TheSouth-美国社会与文化

TheSouthofAmericaTeammembers:VioletOliviaAngelaVivianFaithSourceofinformation:mainlyfromWikipediaandthetextbook1.

GeographyGeographytheSouth—commonlyreferredtoastheSouthernUnitedStates,theAmericanSouth,Dixie.TheSouthdoesnotexactlymatchthegeographicsouth,butispredominantlylocatedinthesoutheasterncorner.Asof2010,anestimated114,555,744people,or37%ofallU.S.residents,livedintheSouth,thenation'smostpopulousregion.Climate:theSouthisadiversemeteorologicalregionwithnumerousclimaticzones,includingtemperate,sub-tropical,tropical,andarid.-----contributetoitsagriculture.TheSouthinHistory红色：代表曾加入联盟国（confederate）的州分，并且长期以来在习惯上和传统上也一直被视为是“南部”，有时候这些州分又被统一称为“迪克西”。加上斜线条纹：是那些属于“边缘”的州分，这些州分并不一定会被所有人视为属于南部，尤其因为她们在内战期间并没有加入联盟国。这张图表描绘历史上最初的南部，也因此并不包括后来独立建州的西弗吉尼亚州TheModernSouth深红色：表示这些州分在现代的标准中都会被划为南部的州。红色：表示大多会被包含在内的州。加上斜线条纹：代表这些州分在有时候或偶尔会被视为南部。SubregionsAsdefinedbytheUnitedStatesCensusBureau,theSouthernregionoftheUnitedStatesincludes16states.TheCensusBureaudefinedtheminto3smallerdivisions:1.TheSouthAtlanticStates:Florida（佛罗里达州）,Georgia（乔治亚州）,Maryland,NorthCarolina（北卡莱罗纳州）,SouthCarolina（南卡莱罗纳州）,Virginia,WestVirginia,andDelaware(特拉华州)2.TheEastSouthCentralStates:Alabama（阿拉巴马州）,Kentucky,Mississippi（密西西比州）andTennessee（田纳西州）3.TheWestSouthCentralStates:Arkansas（阿肯色州）,Louisiana（路易斯安那州）,Oklahoma（俄克拉荷马州）,andTexas（德克萨斯州）.Subregions1.theDeepSouth:Georgia,Alabama,Mississippi,SouthCarolina,Louisiana,Florida(1).Agicultureisimportant.(2).Blacksarenumerous.2.theUpperSouth:Virginias,NorthCarolina,Kentucky,Tennessee3.theSouthwest:Texas,Oklahoma,Arkanasas2.

HistoryHistory1.NativeAmericanculture2.Europeancolonization(Spanish,French,British)3.AmericanRevolution4.Antebellumyears(南北战争前)5.CivilWar6.ReconstructionandJimCrow（美国黑人）7.Late19thand20thcentury—industrializationandGreatMigration8.Presidentialhistory9.GrowthandpovertyEuropeancolonization1.ThepredominantcultureoftheSouthwasrootedinthesettlementoftheregionbyBritishcolonists.2.TheSpanishandFrenchestablishedcoloniesinFlorida,TexasandLouisiana.slavery殖民地初期，当欧洲人初到美洲大陆之时，白种人占据统治地位。1619年，一艘荷兰船把20名非洲黑人载至詹姆士敦。同年,弗吉尼亚成立自由民议院，实现了白人政治自由的愿望。由于南部大面积的种植园需要大量的黑人劳动力，17世纪和18世纪初，黑人奴隶人口迅速增长，促进了殖民地时期的经济繁荣，同时也使白人统治阶级感觉到黑人人口的威胁，于是，奴隶制便作为南方特有的经济体制和种族压迫的手段而出现。CivilWar到了1855年，由于北方人口的优势，南方逐渐失去对联邦政府权力的控制，并且在有关州权和奴隶状态的议题上与北方争论不休。民主党的总统JamesKnoxPolk在1846年推行了降低关税的法案，结果激怒了宾夕法尼亚州的产业界，使北方政客们以封杀联邦政府用以道路建设和港口改善的预算作为报复。等到1861年北方的共和党人掌权之后，许多南方人决定他们应该从联邦分离。在林肯于1860年美国总统选举胜利后，七个以种植棉花为主的州分决定脱离联邦，组成了美利坚联盟国(ConfederateStatesofAmerica)。在1861年，他们又吸引了另外四个州加入。美国政府拒绝承认脱离州分成立的国家，并且继续驻守联邦军队在南方残存的几个堡垒，直到南方邦联在1861年4月于桑特堡战役中攻下了最后一个堡垒。这场战役也引燃了内战。CivilWar在接下来的四年战争中，大多数的战役都是在南方的土地上进行的，全部总共只有两场战役是发生在南方以外的地区。南方政府一直采取对欧洲进口产品的低关税政策，但对于所有来自北方的产品收取额外的一些关税。然而合众国海军实行的海上封锁有效阻止了大多数进出南方的商贸活动，因此南方的低关税政策也没有发挥作用。南方的运输网络大多依赖于河川以及沿岸的船只运输，然而这两种管道都被联邦海军所阻挠，少数的铁路运输则也完全无法负荷。因此到了1864年南方内部的运输已经几乎瘫痪，使得南方的经济活动几近停摆。在整场内战中北方联邦最后击败了南方邦联。南方承受了远比北方要来的多的损失，因为几乎所有主要战斗都是在南方土地上进行的。ReconstructionAftertheCivilWar,theSouthwasdevastatedintermsofpopulation,infrastructureandeconomy.Rebuildingwasdifficultaspeoplegrappledwiththeeffectsofanewlaboreconomyofafreemarketinthemidstofawidespreadagriculturaldepression.Therewerethousandsofpeopleonthemove,asAfricanAmericanstriedtoreunitefamiliesseparatedbyslavessales,andsometimesmigratedforbetteropportunitiesintownsorotherstates.Otherfreedpeoplemovedfromplantationareastocitiesortownsforachancetogetdifferentjobsandoutofwhitecontrol.Atthesametime,whitesreturnedfromrefugestoreclaimplantationsortowndwellings.

Withpassageofthe13th,14th,15thAmendmentstotheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,

theslaverywasabolished.

AfricanAmericansintheSouthweremadefreecitizensandweregiventherighttovote.Northernerscamesouthtoparticipateinpoliticsandbusiness.

KuKluxKlantheGreatMigrationand

theAmericanCivilRightsMovementTheSouthwitnessedtwomajoreventsinthelivesof20thcenturyAfricanAmericans:

theGreatMigrationandtheAmericanCivilRightsMovement.1.TheGreatMigrationbeganduringWorldWarI,hittingitshighpointduringWorldWarII.Duringthismigration,blackslefttheSouthtofindworkinNorthernfactoriesandothersectorsoftheeconomy.2.ThemigrationalsoempoweredthegrowingCivilRightsMovement.

MostofthemajorcivilrightsmovementeventsoccurredintheSouth.PresidentialhistoryTheSouthproduced9

ofthefirst12U.S.PresidentsbeforetheCivilWar.(GeorgeWashington,ThomasJeffersonetc.)FormorethanacenturyaftertheCivilWar,noSouthernerbecamePresidentunlessheeithermovedNorthorwasvicepresidentwhenthepresidentdiedinoffice.In1976,JimmyCarterdefiedthistrendandbecamethefirstSouthernertobreakthepatternsinceZacharyTaylorin1848.TheSouthproduced5ofthelast9AmericanPresidents:LyndonB.Johnson,JimmyCarter,GeorgeH.W.Bush,BillClintonandGeorgeW.Bush

.presidentialhistory民主共和党：弗吉尼亚州的托马斯·杰斐逊，1800年。民主党：南卡罗来纳州/田纳西州的安德鲁·杰克逊，1828年。辉格党：弗吉尼亚州的威廉·亨利·哈里森，1840年。共和党：原先来自肯塔基州，后移居伊利诺伊州的亚伯拉罕·林肯，1860年。（值得注意的是，美国第一名总统—乔治·华盛顿是来自弗吉尼亚州，虽然他不隶属于任何政党。）3.

Politics从重建时期开始后的整整一个世纪里，南部的白人都一面倒的坚定支持民主党，这种强烈的政治倾向还使南部被人称为民主党的“南方基地”（SolidSouth）.当民主党的总统LyndonB.Johnson签下了1964年的民权法案后，南部民主党人对于民权法案的不满终于暴发。同时，共和党开始了他们所谓的“南方策略”（Southernstrategy），以拉拢保守派的南部白人选民支持为目标。在接下来的数十年里美国南部开始戏剧性的转向共和党。4.

EconomyEconomyAgriculture,plantationsystemInthelate20thcentury,theSouthchangeddramatically.Itsawaboominitsserviceeconomy,manufacturingbase,hightechnologyindustries,andthefinancialsector.Eg.inautomobileindustry:1.Mercedes-BenzinTuscaloosa,Alabama;2.HyundaiinMontgomery,Alabama;3.theBMWproductionplantinSpartanburg,SouthCarolina;4.ToyotaplantsinGeorgetown,Kentucky,BlueSprings,MississippiandSanAntonioThiseconomicexpansionhasenabledpartsoftheSouthtoreportsomeofthelowestunemploymentratesintheUnitedStates.ButintheU.S.top10ofpoorestbigcities,theSouthisrepresentedintherankingsby2cities:Miami,FloridaandMemphis,Tennessee.In2011,9outof10pooreststateswereintheSouth.5.

EducationEducationInthepast,Southernpublicschoolsrankedinthelowerhalfofsomenationalsurveys.However,newerdatasuggeststhateducationinthesouthisonparwith(与...同等水平)thenation,with72%ofhighschoolersgraduatingcomparedto73%nationwide.杜克大学DukeUniversity：2013~2014年《美国新闻与世界报道》将杜克大学列为全美第7，与麻省理工学院和宾夕法尼亚大学并列，在美国南部居于首位。威廉玛丽学院CollegeofWilliamandMary：南部最早的一所大学，在1693年于维吉尼亚州成立，这所大学以政治经济学方面的教学闻名，并且培养出了未来的数名美国总统杰佛逊、门罗以及泰勒。Overall,theSouthhashadlowerpercentagesofhighschoolgraduates,lowerhousingvalues,lowerhouseholdincomes,andlowercostoflivingthantherestoftheUnitedStates.弗吉尼亚州首府里士满6.

CulturetheSouthiseconomicallybackwardbutisculturallyrich.Becauseofitsuniquehistoricalbackground,theSouthgenerateditsuniqueculture,whichdiffersfromtherestpartoftheUnitedStates.

1.culturediversitiesTakenasawhole,theSouthernculturalregionmaybeunderstoodasoneconsistingofavarietyofelementsarrivingalongseveralpathswithoutanytruelycoherentstructure.Eg.(P128,para.1)Reasons:1.colonization2.slavery/Blacks3.migrationetc2.About"past"MostofthecharacteristictraitsoftheSouthernmindareaheritagefromthepast.TheSouthistheonlyregioninAmericathatistiedtogetherbyitspastandbyitcherishesandfears.1.TheoldaristocracydreamedoftheSouthasanautonomousnation---aGreekrepublicrisingfromthecottonfields,builtfirmlyonthe

economicbaseoftheplantationsystemandthesocialbaseofslavery.2.The"newSouth"thatHenryGradyevokedinthe1880swasinfactturnedtowardthepast."Newsouth"NewSouth,NewSouthDemocracyorNewSouthCreedisasloganinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouth,after1877.Reformersuseittocallforamodernizationofsocietyandattitudes,tointegratemorefullywiththeUnitedStates,andrejecttheeconomyandtraditionsoftheOldSouthandtheslavery-basedplantationsystemoftheantebellumperiod.ThetermwascoinedbyitsleadingspokesmanandAtlantaeditorHenryW.Grady."OldSouth"Geographically,theOldSouthisasubregionoftheAmericanSouth,differentiatedfromotherstatesbybeinglimitedtothoseSouthernstatesrepresentedamongtheoriginal13Britishcolonieswhichbecamethefirst13U.S.states.Culturally,"OldSouth"isusedtodescribetherural,agriculturally-based,pre-CivilWareconomyandsocietyintheSouthernUnitedStates."NoSouth"?3.LiteratureIntheprocessofreconciliationwiththepastinarapidlychangingsociety,SouthernersdemonstratedtheircreativenessinwritingthatplaceditwiththebestAmericanwritingofmoderntimes.Eg.WilliamFaulkner-----NobelPrize1949MargaretMitchell-----Gonewiththewind《飘》（20世纪最知名的南方小说）4.PeoplePartlybecauseofitsemphasisonliterarytradition,partlybecauseofitslegacyofagriculturalsociety,andpartlybecauseofitsstressonfamilyandcommunity,thesouth,amongAmericanregions,hasbeennoted1.foritshospitalityandfriendliness,2.andalsoforitsrelativelyrelaxedandunhurriedwayoflife.3.empahasisonpersonalhonorandvalorthatisnotcharacteristicallyAmerican.---militarytraditionalandofliteraryeleganceandgracealandofsocialviolenceandsadism（虐狂）+5.ReligionTheSouthhasbeenseenlargelyasastrongholdofProtestantChristianity.So,theregionisalsocalledtheBibleBelt