《英语词汇学》知识点归纳

EnglishLexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology:isabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Chapter1--BasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyWord:Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.(1)aminimalfreeformofalanguage(2)asoundunity(3)aunitofmeaning(4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentenceSoundandmeaning:almostarbitrary,“nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself”Soundandform:不统一的四个原因（1）theEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachother（2）thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears（3）someofthedifferencewerecreatesbytheearlyscribes（4）theborrowingsisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary词汇Vocabulary:allthewordsinalanguagemakeupitsvocabulary词语分类ClassificationofEnglishWords：1.Byusefrequency:basicwordstock&nonbasicvocabulary基本词汇的特征:1)All-Nationalcharacter（全民通用性mostimportant）2)Stability3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的词:(1)Terminology(术语)(2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectalwords(6)Archaisms（古语）(7)Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms2.Bynotion:contentwords实词&functionalwords虚词3.Byorigin:nativewords&borrowedwordsNativewords（本族语词）:Twootherfeatures:(1)neutralinstyle(2)frequentinuseBorrowedwords/Loanwords:wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguages.(80%ofmodernEV)1)denizens(同化词，融入英语):(shirtfromskyrta(ON))2)aliens（非同化词/外来词，可以看出源头）:kowtow3)translationloans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语longtimenosee/tofu4)semanticloans（借义词）：theyarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttheirmeaningsareborrowed

pioneer本指开拓者，先引申为先锋。Chapter2thedevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary印欧语系TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyTheEightGroupsinIndo-EuropeanFamilyofLanguages（8大印欧语群）TheEasternset:(1)TheBalto-slavicGroup（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czechetc.(2)TheIndo-IranianGroup（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persianetc.(3)TheArmenianGroup（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.(4)TheAlbanianGroup（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.TheWesternset:(5)TheHellenicGroup（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)TheItalianGroup（意大利语族）：Latin,Romancelanguages(French,Italian,Spanish,portuguese,Romanian)etc.(7)TheCelticGroup（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Bretonetc.(8)TheGermanicGroup（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian,Swedish,Danish,Icelandic)etc.三个发展阶段TheThreeStagesofDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary:1OldEnglish(450-1100)(vocabulary50,000to60,000):wasIhighinflectedlanguage.2MiddleEnglish(1150-1500):retainesmuchfewerinflections（1066法国开始入侵英国）3ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)始于印刷术英语外来元素Foreignelements：Latin（warandagriculture/罗马人把基督教带到英国churchterms）Greek(science/sports/medicine/politics)French(governmentandadministration/feudalism/religion/morality)Scandinavian纳维亚人（nouns、pronouns/birds/sea）Minorelements：Italian、German、Dutch、SpanishandPortuguese、Celtic词汇的发展模式ModesofVocabularyDevelopment:1)创造新词creation：theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexisting.2)旧词新义semanticchange:createmanymorenewuseagesofthewords.3)借用外来词borrowing:constitutemerely6to7percentofallnewwordsChapter3WordFormationI词素Morpheme:thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords词素变体Allomorph:isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme，differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaning词素的分类TypeofMorpheme（1）FreeMorphemes:Afreemorphemeisonethatcanstandbyitself.(independent).（2）BoundMorpheme:Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.

FreeMorpheme=freerootMorpheme(词素)Boundrootprefixbound

derivational派生

suffixaffixinflectional曲折判断题：affixmustbeboundmorphemes√不是所有的词都需要自由词素√per-ceive

trans-late

re-mit大部分词语是派生的√词根和词干Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Astemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.Chapter4Word-FormationII(构词法)词缀法（Derivation派生法）：theformationofwordsbyaddingword-formaingorderivationalaffixestostem.（1）Prefixation：It'stheformationofnewwordsbyaddingaprefixestostems.1)Negativeprefixes(否定):un-,non-,in-,dis,a-,il-,ir-,im-,(notobey)2)Reversativeprefixes（逆反前缀）:un-,de-，dis-etc.unwrap(open)3)Pejorativeprefixes:mis（贬义）：mal-,pseudo-(badbehavior)4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect.overweight5)Prefixesoforientationandattitude（倾向）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro-6)Locativeprefixes（方位）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-,etc.extraordinaryoftimeandorder（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-etc.monorail(onerail)8)Numberprefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-,bi-，di-,tri-,multi-，poly-，semi-，9)Miscellaneousprefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-,neo-,pan-,(2)Suffixation（后缀法）:It'stheformationofanewwordbyaddingsuffixestostems.1)nounsuffixes

2)adjectivesuffixes

3)Adverbsuffixes

4)verbsuffixes复合法

（alsocalledcomposition）Compounding:istheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestemsCompoundsarewritteninthreeways:solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)andopen分开写(airforce,airraid)Formationofcompounds（复合词的形式）（1）nouncompounds：.:airplane=airplane,flowerpot=flowerpot（2）adjectivecompounds：.

acidhead=acid-head（3）verbcompounds：.

housekeep=housekeep转类法Conversion:istheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functionalshift/zero-derivation）拼缀法Blending:istheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.:smokefog=smog,formulatranslation=FORTRAN截短法Clipping:istoshortenalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremains

planefromairplane,

phonefromtelephone.四种形式：1).Frontclippings(phonefromtelephone)

2).Backclippings(dormfromdormitory)3).Frontandbackclippings(flufrominfluenza)4).Phraseclippings(popfrompopularmusic)

首字母缩写法Acronymy:istheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicalterms.（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）:BBC(forBritishBroadcastingcorporation)（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:TEFL(teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage)（逆生法，逆构词）(greedfromgreedy)FromProperName(专有名词转成法):.:watt（瓦特，电功率单位）Chapter5WordMeaningReference(所指):Itistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheword.Itisthearbitraryandconventional.Itisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingspecific.Concept（概念）:whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition(认识),reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Sense（意义）:Itdenotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’Motivation(理据)：Itaccountsfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.1)Onomatopoeicmotivation（拟声理据）:wordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeaning,forthesewordswerecreatesbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Knowingthesoundsofthewordsmeansunderstandingthemeaning..:bang,ping-pong,haha.2)Morphologicalmotivation（形态理据）:multi-morphemicwordsandthemeaningofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombines..:airmail,miniskirt.例外：blackmarket,ect.3)Semanticmotivation（词义理据）：referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.:thefootofthemountain(foot)4)Etymologicalmotivation（词源理据）:thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.:pen-feather词义的类别Typesofmeaning1.语法意义GrammaticalMeaning:indicatesthegrammaticalconceptorrelationships2.词汇意义LexicalMeaning：Conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning4types:Connotative、Stylistic、Affective（appreciative&pejorative）、CollocativeChapter6--Senserelationandsemanticfield（语义关系和语义场）多义关系的两种研究方法Twoapproachedtopolysemy1.历时方法diachronicapproach：fromthediachronicpointofview,polysemyisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword.Firstmeaningistheprimarymeaning,thelatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings.2.共时方法synchronicapproach:synchronically,polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.基本意义是centralmeaning,次要意义是derivedmeaning.词义的两种发展类型Twoprocessesofdevelopment1.radiation（辐射型）：isasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerayes.:face,neck)2.连锁型concatenation:isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovegraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntilthereisnotasignofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandthatwhichthetermhadatthebeginning.:treacle)3.Inradiation,eachofthederivedmeaningisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning.Inconcatenation,eachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Thoughthelatestsensecanbetracedbacktotheoriginal,thereisnodirectconnectioninbetween.4.Theyarecloselyrelated,beingdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentleadingtopolysemy.Generally,radiationprecedesconcatenation.Inmanycases,thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:wordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling.类别Typesofhomonyms1）Perfecthomonyms一词多义2)Homographs（同形异义词）:同一个词发音不同意思不同wordsidenticalonlyinspelling,butdifferentinsoundandmeaning.(最多最常见)3）Homophones（同音异义词）来源Originsofhomonyms1）changeinsoundandspelling：(eare-ear,lang-long,langian-long)2）borrowing(feria-fair,beallu-ball,baller-ball)3）Shortening(缩略):(ad-advertisement,)同音同形异义词和多义词区别ThedifferentiationofHomonymsfromPolysemes1)基本区别Homonymyreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandpolysemyaretheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.2)etymology(词源)：Harefromdifferentsources.Parefromthesamesource.3)semanticrelatedness(语义关联):Thevariousmeaningsofpolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaning.Meaningsofdifferenthomonymyshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.Rhetoricfeaturesofhomonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：Ashomonymsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,particularlyhomophones,theyareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectof,say,humor,sarcasmorridicule.Synonymy(同义关系):oneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesameessentialmeaning.TypesofSynonymy(同义词的类别):synonyms（完全同义词）synonyms（相对）:change/alter/vary,stagger/reel/totter,strange/odd/queer)Sourcesofsynonyms(同义词的来源)

:1)Borrowing：(room-chamber,foe-enemy,help-aid,leave-depart,wise-sage,buy-purchase)2)DialectsandregionalEnglish3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords（单词的修饰和委婉法）:occupation/profession-walkoflife,dreamer--star-gazer,drunk-elevated,lie-distortoffact.4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gaintheupperhand,decide-makeupone’smind,finish-getthrough,hesitate-beintwominds,help-lendoneahand.同义词辨析DiscriminationofSynonymsindenotation外延.Synonymsmaydifferintherangeandintensityofmeaning.(rich-wealthy,work-toil,want-wish-desire)inconnotation内涵.Byconnotationwemeanthestylisticandemotivecolouringofwords.Somewordssharethesamedenotationbutdifferintheirstylisticappropriateness.(借词：answer-respond,storm-tempest,wood-forest,handy-manual,unlike-dissimilar,homely-domestic,fleshy-carnal.中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop,ask-beg-request.古语词、诗歌：ire/anger,bliss-happiness,forlorn-distresses,dire-dreadful,list-listen,enow-enough,save-expect,mere-lake)inapplication.Manywordsaresynonymousinmeaningbutdifferenceinusageinsimpleterms.Theyformdifferentcollocationsandfitintodifferencesentencepatterns.(allowsb.todo

letsb.dosth./answertheletter-replytotheletter)反义关系Antonymy:itisconcernedwithsemanticopposition.Antonymscanbedefinedaswordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.TypesofAntonyms:1)contradictoryterms(矛盾反义词):theseantonymstrulyrepresentoppositenessofmeaning.特点：①Theassertionofoneisthedenialoftheother.②Suchantonymsarenon-gradable.Theycannotbeusedincomparativedegreesanddonotallowadverbsofintensitylike“very”toqualifythem.:single/married)2)contraryterms（对立反义词）:antonymsofthistypearebestviewedintermsofascalerunningbetweentwopolesorextremes.:old/young,rich/young,big/small)Thetwooppositesaregradableandoneexistsincomparisonwiththeother.3)relativeterms（关系反义词）：thistypeconsistsofrelationalopposites.（parent/child,husband/wife,employee/employer,

sell/buy,receive-give）反义关系的特点Someofthecharacteristicsofantonyms1)antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition(语义对立)2)awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym3)antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion（语义内涵）4)contrarytermsaregradableantonyms，differingindegreeofintensity,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.(hot/warm:hot-cold/warm-cool)反义词的使用Theuseofantonyms1）Antonymsarehelpfulandvaluableindefiningthemeaningofwords.2)Toexpresseconomicallytheoppositeofaparticularthoughtforthesakeofcontrast.:nowornever,rainorshine,friendorfoe敌友，wealandwoe哀乐)3）Toformantithesis(对比法)toachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideatogether.(proverbsandsayings:easycome,easygo./morehaste,lessspeed.上下义关系Hyponymy：Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Forexample,acatishyponymofanimal上义词和下义词SuperordinateandSubordinate：usesubordinateswhichareconcreteandprecise,presentingavividverbalpicturebeforethereader.Superordinateswhichconveyonlyageneralandvagueidea.语义场SemanticFieldViewingthetotalmeaninginthiswayisthebasisoffieldtheory..(apple,pear,peach,date,mango,orange,lemon,

etc.makeupthesemanticfieldof‘fruits’)Thesemanticfieldofthesameconceptmaynothavethesamemembersindifferentlanguage..(auntinEnglish,maymeans“父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子”inChinese.(122)Chapter7ChangesinWordMeaning词义的演变词义变化的种类TypesofChanges1.Extension/generalization2.Narrowing/specialization3.ioration(词义的升华):referstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumble（粗陋的）beginningstopositionsofimportance.

[nice,marshal,constable,angel,knight,earl,governor,fond,minister,chamberlain]4.Degradation/pejoration(词义的降格):Aprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometousedinderogatory（贬损的）sense.[boor,churl,wench,hussy,villain,silly,knave,lewd,criticize,lust]5.Transfer(词义的转移):Wordswhichwereusedtodesignate指明onethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer.词义变化的原因CausesofSemanticChange1.外部因素1)Historicalreason2)Classreason阶级原因3)Psychologicalreason心理原因2.内部原因：1)shorting缩略:gold-goldmedal,gas-coalgas,bulb-lightbulb,private-privatesoldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy类推:Chapter8

MeaningandContext词义和语境Twotypesofcontext（语境的种类）1.Extra-linguisticcontext/Non-linguisticsituation（非语言语境）：Inabroadsense,contextincludesthephysicalsituationaswell,whichembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground.(lookout,weekend,landlord)context/grammaticalcontext(语言语境)：Inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappears.Itmaycoveraparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.分为两类：1)Lexicalcontext（词汇语境）：Itreferstothewordthatoccurstogetherwiththewordinquestion.:paper,do)2)Grammaticalcontext（语法语境）：Itrefersthesituationwhenthemeaningofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.:become)语境的作用Theroleofcontextofambiguity(消除歧义)1）Ambiguityduetopolysemyorhomonymy.2）Grammaticalstructurecanalsoleadtoambiguity如何消除歧义——①extendtheoriginalsentence②alterthecontextalittleofreferents(限定所指)如何限定所指——①withclearcontext②withadequateverbalcontextofcluesforinferringword-meaning(提供线索以猜测词义)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy（上下义关系）7)relevantdetails8)wordstructureChapter9

EnglishIdioms习语定义Idioms:areexpressionsthatarenotreadilyunderstandablefromthei