonLadiesorDominatrix?……（http:///showevent.asp?eventid=4590）为什么好莱坞和西方的文学作品总是把亚洲妇女描写成温顺的、随时愿意奉献肉体的艺伎，或矜持、美丽却没有头脑的中国尤物，或者走向另一个极端，把亚洲妇女描绘成恶毒的女人（DragonLadies）或嗜好性虐待的女魔头（Dominatrix）？……36《杨过与小龙女》“LittleDragonMaid”?LoongGirl小龙女包租婆《功夫》37Sheisarealdragon,you’dbetterkeepawayfromher.(她是凶狠的母夜叉,最好离她远点)。38OwlInEnglish:aswiseasanowl象猫头鹰一样聪明

InChinese:猫头鹰进宅,好事不来bearInEnglish:Heisabearatmaths(他是个数学天才)InChinese:“瞧他那个熊样儿”、“真熊”39。fishInChinese:

年年有余(鱼)InEnglish:apoorfishaloosefishfishintheair可怜虫生活放荡的女人水中捞月40

EnglishShelley’sOdetothe

WestWind(西风颂)

JohnMasefield/约翰·梅斯菲尔德

TheWestWind(《西风颂》)

zephyr(thewestwind)EastWindAutomobileZephyrautomobileJohnMasefield(1878—1967)PercyByssheShelley

珀西·比希·雪莱（1792-1822）

41ColortermsMr.Brownisaverywhiteman.Hewaslookingrathergreentheotherday.Hehasbeenfeelingbluelately.WhenIsawhim,hewasinabrownstudy.Ihopehe’llsoonbeinthepinkagain.布朗先生是一位忠实可靠的人。那天他脸色不好，近来感到闷闷不乐。我见到他时，他显得心事重重。我希望他早点振作起来。42Westerncountrybloody(eg.aredbattle)RudeIrritableModernmeaning:universallove(博爱的fromthefilm“red”)China

Loyal(忠贞,e.g一颗红心）SuccessfulPopular(受欢迎，受重视，eg.红人）Lucky(吉利,e.g.红白事）red43red

redletterday“纪念日”“喜庆的日子”redfigure，redink(赤字)inthered（亏损）redbalance（赤字差额）redtape繁文缛节44black

blackmoney（黑钱）blackmarket（黑市交易或黑市）ablackletterday不吉祥的日子，倒霉的一天blackox不幸blackfigure，intheblack都表示“盈利”、“赚钱”表示“严重的，不受欢迎的，不吉利的、罪恶的、不合适的、不合法的、愤怒的”等45“黑色”黑心人theverycruelpeople黑帮thereactionaryorganizationsgatheredsecretly多表示贬意如“阴暗的、非法的、秘密的、坏的、狠毒的等46BlackinChinese

黑眼镜sunglasses黑货smuggledgoods黑心肠evilmind黑话cant黑体字boldfacetype黑咕隆咚pitch-dark黑死病theplague黑更半夜inthedeadofnight

47Black:thecolorofnightorcoalWesterncountryEvil(e.g..blackmail)UnluckyVS.whitemeaningunluckinessinChineseHopeless(e.g..thingwasbeginningtolookprettyblackforus)ChinaRighteous(e.g..黑脸的包公铁面无私）Thesameaswesterncountry–evil(黑社会）Secret(e.g..黑话）48Translationofblack1.blacktea红茶(而不译为黑茶)汉语中的“红茶”译成英语是“blacktea”，字面上意为“黑茶”，这是因为汉语针对茶水的颜色而言，故称其为“红”，而英语的着眼点则放在茶叶的颜色上，故称其为“黑”。2.blackandblue青一块紫一块(而不是青一块黑一块)49Youlookbluetoday.What‘swrongwithyou?你今天看起来闷闷不乐，出了什么事？“忧郁，伤感，沮丧”

ablueMonday(倒霉的星期一)inabluemood(情绪低沉)bluemoon;onceinabluemoon“罕见之至，极不可能”"千载难逢blue50blueheisarealblueblood.（他是真正的贵族。）blue-eyedboys“受到管理当局宠爱和特别照顾的职工”bluebook（蓝皮书）blue-skymarket（露天市场），blue-collarworkers（从事体力劳动的工人）51Blue:thecolorofskyWesterncountrySad(eg.gettheblues;blues—aslowsadstyleofmusicthatcamefromthesouthernUS)Obscene(mentionedabove,bluebook)Noble,highlyprivileged(e.g.blue-blooded=belongingtoaroyalornoble)Modernmeaning:freedom(fromthefilm“blue”)ChinaSinister(阴险，京剧脸谱中的蓝色代表阴险）52“黄袍加身”;“黄袍”;“黄榜”;“黄门”有“崇高”、“尊严”和“权力”的象征意义

“黄花闺女”、“黄毛丫头”黄色53YellowinChinese黄瓜cucumber黄鳝finlesseel黄土高原loessplateau黄蜂wasp黄花闺女avirgin黄道吉日luckyday黄豆soybean黄毛丫头asillylittlegirl黄牛ox黄昏dusk54yellowYouareyellow!yellowboyTurnyellowYellowpages表示“卑鄙”、“怯懦”、“猜忌”等55Green:lightblueWesterncountryJealous(e.g.greeneyesVS.红眼inChinese)Inexperienced(e.g.greenhand),lackinsocialexperience(e.g.贾宝玉isagreenboyinthetranslationof“thedreamofredmansion”)Unripe(不成熟）China

Dynamic(生机勃勃）Acuckoldhusband(绿帽子）56greenagreenhand(生手，易上当受骗的人)，greengoods(新鲜货)，agreenman(新来水手)，agreenoldage(老当益壮)等等。green-eyed“嫉妒”、“眼红”Youareexpectingtoomuchofhim.Heisstillgreen,youknow.（你对他要求过高，他还没经验嘛。）greenback“美钞”greenpower“金钱的力量”或“财团”57Yellow:thecolorofbutter,gold,etc.WesterncountryCowardly,timid(胆怯的，eg.Yellow–bellied=notbrave)OriginatefromtheoffensivewayofdescribingtheskincolorofpeoplefrompartsofAsia.China

Obscene(淫秽，色情，庸俗，eg.黄色书籍，vs.bluebookinEnglish）Royal(黄色是帝王的颜色）Failure(计划不能实现，eg.这事黄了。）58browntobedonebrown被欺骗，被烤BrownBaggers学习用功的学生brownstoners贵族气派的人59WhiteUniversalconnotations:

purityandinnocence60“White”inChinese白班dayshift白鹭egret白内障cataract白痴idiot白开水plainboiledwater白血病leukemia白眼supercilious白手起家tostartfromscratch

61WhiteSnowWhite,whiteChristmas,awhitesoultheWhiteHouseHehaswhitehands.whitehand有“pure”(纯洁)、或“unstained”(清白)之意。whitewar指没有硝烟的战争，常指“经济竞争”。whiteelephant（昂贵却派不上用场的物体或物主不需要但又无法处置之物）whitegoods表示纯洁、美好、善意、合法、公平、幸福、轻轻的、政治上反动等

awhiteflag62白色“白手”“白手起家”startfromscratch;buildupfromnothing白眼thetiredlook白丁verycommonpeople表示清楚、明白、陈述、纯净、无代价的、无效的、政治上反动的等63White:thecolorofsnowWesterncountryFair,pure(inthewedding)Lucky(eg.awhiteday)ConservativeModernmeaning:equal,fromthefilm“white”ChinaUnlucky(葬礼，白事）Crafty(奸诈的，eg.白脸的曹操）Vain(eg.没效果，白费力气）不付出代价而享受（eg.吃白食，小白脸）64Purple:themixedcolorofredandblueWesterncountryRoyal(e.g..borntothepurple=bornintoahighsocialclass)Flashyandwithoutsubstance(华而不实的，e.g..apurplepassage)ChinaPropitious(祥瑞，e.g..紫气冲天）65紫气东来《关令尹内传》DifferentmeaningsarecontainedinthesamecolorfordifferentnationalitiesCase66Grey:themixedcolorofblackandwhiteWesterncountryExperienced(e.g.greyhand老手）Boring(e.g.agreybook)Gloomy(e.g.greyprospects)Reliable,expensive(灰色是西方消费者联想到贵重的，质量可靠的商品）China

alsothemeaning–gloomy,depressed(e.g.灰心丧气，心灰意懒）Cheap,unqualified(灰色使消费者联想到廉价货，水货）67Pink:paleredWesterncountryHealthy(e.g..Inthepink=ingoodshape)Mostlyreferredtofemale(e.g..Pinkjobs:女性的职业）China

RelatedwiththecolorofpeachRomantic(e.g.桃花运）68Scarlet:thebrilliantredcolorWesterncountryNotpure,withoutchastity,obscene(e.g.TheScarletLetter“红字”isaboutadultery;scarletwoman—awomanwhohassexualrelationshipswithmanymen)Criminal(e.g.themurdererhuddledonthecrimsoncarpetinascarletpoor罪犯在深红色的地毯上蜷成一团，像是一汪刚刚流淌出来的鲜血）ChinaThesamemeaningasred:passionate热情，泼辣（e.g.王熙凤总穿深红色的衣服，以显示其泼辣的性格）69Taboosandeuphemism

禁忌语与委婉语

Tabooreferstosomewordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemismmeanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.70Talkingaboutsexualintercourseandcertainpartsofthebodyistabooinbothcultures.Eg.makeloveTohavesexwith71

Four-letterwordsarestillconsideredimproperinmostconversation,especiallyinmixedcompany.eg.Fucktits,shitJesusChristHolyMarySonofabitchbitch

Damn!Damnit!Hell!72委婉语的类别1)传统委婉语

生,老,病,死性裸拉撒decease,expire,breatheone’slast,fallasleepelderly,goldenager,matureinone’sbirthdaysuit73breezer

makeanoisesmellofgunpowderdroparose(出去放屁)callofthenaturenature’scallcanIaddsomepowder?emptydumpgototh