英语语法汇总

第一章名词一、名词的分类：名词就其词汇意义可分为专出名词和一般名词。一般名词又可分为可数名词和不行数名词。专出名词：BeijingSmiththeUnitedNations个体名词：man,expert,factory可数名词会合名词：audience（观众），class,family一般名词：物质名词：water,coal,rice不行数名词抽象名词：surprise,honour,help二、可数名词的复数形式1．一般状况，直接加-s。port（港口）→ports；technique（技术）—techniques．以s,x,ch,sh结尾发[s]、[∫]、[t∫]、[dЗ]音的词，加—esbus—buses,box—boxes,bush—bushesbranch—branches，stomach—stomachs（stomach词尾发k，故复数直接加-s）3．辅音字母+y，变y为i，加-esuniversity—universities前为元音字母，直接加-sboy—boys4．以O结尾加-eshero—heroesO前为元音字母，及部格外来词直接加-szoo—zoosradio—radiopiano—pianosphoto—photos5．以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-esleaf—leaveswife—wives※以下f结尾单词直接加-sbelief—beliefs（信念）roof—roofs（屋顶）proof—proofs（凭证）safe—safes（保险柜）chief—chiefs（领袖）gulf—gulfs（海湾）．不规则名词man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,goose—geese,mouse—mice,child—children,ox—oxen1：有些可数名词的单复数相同，要依据上下文的意义来确立其单数仍是复数，比如：sheep羊fish鱼deer鹿means手段，方法works工厂，作品series系列2：在些可数名词，只有单数形式，但表示复数意义。假如作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：cattle牛people人民police警察注3：会合名词既可看作单数（作为整体），也可看作复数（作为集体的各个成员）。比如：audience（观众）class（班级）family（家庭）group（小组）Herfamilyiswell-knownintheregion.

她家在该地区是豪门望族。Hisfamilyarequarrellingseverelyabouttheproperty.她的家人正在为分财产激烈地争执。改错：1.Everypossiblemeanshavebeentriedtocuretheboyofhisillness.ABCDFishalwayssellswellinthemarketsbecausefishcontainsrichprotein,whichcanbuildyouup.ABCD3.Isitthepolicewhoissearchingthehouseforawantedcriminal（罪犯）?AB

CD三、不行数名词物质名词、抽象名词均属不行数名词。前面不可以加不定冠词a/an，词尾也不可以加—s。请切记以下典型的不行数名词。news信息information信息advice忠告，建议progress进步，进展knowledge知识weather天气fun乐趣equipment设施English英语furniture家具wealth财产damage破坏traffic交通，车辆及行人baggage/luggage行李clothing衣服，穿着※word信息，信息work工作homework家庭作业housework家务改错：1．Whatafunitistobebathedinsunlightonthebeachinsummer.ABCD2．Atthethoughtofgainingsuchgreatwealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters,hewasfullofjoyABCD3．Whatpleasantsurpriseitistobringmesuchanicegift!ABCD4．Ifeelitgreathonourtobeinvitedtogiveadviceonyourteachingpapers.ABCD5．Wordofhissuddendeathcameasshocktous.ABCD说明1：部分抽象名词可与a（an）连用，此时词义发生变化，表示某种事或人。这些词有：surprise,pleasure,shock,honour,help,success等。当这种词在句中作表语（例3），作宾补（例4）及在介词as以后，词义发生变化，往常要加a/an。说明2：paper表示“纸”不行数。表示“报纸、论文、书面作文、试卷、文件、有价证券”为可数名词。四、名词的所有格名词的所有格往常在名词后加—’s构成，用于表示所属关系。用于以下状况：）表示有生命的名词mybrother’scarchildren’sbooks（少儿读物）students’rooms）表示国家、城市、地区的名词China’spopulation

Beijing

’sweather3）表示天体、时间、距离、金钱的名词themoon’ssurfacetenyearstoday’snewspapers20dollars

’’

hardwork十年的辛勤worthofastamp一张价值

20美元的邮票其余无生命的名词往常用“of+名词”的短语表示所属关系。theobjectofthesentencethetitleofthefilm

句子的宾语电影的名字五、名词的作用）名词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语。Mr.Liholdsanimportantpositioninthegovernmentoffice.主语宾语Weelectedhimmonitorofourclass.宾语宾补2

）名词还作其余名词的前置定语，用于改正确说明某物的用途，性质，构成资料等。ateacup茶杯acarnumber车牌号ashoeshop鞋店astonebridge石桥※※名词作定语一定用单数。man,woman作定语，用单数仍是复数由被修饰的名词的单复数决定。sport作定语，单复数形式均可。amanteacher一个男教师tenwomendoctors十个女医生asport（s）shirt运动衫thearmsrace武器比赛（特例）选：ItissaidthattheAirForceabout$80millionayear.Reallyaproblem,isn

’tit?A．birdhitcost

B

．birdshitcosts

C

．birdhitscost

D

．birdhitcosts此题题义：空军每年因飞鸟撞击飞机造成的损失达大概八千万美元。考察的是名词作定语。名词作定语一定用单数，故可考虑的答案为A、C。又因一年内鸟击飞机事件多次发生，应选C。六、学习名词，特别要注意的问题）正确掌握词义，重视近义词的辩析选：Oneoftheadvantageoflivingonthetopfloorofahighriseisthatyoucangetagood.（2001年上海高考题）A．sightB．sceneC．viewD．look辩析：sight1.看见2.视力3.视线4.风景scene1.（事件发生的）现场2.场面;情况3.风景

4.（拍电影）场景，（舞台）部署view1.look1.

瞭望2.视线3.风景，风景。看2.神情,表情looks=appearance

相貌本句意为：住在高层建筑顶层的优胜之一，是能清楚瞭望到全部。故此题答案为C。最近几年来高考试卷特别重视对名词的考察，是要点热门之一。）正确掌握名词前冠词的使用规则选：1.Summerin________southofFrancearefor________mostpartdryandsunny.A./;aB.the,/C./,/2．Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithkindunlesstheykillthemforfood.A．the；aB．不填；aC．the

animals；the

D.the,theofdifferentD．不填；the名词练习1.Heisamanof________andhehas_______interesting_______inhislife.A.muchexperience;alotof;experiencesB.manyexperiences;much;experienceC.manyexperience;much;experienceD.manyexperiences;alotof;experience2.Perhapsweneedtoclearawaythesebookstomake_______forournewstudents.A.placeB.areaC.roomD.space3.Ifyouaredrivingtotheairport,canyougivemea_______?A.handB.seatC.driveD.lift4.Beingabletospeakanotherlanguagefluentlyisagreat______whenyouarelookingforajob.A.chanceB.importanceC.assistantD.advantage5.The_______ofbuildingtheGreatTheater______onlyoneyear.A.job;spentB.work;spentC.position,tookD.works,took6.Hehadrunawayfromhomeandgoneto_______whenhewas16yearsold.A.theseaB.aseaC.seasD.seaOnlyonethirdofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingwere_________thenewrules.A.infavourofB.inagreementofC.inforD.witthesideof8.Everybodythinkslittleofthefilm.Infact,thereisno______ofitbeingtriedoutinthefilmfestival.A.signB.useC.possibilityD.doubt9.Canyour________withyou----money,jewellery,camerasandsoon.A.giftsB.suitcaseC.bagsD.valuablesStudentsshouldbeencouragedtofinishtheirhomework_______.A.ofthemselvesB.oftheirownC.fortheirownD.ontheirownWhenheisangry,his_______standsuponend.A.headB.uniformC.hairD.skin12.HisletterwassoconfusingthatIcouldhardlymakeany______ofit.A.explanationB.meaningC.senseD.guess13.---IsMrSmithin?---No,he’saskedfor_______leave.A.atwoweek’sB.atwo-weekC.atwo-week’sD.atwoweeks-----______carcrashedintoatreeyesterday.Theymusthavebeendrivingtoofast.----Everyboyandeverygirl_____todrivethatfast.A.TomandJane’s;wishB.Tom’sandJane’s;wishesC.TomandJanes;likesD.TomsandJanes;want15.________MrWanghas!Healmostneverrememberswhereheleaveshiskeys.A.WhatapoormemoryB.WhatpoormemoryC.HowgoodamemoryD.Howpoormemory16.The_____changeofweathermayhavesome_____hishealth.A.sudden;causedB.sudden;effectonC.suddenly;badresultstoD.suddenly;effecton17.Becausepricesoffoodandclothingandalmosteverythingelseinthatcountryhavesteadilygoneupthebuying_______ofthedollarhasgonedown.A.energyB.forceC.powerD.strength18._______ofEnglishishelpfulifyouaredevotedto_______Englishliterature.A.Agoodknowledge;studyB.Agoodknowledge;studyingC.Goodknowledge;studyD.Goodknowledge;studying19.---Fewchildrenareasbrightasheis,andalso,heworksveryhard.---It’sno_______thathealwaysgetsthefirstplaceinanyexamination.A.doubtB.problemC.questionD.wonder20.Mary’shandwritingisbetterthan_______inherclass.A.anyoneelseB.anyoneelse’sC.anyone’selseD.otherstudents21.Itreallydoesn’tmakeany_____whethertobuyalaptopcomputeroradesktopcomputer.A.choiceB.decisionC.differenceD.senseManystudentssignedupforthe_____raceinthesportsmeetingtobeheldnextweek.A.800-meter-longB.800-meters-longC.800meterlengthD.800meterslengthHisbehaviouratthepartylastnightseemedrather______.Manyofuswerequitesurprised.A.outofpracticeB.outofplaceC.outofpolitenessD.outofpity24.Thesefootballplayershadnostrict______untiltheyjoinedourclub.A.practiceB.educationC.trainingD.exercise25.Ifitwasnotanaccident,hemusthavedoneit________.A.onpurposeB.incommonC.onoccasionD.intime26.Wemustkeepourroomclean.Dirtanddiseasego_______.A.fromtimetotimeB.handinhandC.stepbystepD.oneafteranother27._____isknowntousall,_____feedongrasswhilehorsesongrain.A.It,cattleB.This;cattlesC.What;cattlesD.As;cattle28.______everyonecanhearthespeakerthereisno______inturninguptheradio.A.Nowthat;pointB.Evenif;pointC.Nowthat,needD.Evenif;need29.ShellyhadpreparedcarefullyforherEnglishexaminationsothatshecouldbesureofpassingitonherfirst_______.A.intentionB.attemptC.purposeD.desire30.Noonehasyetsucceededinexplainingthe______ofhowlifebegan.A.causeB.problemC.reasonD.puzzleJacktriedhardtogetagoldmedalinthisWinterOlympicGamesbuthehadno______.A.luckB.timeC.fateD.entrance32.Theyoungmanoweshissuccesstomanypeople,hisparents_______.A.afterallB.bychanceC.onpurposeD.inparticular33.Ishouldliketotrythatcoaton,forIdon’tknowifitismy_______.A.shapeB.modelC.designD.sizeItisimportantforustoemployawordorphrasetothe_______inlanguagestudies.A.situationB.expressionC.conditionD.translation35.FlightBA123toViennaisnowboardingat_______.stA.Gate21B.21GateC.theGate21D.21Gate----Shallwetakeawalkbeforedinner?Oh,yes,______ismyfavouritetimeofaday.A.theearlyeveningsB.intheearlyeveningC.theearlyoftheeveningD.earlyevening37.Beingpoor,shehadtoborrowanew_______soastoattendtheparty.A.clothB.clothesC.clothingD.dress38.Popularmusicislikedbymanypeople,butitisnottoeveryone’s_______.A.mannersB.smellC.tasteD.thought39.Suchgood______shouldbemadeofone’ssparetimetostudyanotherforeignlanguage.A.chanceB.choiceC.decisionD.use40.Shethoughtthepaintingwasoflittle______,soshelethimhaveitforonly$15.A.costB.importantC.priceD.valueTherearethree_______inourclinic.A.womandoctorB.womandoctorsC.womendoctorD.womendoctorsItriedevery______tomakehimgiveupsmoking.A.meanB.waysC.meaningD.means43.______willconquernature.A.ThemanB.ManC.AnymanD.Themen44.YesterdayIwasinvitedtothedinnerat_______.A.TurnersB.theTurnersC.Turners’D.theTurners’45.Jesswenttoa_______forsomeshoes.A.shoes’storeB.shoestoreC.shoe’sstoreD.shoesstore46.Standingontopofthemountain,you’llgetawonderful_______.A.joyB.seeingC.viewD.nature47.Hewaschosen_____ofthecompany.A.managerB.amanagerC.themanagerD.asamanager48.---WhatcanIdoforyou?---I’dliketohavea______ofChinaDaily.A.pieceB.sheetC.lotD.copy49.______itistolistentomusic!A.HowfunB.HowafunC.WhatafunD.Whatfun50.Whattheexperthassaidanddonewillbe_______tothedepartmentA.valueB.benefitC.ofvaluableD.ofbenefit

managers.1-5ACDDD6-10DACDD11-15CCBCA16-20BCBDB21-25CABCA26-30BDABA31-35ADDAA36-40DDCDD41-45DDBDB6-50CADDD第二章主谓一致句子的谓语动词和句子的主语应在数方面保持一致。主谓一致的基来源则是：主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。句子的主语有以下几种种类：．带后置定语型。其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定，与后置定语没关。together）with⋯except/but⋯S+besides⋯Vratherthan⋯aswellas⋯Alibrarytogetherwithalotofbookshasbeengiventoourschoolasagift.Twopilotsaswellasallthepassengerswerekilledinthisplanecrash.两个飞翔员连同所有游客都死于此次空难。．部分—整体型。其谓语的单复数，由整体部分决定。percenttwo-thirdspartofthe/one’s+n+Vhalf（整体）alltherest1）About70%ofthesurfaceoftheearthiscoveredbywater.2）Partofthebooksareworthreading,buttherest（ofthem）areofnovalue.※注：all独自作主语时，All指人谓语用复数．．．．．．．。All指物或事情谓语用单数．．．．．．．．．．。1）Allareeagertoreachanagreement.所有的人都急于达成协议。2）Allisgoingwell.全部都进展顺利。3．定语仅能修饰单数名词型，其谓语动词用单数。Each/EveryEither/NeitherAnother+n（单数）+VManyaMorethanoneMorethanonegraduatewantstogotoworkinWesternChina.不只一个毕业生要求去中国西部工作。Manyadayhaspassedsincetheboywaslost.4．就近一致型。以下连词连结两个主语时，及

那个男孩失散已有很多天。therebe句型有多个并列主语，谓语应与最凑近的主语保持一致。AorB1）EitheryouorIamtomeetthematthestation.EitherAorBNeitherAnorB

不是你就是我要去车站接他们。2）Notonlytheteacherbutalsohisstudents

objecttotheplan.NotonlyAbutalsoB

3

）Thereisanair-conditioner

andtwocomputersinhisoffice.TherebeA,BandC

在他办公室有一台空调解二台电脑。5．需记着的其余规则Either1）Neither

of+n

作主语，谓语用单数。EachNoneof+n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可。Noneof+n（单数）作主语，谓语用单数。Eitheroftheanswersisright.两个答案中有一个是对的。Noneofthecarswas/weredamaged.这些车都没有受损。Noneofthefoodhasgonebad.食品没有变质。）anumberof+n（复数）作主语，谓语用复数。thenumberof+n（复数）作主语，谓语用单数。Alargenumberofstudentsarefromthesouth.好多学生是南方人。Thenumberofstudentsinourschoolhasgoneupto3000.我校学生数已上涨到3000人。）关系代词作主语，定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。HeisoneofthefewpersonswhohaveagoodknowledgeofItalian.他是精晓意大利语的少量人之一。在以上句子中，persons是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用复数。（比较）Heistheonlyoneoftheboyswhowasgivenaprize.他是这些孩子中独一遇到奖赏的。one从前有theonly修饰时，one是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。）单个动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。两个并列的动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数。Whenandwheretoholdthemeetingisn’tdecidedyet.（一个不定式作主语）WhatIsayandwhatIthinkarenoneofyourbusiness.我说什么，想什么与你没关。（两个并列主语从句作主语）5）each,any,every,no构成的复合代词都看作单数对待。Someoneisaskingyouonthephone.有人在打电话找你。注：复合代词作主语，反意疑问句的主语往常用they，也可用

he。Everyonewaspresentatthemeeting,

weren’tthey

/

wasn’the

?Someonehasknownthenews,

haven’tthey

/

hasn’the

?）以“s”结尾的书刊名、国名、机构名和学科名作主语，谓语用单数。TheUnitedNationswassetupin1942.联合国建于1942年。TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyChaucer.《坎特伯雷故事集》是乔叟写的。Economicsismymajor.经济学是我的主修课程。7）某些形容词或分词和定冠词the连用表示某类人作主语，谓语用复数。Thesickhavebeencuredandthelosthavebeenfound.病人获取医治，失散的也已找回来了。）由and连结两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。EnglishandChinesearequitedifferentlanguages.and并列的主语在乎义上指同一个人，同一观点或对峙一致的事物，谓语动词用单数。Themanagerandsecretaryisasbusyasabeeallday.

那位经理兼秘书成天忙繁忙碌。（两个名词共用一个冠词，指同一个人）Warandpeaceisacontantthemeinhistory.

战争与和平是历史永久的主题。（对峙一致的一对事物）9）单复数同形的名词如

deer,means

；会合名词如

family

作主语，怎样决定谓语动词的单复数，请见第四章冠词。Exercise1主谓一致1．I,whoyourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyou.A．beB．amC．isD．are2．TheUnitedStatesmustlookoutoftherightsofcitizens.A．itsB．theirC．oursD．us3．SofarasIknow,morethanonepersonconnectedwiththeaccident.A．isB．hasC．areD．have4．Mathsaswellasphysicsalwaysmetomuchtrouble.A．causesB．putsC．causeD．put5．NotonlyyouandIbutPeter,thetopstudentinourgrade,notabletosolvetheproblem.A．areB．wereC．isD．am6．ThereoneortwothingsthatIhavetomention.A．isB．areC．hasD．have7．EitherIormyaccountant（会计）toblamefortheloss?A．IsB．AreC．AmD．Does8．Sofar70%ofthepoorinthisareaoutofpoverty（贫穷）withthehelpofthelocalgovernment.A．hasgotB．aregettingC．havegotD．hadgot9．Collectingstampsasahobbyincreasinglypopularduringthepasttenyears.A．becameB．becomesC．hasbecomeD．havebecome10．Whetherornotthenewplanwillproduceanypositive（踊跃的）resultstobeseen.A．remainB．isremainedC．remainsD．haveremained11．Toomuchworkandtoolittlerestbadhealth.A．leadtoB．leadstoC．resultinD．resultfrom12．Heistheonlyoneofthosespeakerswhoideasperfectlyclear.A．maketheirB．makeshisC．expresstheirD．express13．Everypossiblemeanstried,butwithoutmuchresult.A．hasbeenB．havebeenC．areD．is14．Tenminutesanhourwhenoneiswaitingforaphonecall.A．seemB．lookC．seemsD．looks15．Allwehaveseenandheardourmemory.A．isdeeplyimpressedonB．greatimpressC．arestronglyimpressedinD．highlyimpresses1-5BAABC6-10AACCC11-15BBACA第三章代词单数复数第一第二第三第一第二第三人称人称人称人称人称人称人主格Iyouhesheweyouthey称it代宾格meyouhimherusyouthem词it物形容词myyourhisherouryourtheir主性its代名词性mineyourshishersoursyourstheirs词itsmyselyourseHimselfourselvyourselvthemselv反身代词herselfflfesesesitself一、人称代词的用法．人称代词的主格在句中作主语．人称代词的宾格作动词和介词的宾语Youcan’ttrusthim.Whoelsewantstogoforapicnicbesideshim?注1．主格，宾格均可作表语，在口语顶用宾格许多IfIwereshe,Iwouldactonthedoctor’sadvice.——Whoisknockingatthedoor?——It’sme.※注2．作主语的人称代词孤立地使用在无谓语动词的句中，常用宾格——Iwantanapple.——Me,too.“What!Metosaysorrytohim?No!”3．两个或两个以上的人称代词并列时，其次序是：单数按2，3，1人称摆列；复数按1，2，3人称摆列。You,she（Mary）andImustattendtoday’smeeting.IandTomaretoblame.该责怪的是我和汤姆（在认可错误或自我责备时，说话人一般把自己放在他人从前讲。）二、it的用法1．取代已提到的事物或上文说起的状况Heboughtamagazineandlentittome.Hermotherhasdied.Itisaterribleshocktoher.

她母亲死了。这对她打击很大。2．用于It+be+n/adj句型中，说明日气、时间、距离等Itisfreezingcoldtoday.Itisfiveminutes’ridefromheretothestation.3．（未指明但发言两方都理解的）那件事；那种状况。--------Doyoulikeithere?-------Oh,yes.Theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingisnice.4．取代性别尚不明的婴儿和少儿Shewasholdingababyinherarmsanditwascrying.．作形式主语或形式宾语，取代作主语或宾语的不定式，动名词或从句Itwaskindofyoutosendmeapresent.（it作形式主语）Imakeitaruletowalktwomilesaday.我往常一天步行二英里。（it

作形式宾语）Itakeit

thatyoudon

’tagreewithme

.我的理解是，你和我见解不同。（it作形式宾语）☆注：少量动词，如take（理解），hate，dislike，不可以直接带宾语从句，须在动词和宾语从句之间，加形式宾语it。5．Itis/was⋯that⋯.构成重申句，重申句中某一部分ItwasIthat/whotoldhimaboutit.（重申主语I）三、物主代词．形容词性物主代词只好作名词的前置定语，不可以独自使用Thosepeoplearemyschoolmates.．名词性物主代词独自使用，在句中作主语，表语和宾语作主语Yourbikeisblack.Mine（Mine=Mybike）isred.作表语Thisfaultisyours,nothers.这是你的过失，不是她的错。作宾语Thereissomethingwrongwithmybike.MayIuseyours?．名词性物主代词与of连用构成两重所有格）表示部分观点YesterdayIcameacrossanoldfriendofmine（=oneofmyoldfriends）inthestreet.2）表示重申Weshowgreatinterestinthisinventionofyours（=yourinvention）Besurenottobelievethatdaughterofhers（herdaughter）千万别信她的那个女儿。四、反身代词1．作动词或介词的宾语ShehasbeenteachingherselfEnglish.

她向来在自学英语。2Iamnotquitemyselftoday.我今日身体不太好。．作主语或宾语的同位语，译“亲身”；“自己，自己”Themayorhimselfwilllookintothematter.市长将亲身检查这件事。You’dbetteraskthepatienthimselfabouthistrouble.4I

对于病人的病情，你最好问他自己。．反身代词的重要短语gavetheroomagoodcleaning

allby

myself.

byoneself

=alone/on

myown独自一人Iwillbemyselfinnotime.beoneself身体或大脑正常Pleasemakeyourselfathome.请不要受拘束helponeselftosth.自行取用，任意拿取Helpyourselftoapples.Noonewasthere,soshehelpedherselftoallthemoneyonthetable.HetooneselfItisbettertothinkforyourself.thinkforonself

清醒独立思虑，自己作出决定I’dbegrateful(thankful)ifyoukeepthisinformationtoyourself.keepsth.tooneself不把某事告诉他人五、互相代词eachother一般指二者；oneanother一般指三者或三者以上。但此刻能够通用，不加差异。在句中仅作宾语，不可以作主语。Weshouldcareforeachotherandhelpeachother.Theyoftenstayatoneanother’shouses.他们常常住在相互的家里。六、不定代词1．some和anysome及复合代词someone,something用于必定句。any及复合代词用于否认句、疑问句和条件句。Someofthemilkhasgonebad.Ihaven’tanymoneyonme.Ifanythingunusualhappens,letmeknow.若发生异样状况，请告诉我。注1．若表示恳求，建议，只管是疑问句，用some，不用any。Wouldyoulikesomemorecoffee?ShallIbringsomefoodtotheparty?注2．any及复合代词也可用于必定句，表示三者或三者以上中任何一个。．．．．．．Ithinkanyofhismovieswouldinterestyou.——Whichwouldyoulike,tea,coffeeorwine?——Anywilldo.随意哪一个都行。2．each和everyeach用于重申两个或两个以上的人或事物中每一个。既可作定语，也可作主语和宾．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．语。Eachoftheboyshashisstrongandweakpoints.Thereisabookstoreoneachsideofthestreet.every（形容词）用于表示三个或三个以上的人或事物中每一个．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．Ihavereadeverybookhelentme.请注意以下不定代词的特别用法或固定搭配①Ihavereaditinsomemagazine.some修饰单数可数名词，相当于acertain

。在句中只好作定语。．．．．．②Sheissomethinglikehismother.她有点像她的母亲。③Heissomethingofanexpertatcomputers.他是一个优秀的电脑专家。④Sheisnothingbutadancer.她只可是是一个跳舞的。（nothingbut=only）⑤Hewasanythingbutpleasedatthenews.听到这个信息他一点不快乐。（anythingbut=not⋯atall）3．both,either,neither和all,any,noneboth二者，两方；neither（二者）都不，（二者中）无一；either（二者之中）任何一个；all（三者或三者以上）全体人员，所有东西。none（三者或三者以上）都不。any（三者或三者以上中）任何一个。作用：1）作主语BothofhisstudentsarefromBeijing.Eitheroftheteamshasthechanceofwinning.Neitherofhisnovelsissatisfactory.Noneofushave（has）everbeenabroad.Noneofthemoneywaspaidtome.）作名词的定语Hespentallhismoney.Bothsidesareeagertoreachanagreement.Thereisapostofficeoneithersideofthestreet.Neitherseatisoccupied.两个位子都空着。3）both,all,each作主语同位语，位于be动词/助动词和行为动词中间。作宾语同位语，置于宾语以后。Theyareboth（all）tiredofreading.Weeachhavedifferentopinionsaboutit.Iwillinviteyouboth=Iwillinvitebothofyou.选择：——Haveyouanymoney?Ineedsomebadly.——Sorry.atall.A.NothingB.NooneC.NoneD.Alittle注1.指带没有上文中提到的人或物，用none.2.none不可以做定语。下句是典型病句:Luckily,nonepassengerswereinjuredinthecaraccident.3.noone仅指人；noone,nothing等不定代词不可以接“of+n.”构造Everyoneofuslikesit.判断以下句子能否正确。假如有错，请改正。1．TheParkersboughtanewhouse,buttheywillneedalotofdecorationbeforetheymovein.ABCD2．Somepeoplemakemoremoneythanweteachers,fromhiswork.

butfewgainasmuchsatisfactionABCD3．BetweenyouandI,wehavenothingincommon.ABCD4．Youhavetohurryupifyouwanttobuysomethingcheapbecausetheresomethingleft.

is

hardlyABCD5．Themenandwomenwhopushedthefrontier（边疆）WestwardacrossAmericaprobablyAneverthoughtofthemasbravepioneers.BCD6．MywifeandIreachedtheagreementthateverythingismoreimportantforusthanbuildingABCDasolidbankaccount.7．TherearetwobusestoBaihaiPark.Youcantakeeachofthem.ABCD8．Believeitornot.Thereissuchnothingwhichwillhappenhere.ABCD9．Hisrefusalcameasnonesurprise.Iexpectedit.ABCD10．Wheneachthepopstarsteppedintothehall,allthepeoplepresentburstintocheers.ABCD此外，代替上述之事用that,this,it；代替下文要说的事，用this：Hermotherwasill.That/Thisiswhyshecouldn’tcome.Theproblemisthis：heissufferingfromcancer.4．one和that）one代替上文提到的同种类的人或事物，但非同一个人或物。one=a+单数名词。——Whatdoyouthinkofthewatches?——Excellent.I’mgoingtobuyone.=Igoingtobuyawatchlikethem.其复数形式为ones。Thewhitecoatsmatchthehatthantheblueones.白色上衣比蓝色上衣更配这顶帽子。one只好代替可数名词。若其有形容修饰，需加“a”；若后来有限制性后置定语，．．．．．．．．．．．需加“the”。1：Thishatistoosmallforme.Canyouchangeitforabiggerone?2：Thispictureistheonemymotherwantstohaveverymuch.2）that代替上文提到的同种类的事物。that=the+单数名词，常用thatof⋯构造。例1：Myseatwasnexttothatofthemayor.（that=theseat）例2：Theairofasuburbisclearerthanthatofacity.郊野的空气比都市的洁净。that可代替可数名词（例1），也可代替不行数名词（例2）。其复数形式为those。Ourrulesarequitedifferentfromthoseofotherorganizations.one和that作“代替”的用法，是高考的一个要点热门。5．疑问代词who,what,which）which既可指人，也可指物。表示在必定范围内“哪一个”。Whichoftheseideascoststheleast?在这些方法中，哪一个花销最小？Whichdoyouprefer,classicalmusicorpopularmusic?）who（谁），what（什么）则用于无选择范围的状况。Whoareyoutalkingabout?Whatisyourhobby?你的业余喜好是什么？．部分否认）everyone,everything可用于必定句、否认句和疑问句。——Iseveryonehere?——Yes,exceptLiMing.2）not与both,all,everyone,everything及副词always,entirely/wholly（所有地）连用，表示部分否认，译“并不是⋯都是”Noteveryoneiskind.=Everyoneisnotkind.并不是所有人都和善。Allyouranswersarenotcorrect.Idon’twhollyagreewithyou.我其实不完好赞同你的见解。选择：Iagreewithmostofwhatyousaid,butIdon’tagreewith.A.everythingB.anythingC.somethingD.nothing答案A7．other,theother,theothers,therest,another1）other(adj)其余的，仅作定语，修饰复数名词。no/some/any/manyother可修饰单数或复数名词Canwesettlethisprobleminotherways?Youhavenootherchoicebuttowait.Ihavemanyotherquestionstoask.Pleasecometomyhomesomeothertime.）another同类中另一个Wouldyoulikeanothercupoftea?Givemeanotherchance,please.Ineedanotherthreedollars=Ineedthreemoredollars.我还需要三美元。）others泛指其余人，他人或其余东西，常与some比较使用，表示“有的⋯有的⋯”Itislikehertothinkofothers.SomepeoplebelieveinGod;othersdon’t.）theother表示二者的另一个。Hehastwosons.Oneisthinandtheotherisfat.5）theothers/therest表示除掉一部分其余的人或物。theothers取代可数名词；therest可取代可数或不行数名词。Someoftheboyswentswimming,whiletheotherslayonthebeach,bathedinsunlight.一些男孩去游泳，其余的躺在沙岸上沐日光浴。用other,theother,theothers,therest,another填空：1）Idon’tknowpopmusic.SoIcanhardlytellonesongfrom.2）Youmightaswellpaintsideofthewallwhite.3）Perhapshecamehereforreasons.4）SomeoftheequipmentismadeinChina;isintroducedfromJapan.5）Wemusttrytomeettheneedsof.Exercise代词1.Shanghaiisreallyafascinatingcityandwe’vedecidedtostayfor______twoweeks.A.anotherB.otherC.theotherD.other’s2.---Doyoulike______here?---Oh,yes,theair,theweather,thewayoflife.Everythingissonice.A.thisB.theseC.thatD.it3.Ilike_____intheautumnwhentheclimateisclearandbright.A．itB．thatC．thisD．oneWeconsidered_____logical（切合逻辑的）thatnotallplanscanbeputintopractice.A．thatB．quiteC．itD．very---Arethenewrulesworking?Yes,______booksarestolen.A．FewB．SomeC．LessD．None---Haveyouanymoneywithyou?IneedsomebadlySorry,but_____.A．notB．nothingC．noneD．quitealittle---Howmuchteaisleftinthepot?______.A．NoneB．NothingC．NotsomeD．Noone8.---Youhavenodifficultyfindingtheanswertothequestion?---_______.A.NotalittleB.NoproblemC.NoneatallD.Neither9.---Doyouhave_____readyfortonight’sparty?---No.Istillhavetosendallthelettersofinvitation.A．anythingB．somethingC．everythingD．nothing---DoyoumindifPeterjoinyouinyourwork?Yes,Ido.Iwillbegladtoworkwith_____Peter.A．anyonebutB．nooneexceptC．allbesidesD．everyoneand---WheredoyouthinkIshouldputthispotofflowers?Putiton_____sideofthemeetinghall.A．everyB．anyC．eachD．either12.Asisexpected,citieslikeCarioandJakartaprobablywould_____haveapopulationof20millionby2010.A．bothB．eachC．everyD．eitherthesameeffectonyouas______learnedbyyourself.A．whatB．itC．thatD．theone14.---Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?---Didn’twejusthave_____.A．itB．thatC．oneD．this15.Ifthisdictionaryisn’tyours,______canitbe?A．whatelseB．whoelseC．whichelses’D．whoelse’s16.NewEnglish-Chinesedictionaryhasbeenrepublishedmanytimes,moreuptodatethanthelastedition.A．everyB．eitherC．eachD．any17.Theycouldn’thavedinnerinarestaurantbecause_____ofthem____money.A．all,didn’thaveB．everyone,hadnoC．none,hadanyD．noone,hadany18.MostoftheequipmentismadeinChina;_____importedfromJapan.A．othersB．theothersC．therestD．theotherItisonethingtoenjoylisteningtogoodmusic,butitisquite_____toperformskillfullyyourself.A．anotherB．otherthingC．othersD．theother20．Themanissofamiliartome.Imusthavemethimoneday_____.A．ortheotherB．oranotherC．orelseD．orsomething21.Oneofthesidesoftheboardshouldbepaintedyellow,and_____.A．theotheriswhiteB．anotherwhiteC．theotherwhiteD．therestwhite22.Iintendedtocomparenoteswithafriend,butunfortunately_____couldn’tspareevenoneminute.A.theyB.oneC.whoD.it23.Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother.Doesitmatter_____itwas?A．whereB．whatC．howD．which24．Thereis_____thing_____privateownership（私有制）oflandinChinatoday.A．nosucha,asB．nosuch,asC．suchno,asD．nosuch,like---IsDavidamanwithgoodmanners.Idon’tthinkso.Asamatteroffact,heis______butpolite.Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,_____Iwillalwaystreasure.A.thatB.oneC.itD.what27.---CanIhelpyou?---I’dliketobuyapresentformyfather’sbirthday,_____ataproperpriceandofgreatuse.A.oneB.itC.thatD.those28.TheParkersboughtanewhousebut_____willneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.---Whatdoyouthinkofheridea?IwasnotintheleastsurprisedforIhadfullyexpected______.A.thatmuchB.asmuchC.verymuchD.somuch30.---Whatanamazingfilm.It’sthemostinterestingfilmI’veeverseen.---ButI’msureitwon’tinterest_______.A.somebodyB.anybodyC.everybodyD.nobody31.Heseemstohavelittle,if______,todowithit.A.soB.anyC.someD.anything32.Inthatcase,itwas______shecoulddonottocry.A.somethingB.anythingC.allD.nothing33.Ifyourdaughtercanmakewhatherteachersteach______,shewillmakerapidprogress.A.itB.thatC.herselfD.hers34.Duetolackoffundandequipment,wehave______choicethantogiveuptheexperiments.A.someotherB.otherC.anotherD.noother---Whoonearthcoulditbe?Itwas______otherthanClintEastwood.A.nobodyB.noneC.nothingD.not36.---IsJissicaadiligentstudent?---No,butsheisalazyone,if______.A.somethingB.everythingC.anythingD.nothing1-5ADACA6-10CACCA11-15BBCCD16-20CCCAB21-25CADBD26-30BABBC31-36DCDDBC第四章

冠词一、冠词的种类冠词可分红不定冠词a，an和定冠词the。二、泛指和特指的定义．泛指：一般说起人或事物，不作详细说明叫泛指。以下两种状况为泛指a）未明确交待的人或事物Imetherinacoffeeshopnearthestation.我在车站邻近的一家咖啡馆碰到她的。）表示数目“一”Heaskedforabookandtwomagazines.他要一本书和两本杂志。．特指：详细指明人或物叫特指，其基本义思是“这，那”。以下三种状况为特指。）上文提到过的人或物Iboughtabookyesterday.Thebookisofgreatvalue.昨天我买了一本书，这本书很有价值。）说话人或听话人心中都有数的人或事物——Whenwillthemeetingbeheld?——At2:00o’clockintheafternoon.）带有限制性的后置定语ThemoviedirectedbyMr.ZhangYimouwasagreathit.张艺谋执导的那部电影极为叫座。三、冠词使用的基本规则1．可数名词泛指

特指2

单数可数名词abookthebook复数可数名词booksthebooks表示泛指，单数可数名词用不定冠词a（an），复数名词不用冠词。表示特指，可数单数名词和复数可数名词，均用定冠词the。．物质名词和抽象名词物质名词和抽象名词不用冠词。Bloodisthickerthanwater.血浓于水。Wisdomisbetterthanstrength.智慧胜于力量。特指的物质名词和抽象名词，用定冠词the。Thesnowinfrontofthehouseisbeginningtomelt.房前的雪开始消融了。a(n)与物质名词连用，可表示种类或一杯之量。Maotaiisanexcellentwine.Bringmeacoffee,willyou?of

选择：Thewarmthofsweaterwillofcoursebedeterminedbythesortwoolused.A．the；theB．the；不填C．不填；the四、需要用定冠词的其余几种状况

D．不填；不填．用于表示世界上独一无二的事物名词从前。thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld,thesky．用于表示方向名词，序数词和形容词最高等从前。sailtotheeastturntotherightThisisthemostexpensiveofalltheclothes.ThisisthethirdtimethathehasbeenelectedchairmanoftheStudentUnion.．与某些形容词或分词连用，代表一类人或事物。Iwasbroughtuptorespecttheold.我从小就接受教育，要尊敬老人。Thebeautifulcanneverdie.美是永久的。．用在表示江河、大海、山脉、群岛、海峡、荒漠，建筑物等名词从前。thePacific（Ocean）太平洋theSouth-Chinasea南中国海theSahara哈拉荒漠thePersianGulf波斯湾theBeijingStation

北京车站5．用于姓氏的复数形式从前，表示“夫妻”或“一家人”。TheTurnersaresittingatlunchtable.特纳一家正吃午餐。由一般名词构成的专出名词（如国家，党派等）前。例：theUnitedStates;theCommunistPartyofChina用在表示发明物的单数名词前。ThetelephonewasinventedbyBell.．用在某些固定短语中：onthespot就地onthewhole总的来说forthemostpart多半，在多半状况下outofthequestion不行能五、不用冠词的其余几种状况1．物质名词，抽象名词（见第三章），人名，地名等专出名词前。Airisimportanttous.BeijingisthecapitalofChina.．表示季节、月份、周日、节假日（中国传统节例外）名词从前。Ilikespringmost.I’mgoingtoreturntoEnglandatChristmasDay.若详细指明哪一年的季节，应有定冠词。Thewarbrokeoutonthespringof1942.．表示学科、球类、棋类和三餐名词从前Heisgoodatmaths.Ilikeplayingfootball.Ioftengotoschoolwithoutbreakfast.注：重申一顿饭或特指某顿饭可用冠词。Mothercookedmeanicedinnerthismorning.Thedinnercookedbymymothertastesdelicious.．表示正式的或独一无二的职位、头衔的名词，在句中作宾补或同位语。Hehasbeenelectedchairmanofthestudentunion.Mandela,presidentofSouthAfrica,wasawardedtheNobelprizeforpeacein1997.南非总统曼德拉于1997年获取诺贝尔和平奖。在与by连用的交通工具名称从前。例:bytaxi,bybike,byboat但注意：getintoataxi,takeabus,onthetrain等表达形式。6．某些固定短语中，要求不用冠词。atpresent目前takepartin参加inpeace安全，沉静bychance碰巧注意：有些词组中有无冠词含义不同。attable在进餐inhospital住院atthetable坐在桌子旁inthehospital在医院工作或观光等beinchargeof负责⋯outofquestion不行问题beinthechargeof由⋯负责outofthequestion根本不行能byday在白日bytheday按天计算．高考取冠词考察热门选择：SummersinsouthofFranceareformostpartdryandsunny.（2000年春天高考）A．the；不填B．不填；theC．不填；不填D．the；the答案为D。剖析：方向名词要用定冠词the，故可考虑的选项为A、D。forthemostpart为固定短语，故答案为D。近几年来，高考试卷对冠词的命题方式大部分状况是，一空考冠词的基本用法，一空考固定短语中冠词使用。所以在我们学习固定短语中，必定要留意并正确记忆固定短语中名词前使用的冠词。冠词练习1.______on-goingdivisionbetweenEnglish-speakingCanadiansandFrench-speakingCanadiansis______majorconcernofthecountry.---Whereismyblueshirt?---It’sinthewashingmachine.Youhavetowear_____differentone.Thesignreads“Incaseof_____fire,breaktheglassandpush_____redbutton”.4.Thereis______dictionaryon______deskbyyourside.Jumpingoutof_______airplaneat