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TheAmericanTranscendentalistsformedaclubcalled_________.theTranscendentalClub______wasregardedasthefirstgreatprosestylistofAmericanromanticism.WashingtonAtnineteen___________publishedinhisbrother’snewspaper,his"JonathanOldstyle"satiresofNewYorklife.InWashingtonIrving’swork___________appearedthefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.TheSketchBookThefirstimportantAmericannovelistwas____________.JamesFenimoreCooperJamesFenimoreCooper’snovel___________wasarousingtaleaboutespionageagainsttheBritishduringtheRevolutionaryWar.TheSpyThebestofJamesFenimoreCooper'ssearomanceswas_____________.ThePilot"ToaWaterfowl"isperhapsthepeakof_______________’swork;ithasbeencalledbyaneminentEnglishcritic“themostperfectbriefpoeminthelanguage.”WilliamCullenBryant__________wasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoetintheworldliterature.EdgarAllanPoe’spoem____________isperhapsthebestexampleofonomatopoeiaintheEnglishlanguage.TheBellsEdgarAllanPoe'spoem____________waspublishedin1845asthetitlepoemofacollection.TheRavenFromHenryDavidThoreau’sConcordjailexperience,camehisfamousessay______.CivilDisobedienceBythe1830sWashingtonIrvingwasjudgedthenation'sgreatestwriter,aloftypositionhelatersharedwithJamesFenimoreCooperandWilliamCullenBryant.Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theattitudeofAmericanwriterswasshapedbytheirNewWorldenvironmentandanarrayofideasinheritedfromtheromantictraditionofEurope.Asamoralphilosophy,transcendentalismwasneitherlogicalnorsystematical.ThefoundationofAmericannationalliteraturewaslaidbytheearlyAmericanromanticists.Atmid-19thcentury,aculturalreawakeningbroughta"floweringofNewEngland".Romanticwritersinthe19thcenturyplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressionofemotionanddisplayedincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters.Withavastgroupofsupportingcharacters,virtuousorvillainous,JamesFenimoreCoopermadetheAmericaconsciousofhispast,andmadetheEuropeanconsciousofAmerica.NootherAmericanpoeteversurpassedEdgarAllanPoe’sabilityintheuseofEnglishasamediumofpuremusicalandrhythmicbeauty.TheFalloftheHouseofUsherisoneofEdgarAllanPoe'sshortstories.RalphWaldoEmersonwasrecognizedastheleaderoftranscendentalistmovement,butheneverappliedtheterm"Transcendentalist"tohimselfortohisbeliefsandideas.In1836,RalphWaldoEmersonpublishedhisfirstbook,Nature,whichmetwithamildreception.RalphWaldoEmerson'sprosestylewassometimesashighlyindividualashispoetry.TheharshrhythmsandstrikingimagesofRalphWaldoEmerson’spoetryappealtomanymodernreadersasartfultechniques.HenryWadsworthLongfellow’swritingsbelongtothemilderaspectsoftheRomanticMovement.Americanromanticismwasinawayderivative:AmericanromanticwritingwassomeofthemmodeledonEnglishandEuropeanworks.RalphWaldoEmerson’saestheticsbroughtaboutarevolutioninAmericanliteratureingeneralandinAmericanpoetryinparticular.HenryDavidThoreauwasanactiveTranscendentalist.
Hewasbynomeansan"escapist"orarecluse,butwasintenselyinvolvedinthelifeofhisday.TheScarletLetterissetintheseventeenthcentury.ItisanelaborationofafactwhichtheauthortookoutofthelifeofthePuritanpast.2.
Transcendentalismtooktheirideasfrom___________.A.
theromanticliteratureinEuropeB.
neo-PlatonismC.
GermanidealisticphilosophyD.
therevelationsoforientalmysticismABCD8.
Transcendentalistsrecognized__________asthe"highestpowerofthesoul.”A.intuition
10.TranscendentalismappealedtothosewhodisdainedtheharshGodofthePuritanancestors,anditappealedtothosewhoscornedthepaledeityofNewEnglandA.Transcendentalism
B.
HumanismC.
Naturalism
D.
UnitarianismD13.ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature,evidentin_________.A.
JamesFenimoreCooper'sLeatherstockingTalesB.
HenryDavidThoreau’sWaldenC.
MarkTwain’sHuckleberryFinnD.
NathanielHawthorne'sTheScarletLetterABC14.
Apreoccupationwiththedemonicandthemysteryofevilmarkedtheworksof_________,andahostoflesserwriters.A.NathanielHawthorne
B.
EdgarAllanPoeC.
HermanMelville
D.
MarkTwainABC16.InthenineteenthcenturyAmerica,Romanticsoftensharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics.Choosesuchcharacteristicsfromthefollowing.A.
moralenthusiasmB.
faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperceptionC.
adorationforthenaturalworldD.
presumptionaboutthecorrosiveeffectofhumansocietyABCD17.
ChooseWashingtonIrving'sworksfromthefollowing.A.TheSketchBook
B.BracebridgeHallC.TalesofaTraveller
D.AHistoryofNewYorkABCD18.
InJamesFenimoreCooper'snovels,closeafterNattyBumppoinromanticappeal,comethetwonobleredmen.Choosethemfromthefollowing.A.theMohicanChiefChingachgook
B.UncasC.TomJones
D.KublaKhanABIn1817,thestatelypoemcalledThanatopsisintroducedthebestpoet___________toappearinAmericauptothattime.A.EdwardTaylor
B.PhilipFreneauC.WilliamCullenBryant
D.EdgarAllanPoeCToaWaterfowlThanatopsis
21.
Fromthefollowing,choosethepoemswrittenbyEdgarAllanPoe.
A.ToHelen
B.TheRavenC.AnnabelLee
D.TheBellsABCD23.
EdgarAllanPoe'sfirstcollectionofshortstoriesis___________.D.
TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque24.
Fromthefollowing,choosethecharacteristicsofRalphWaldoEmerson'spoetry.A.beinghighlyindividual
B.harshrhythmsC.lackofformandpolish
D.strikingimagesABCD25.
WhichbookisnotwrittenbyRalphWaldoEmerson?A.RepresentativeMen
B.EnglishTraitsC.Nature
D.TheRhodoraD26.
WhichessayisnotwrittenbyRalphWaldoEmerson?
A.OfStudies
B.Self-RelianceC.TheAmericanScholar
D.TheDivinityA30.NathanielHawthorne'sabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsalsoappearsstronglyinhisshortstories.Choosehisshortstoriesfromthefollowing.A.
YoungGoodmanBrown
B.TheGreatStoneFaceC.The
AmbitiousGuest
ABCDD.EthanBrandE.ThePearl32.
HermanMelvillecalledhisfriendNathanielHawthorne_____________inAmericanliterature.A.
thelargestbrainwiththelargestheart34.__________wasaromanticizedaccountofHermanMelville'sstayamongthePolynesians.ThesuccessofthebooksoonmadeMelvillewellknownasthe"manwholivedamongcannibals".Typee37.
IntheearlynineteenthcenturyAmericanmoralvalueswereessentiallyPuritan.Nothinghasleftadeeperimprintonthecharacterofthepeopleasawholethandid__________.A.Puritanism
"TheuniverseiscomposedofNatureandthesoul...Spiritispresenteverywhere".ThisisthevoiceofthebookNaturewrittenbyEmerson,whichpushedAmericanRomanticismintoanewphase,thephaseofNewEngland______Transcendentalism43.
WhichisgenerallyregardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism?
A.Nature
45._________isanappallingfictionalversionofNathanielHawthorne'sbeliefthat"thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveones"andthatevilwillcomeoutofevilthoughitmaytakemanygenerationstohappen.
A.TheMarbleFaun
B.TheHouseofSevenGablesC.TheBlithedaleRomance
D.
YoungGoodmanBrownBOnceuponamidnightdreary,whileipondered,weakandweary,Overmanyaquaintandcuriousvolumeofforgottenlore,WhileInodded,nearlynapping,suddenlytherecameatapping,Asofsomeonegentlyrapping,rappingatmychamberdoor."Tissomevisitor,"Imuttered,"tappingatmychamberdoor—Onlythis,andnothingmore."Ah,distinctlyIrememberitwasinthebleakDecember,Andeachseparatedyingemberwroughtitsghostuponthefloor.EagerlyIwishedthemorrow;—vainlyIhadtriedtoborrowFrommybookssurceaseofsorrow-sorrowforthelost.EdgarAllanPoeTheRavenDescribethemoodofthispoem:Asenseofmelancholyoverthedeathofabelovedbeautifulyoungwomanpervadesthewholepoem,theportrayalofayoungmangrievingforhislostLeno-re,hisgriefturnedtomadnessunderthesteadyone-wordrepetitionofthetalkingbird.Work3:NutureAstheleadingNewEnglandTranscendentalist,EmersoneffectedamostarticulatesynthesisoftheTranscendentalistviews.Onemajorelementofhisphilosophyifhisfirmbeliefinthetranscendenceofthe"Oversoul".Hisemphasisonthespiritrunsthroughvirtuallyallhiswritings."Philosophicallyconsidered,"hestatesinNature,whichisgenerallyregardedastheBibleofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,"theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul."Heseestheworldasphenomenal,andemphasizestheneedforidealism,foridealismseestheworldinGod."Itbeholdsthewholecircleofpersonsandthings,ofactionsandevents,ofcountryandreligion,asonevastpicturewhichGodpaintsontheeternityforthecontemplationofthesoul."Heregardsnatureasthepurest,andthemostsanctifyingmoralinfluenceonman,andadvocatedadirectintuitionofaspiritualandimmanentGodinnature.Inthisconnection,Emerson'semotionalexperiencesareexemplaryinmorewaysthanone.Aloneinthewoodsoneday,forinstance,heexperiencedamomentof"ecstasy"whichherecordsthusinhisNature:Standingonthebareground,myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintoinfinitespace,allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartorparticleofGod.Nowthisisamomentof"conversion"whenonefeelscompletelymergedwiththeoutsideworld,whenonehascompletelysunkintonatureandbecomeonewithit,andwhenthesoulhasgonebeyondthephysicallimitsofthebodytosharetheomniscienceoftheOversoul.Inaword,thesoulhascompletelytranscendedthelimitsofindividualityandbeomepartoftheOversoul.Emersonseesspiritpervadingeverywhere,notonlyinthesoulofman,butbehindnature,throughoutnature.Theworldproceeds,asheobserves,fromthesamesourceasthebodyofman."TheUniversalBeing"isinpointoffacttheOversoulthatheneverstoppedtalkingaboutfortherestofhislife.Emerson'sdoctrineoftheOversoulisgraphicallyillustratedinsuchfamousstatements;"EachmindlivesintheGrandmind,""Thereinonemindcommontoallindividualmen,"and"Manisconsciousofauniversalsoulwithinorbehindhisindividuallife."Inhisopinion,manismadeintheimageofGodandisjustalittlelessthanHim.ThisisasmuchastosaythatthespiritualandimmanentGodisoperativeinthesoulofman,andthatmanisdivine.Thedivinityofmanbecame,incidentally,afavoritesubjectinhislecturesandessays.Thisnaturallyledtoanother,equallysignificant,Transcendentalistthesis,thattheindividual,notthecrowd,isthemostimportantofall.Ifmandependsuponhimself,cultivateshimself,andbringsoutthedivineinhimself,hecanhoptobecomebetterandevenperfect.ThisiswhatEmersonmeansbythe"infinitudeoftheprivatesman."Hetriedtoconvincepeoplethatthepossibilitiesformantodevelopandimprovehimselfareinfinite.Menshouldandcouldbeself-reliant.Eachmanshouldfeeltheworldashis,andtheworldexistsforhimalone.Heshoulddeterminehisownexistence.Everyoneshouldunderstandthathemakeshimselfbymakinghisworld,andthathemakestheworldbymakinghimself."Knowthenthattheworldexistsforyou"hesays."Buildthereforeyourownworld.""Trustthyself!"and"Makethyself!"Trustyourowndiscretionandtheworldisyours.Thus,asHenryNashSmithventurestosuggest,"Emerson'smessagewaseventually(touseatelegraphicabbreviation)self-reliance."Emerson'seyewasonmanashecouldbeorcouldbecome;hewasinthemainoptimisticabouthumanperfectibility.Theregenerationoftheindividualleadstotheregenerationofsociety.Hencehisfamousremark,"Iaskfortheindividuals,notthenation."Emerson'sself-reliancewasanexpression,onaveryhighlevel,ofthebuoyantspiritofhistime,thehopethatmancanbecomethebestpersonhecouldhopetobe.Emerson'sTranscendentalism,withitsemphasiso
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