【讲座】解读高考阅读语篇提高学生英语阅读思维品质

解读高考阅读语篇，提高学生英语阅读思维品质一、背景二、问题三、对策四、实践主题的四个方面：英语课程致力于培养具有“中国情怀、国际视野和跨文化沟通能力的社会主义建设者和接班人。”（教育部，2018，p.36）一、背景十九大：“立德树人”2017高考考纲对英语阅读理解的要求要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；（4）做出判断和推理；（5）理解文章的基本结构；（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度。文章的主旨要义需从文章的字里行间进行推断作者没有明示文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳和概括作出简单判断和推理根据所读内容做出判断和推理增加“阅读文章需要具备一定的语篇知识”必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉必须把握全篇的基本结构，理清上下文的衔接关系2017年考纲关于阅读理解的六变二、问题23.WhomadeagreatcontributiontothecivilrightsmovementintheU.S?得分率：81%题型：细节理解题30.WhydoesPeterhavetocompletehistripwithin42hours?得分率：78%题型：细节理解题24.Whatcanweinferaboutthewomenmentionedinthetext?得分率：38%题型：推理判断题28.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestthegrandparentsdothelastparagraph?得分率：30%题型：推理判断题某年全国I卷考生数据思维品质：辨析语言和文化中的具体形象，梳理、概括信息，建构新概念，分析、推理信息的逻辑关系，正确评判各种思想观点，创造性地表达自己的观点，具备多元思维的意识和创新思维的能力。普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版）

（1）文本解读的重要性

教师对文本解读的水平的深度与否，正确与否，直接影响学生的学习效果和理解深度。三、对策学习体验程度认知发展的维度情感参与的深度学习成效的高度（2）文本解读的内容主题意义主要内容文体结构语言修辞作者意图WhyWhatHow1234文体特征文本解读角度（3）文本解读的角度文体结构语篇衔接与逻辑词汇衔接信息类/应用文文体特征信息类文本是指通知、通告、指南、广告，以及一组人物的介绍等。题材包括音乐戏剧、知识讲座、旅游路线、参观指南、购物指南、交通指南、名人介绍等。主要考察学生快速查读、获取具体信息的能力。这类文本常会出现人名、地名、组织机构等专有名词，有时还会出现个别较难的词，但不影响理解和解题。记叙文文体特征叙述经历或讲述故事，包括日记、游记、传说、新闻、通讯、趣闻逸事、寓言、传奇故事等。阅读这类文章，一要搞清“5Wand1H”，即何人、何时、在何地、因何原因、干了何事、结果怎么样，有何启示或感悟；二要弄清写作目的，作者写文章或讲故事必有其目的：或证明某一观点，或称赞某种美德，或谴责某种罪恶，或让人娱乐等，这些有时在文尾或文首会有所体现。说明文文体特征说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，给人以知识的文体。其题材包括实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象分析，以及语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等。说明方法有举例子、作比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作引用等。科普类说明文常包含有结构复杂、句意深奥的长难句，因学术性强、抽象度高，解题的难度相对较大。议论文文体特征议论文的功能就是说服他人、宣扬主张。说服读者接受某种意见或采取某种行为，目的是topersuade,toinfluence。阅读议论文的关键是：抓论点，即作者的观点。体现论点的主旨句多在文首或文尾、段首或段尾。弄清楚作者用哪些事实、例子和理由支撑其论点；理解作者旨在诉诸何种情感，即本文背后的价值取向。报道类文体特征报道类是指就科技动态、社会现象或社会热点进行的新闻报道。报道的第一段通常是导语，体现文章主旨，然后再根据事情发生的先后或重要程度叙述细节或具体过程。应用文tointroduce/toadvertise广而告之记叙文totell/todescribe分享愉悦说明文toinform/todeliver传递信息议论文toprove/topersuade讲授道理To

sum

up“起”就是开头，提出主题，吸引读者关注主题。“承”即承接上文，加以申述。“转”即转折，用来表示不同或相反的情况，指出存在的矛盾和困难，提出疑问，常含有problem,difficult,toughroughunfortunate,but,however等词。“合”即结论，引出解决问题的方法和建议。起承转合Forexample开始背景描写发展讲述故事主线高潮故事轴心结尾重大意义/主旨写作意图记叙文结构起承转合起承转合

IworkwithVolunteersforWildlife,arescueandeducationorganizationatBaileyArboretuminLocustValley.Tryingtohelpinjured,displacedorsickcreaturescanbeheartbreaking;survivalisnevercertain.However,whenitworks,itissimplybeautiful.IgotarescuecallfromawomaninMuttontown.Shehadfoundayoungowl(猫头鹰)ontheground.WhenIarrived,Isawa2-to3-week-oldowl.Ithadalready.beenplacedinacarrierforsafety.Iexaminedthechick(雏鸟)anditseemedfine.IfIcouldlocatethenest,Imighthavebeenabletoputitback,butnoluck.Mynextworkwastoconstructanestandanchoritinatree.Thehomeownerwasveryhelpful.Awirebasketwasfound.Iputsomepinebranchesintothebaskettomakethisnestsafeandcomfortable.Iplacedthechickinthenest,anditquicklycalmeddown.Nowallthatwasneededweretheparents,buttheywereabsent.Igavethehomeownerarecordingofthehungerscreamsofowlchicks.Theseadvertisethepresenceofchickstoadults;theymightalsoencourageourchicktostartcallingaswell.Igavetheownerasmuchinformationaspossibleandheadedhometoseewhatnewsthenightmightbring.Anervousnighttobesure,butsometimesthespiritsofnaturesmileonusall!Thehomeownercalledtosaythattheparentshadrespondedtotherecordings.Idroveoverandsawthechickinthenestlookinghealthyandactive.Anditwasaccompaniedinthenestbythegreatestsightofall—LUNCH！Theparentshaddonetheirdutyandwouldprobablycontinuetodoso.2017全国I-B篇议论文文体结构起承转合引论提出论点/论题本论（摆出证据）正论或驳论归纳法或演绎法转而说开正转/反转/进转（转入深处）结论重申见解或主张起承转合We'veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What'stheproblem?It'spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It'smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit'sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit'sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit'saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan'tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn'tevenexistifitweren'tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast."Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,"heexplains."Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.”Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter,theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience."it'snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband.”saysDunn."Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.”Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk."Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,”hesays.2018全国II-D篇总体叙述+细节或过程说明+概括评述说明文文体结构事物说明事理说明现象+原因+后果/启示/措施研究发现/调查结果+研究/调查过程+结论起承(转)合Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwassillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,smalltightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps1200languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialization,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalizationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1000;Africa2400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuminCameroon(eightremainingSpeaker),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark)noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.2018全国I-C篇Wemaythinkwe’reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices（装置）wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That’sbadnewsfortheenvironment–andourwallets–astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythanthenewsonesthatdothesamethings.Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing.CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochesterInstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife–fromwhenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhomeenergyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration.Desktopcomputers,basicmobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetabletsande-readersshowedupin2007.Asweaccumulatedmoredevices,however,wedidn'tthrowoutouroldones.“Theliving-roomtelevisionisreplacedandgetsplantedinthekids’room,andsuddenlyoneday,youhaveaTVineveryroomofthehouse,”saidoneresearcher.Theaveragenumberofelectronicdevicesrosefromfourperhouseholdin1992to13in2007.We’renotjustkeepingtheseolddevices–wecontinuetousethem.AccordingtotheanalysisofBabbitt’steam,olddesktopmonitorsandboxTVswithcathoderaytubesaretheworstdeviceswiththeirenergyconsumptionandcontributiontogreenhousegasemissions（排放）morethandoublingduringthe1992to2007window.Sowhat'sthesolution（解决方案）?Theteam'sdateonlywentupto2007,buttheresearchersalsoexploredwhatwouldhappenifconsumersreplacedoldproductswithnewelectronicsthatservemorethanonefunction,suchasatabletforwordprocessingandTVviewing.TheyfoundthatmoreondemandenvironmentviewingontabletsinsteadofTVsanddesktopcomputerscouldcutenergyconsumptionby44%.2018全国I-D篇2018全国I-七选五新闻事实具体信息新闻背景补充新闻报道GoodMorningBritain’sSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestrole-showingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbudget.

InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder£5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshe'sbeenabletoputalotofwhatshe'slearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,I4,Finn,13.andJack,11WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant,"sheexplains,“Ipay£5isforaportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood.Butsometimeswe'renotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.”Theeight-partseries(系列节目)，SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITV'sSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpenses,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.Intonight’sFasterspecial,theycometotheaidofafamilyinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamily’slongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.2018全国I-B篇时间与空间关系、列举与引证、引申与转折、推论与归纳、原因与结果语篇衔接与逻辑时间afterwards,

later,

then,

earlier,

previous,

meantime,

next,last空间above,adjacentto,before,closeto,infrontof,ontheleft(right),up,under举例与例证first(ly),second(ly),forone(another)thing,firstofall,tobeginwith,then,toconclude,inconclusion,last,finally,forexample,forinstance引申与转折and,andalso,moreover,furthermore,what’smore,inaddition,onthecontrary,