高考冲刺英语阅读理解课堂练（16）答案解析

2020高考英语：阅读理解课堂练（16）PassageThirty--One(TheAffectofElectricityonCancer)

Canelectricitycausecancer?Inasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpower,theveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecade,agrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettling,tosaytheleast,sinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfields,whicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectrical,frompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictory,ithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimate—ortheworstkindofparanoia.

Nowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromthe.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Intheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreview,releasedindraftformlatelastweek,theEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence“suggestsacasuallink”betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields—thosehavingverylongwave-lengths—andleukemia,lymphomaandbraincancer,WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogens,itdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas“apossible,butnotproven,causeofcancerinhumans.”

Thereportisnoreasontopanic—oreventolostsleep.Ifthereisacancerrisk,itisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministration,andtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhitHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded.Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon:Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawire,titgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects,Formanyyears,scientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmful,primarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligrams,oraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerlinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeter,butthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate.Howcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdanger?Theconsensususedtobethattheycouldnot,andfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiation,likeX-rays,thatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such“ionizing”radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions.Butepidemiologicalstudies,whichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdata,donotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissues,amechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound.ThePentagonisforfrompersuaded.Inablistering33critiqueoftheEPAreport,AirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving“biasedtheentiredocument”towardprovingalink.“Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthat(electromagneticfields)presentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer,”theAirForceconcludes.“ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport.”ThenPentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment,fromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensesystemsbuiltintoeverywarshipandplane.1.Themainideaofthispassageis_______.A.studiesonthecauseofcancer

B.controversialview-pointsinthecauseofcancerC.therelationshipbetweenelectricityandcancer.D.differentideasabouttheeffectofelectricityoncaner.2.Theview-pointoftheEPAis_______.A.thereiscasuallinkbetweenelectricityandcancer.B.electricityreallyaffectscancer.C.controversial.D.lowfrequencyelectromagneticfieldisapossiblecauseofcancer3.WhydidthePentagonandWhiteHouseobjecttothereleaseofthereport?Because_______.maystiragreatdealofdebateamongtheBushAdministration.B.everyunitofthemodernmilitaryhasdependedontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipment.C.thePentagon’sconcernwasunderstandable.D.theyhaddifferentarguments.4.Itcanbeinferredfromphysicalphenomenon_______.A.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldistooweaktobeharmful.B.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldisweakerthantheelectricfieldthatthecellsgenerate.C.electromagneticfieldmayaffecthealth.D.onlymorepowerfulradiationcanknockelectronoutofhumanbody.5.Whatdoyouthinkordinarycitizensmaydoafterreadingthedifferentarguments?A.Theyareindifferent.

B.Theyareworriedverymuch.C.Themayexerciseprudentavoidance.

C.Theyareshocked.Vocabulary1.

preposterous

反常的，十分荒谬的，乖戾的2.

leukemia

白血病3.

malignancy

恶性肿瘤4.

legitimate

合法的，合理的5.

paranoia

偏执狂，妄想狂。这里指：无根据的担心。6.

lymphoma

淋巴瘤7.

carcinogen

致癌物8.

minuscule

很小的，很不重要9.

consensus

舆论10.

wallop

乱窜，猛冲，冲击力11.

epidemiological

流行病学的12.

blistering

罗嗦的，胡扯的13.

critique

评论，批评14.

imprimatur

出版许可（官方审查后的），批准难句译注1.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictory,ithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimate—ortheworstkindofparanoia.[参考译文]

由于这问题的证据还不是结论性的，而且常常是矛盾的，所以就难以断定有关电力对身体的影响的顾虑是合乎情理，还是毫无根据的怀疑。2.EPA——.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency

美国环境保护署3.Whilethereportfallsshort(缺乏，不够)ofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogens,itdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas“apossible,butnotproven,causeofcancerinhumans.”[参考译文]

虽然报告没有把极低频磁场归类为可能致癌物，但它确实指出通常60赫兹的磁场是“一种虽尚未证实，但可能导致人患癌症的因素。”

4.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministration,andtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse[参考译文]

证据争议性仍然很大，所以报告草案在布什政府内引起巨大的争辩，而环保署无视五角大楼和白宫的强烈反对，公布了这份报告。5.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate.[参考译文]

这远比细胞所产生的电磁场低的多。6.…andfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiation,likeX-rays,thatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.[参考译文]而且几十年来，科学家专注于更为强大的辐射类别，如Ｘ光射线，其聚合的冲击力足以把电子从组成人体的分子中撞出来。7.Butepidemiologicalstudies,whichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdata,donotprovecauseandeffect.[参考译文]

可是流行病学的研究发现，几组资料在数据方面有所关联，却没有证实其因果关系。8.abodyoflaboratorywork

一批研究成果。9.Inablistering33critiqueoftheEPAreport,AirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving“biasedtheentiredocument”towardprovingalink.[参考译文]

在长达33页的对环保署文件的十分尖锐的批评中，空军方面的科学家指责，作者歪曲整个文件以证明癌症和电磁场之间的关联。10.ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport.[参考译文]

令人惊讶的是环保署竟然批准许可这份报告的出笼。写作方法与文章大意文章以问答的方式，对比的写作方法，写出了围绕电力是否影响健康——是否致癌因素的两种观点，及其观点的依据。一种是美国环境保护署为代表的：极低频磁场是一种可能但还未被证实的致癌因素，而且无视白宫和五角大楼反对，公布了这份报告。理由是科学证据提出了两者之间的关联偶然性。另一种以空军中科学家为主的观点：电磁场不会诱发或触发癌症，而且以歪曲整个文件来证明两者之关系，批评了环保署。其理由人人皆知。因军队中任一单位都有点——从地面雷达到舰艇飞机防卫系统。答案详解1.D电力对癌症影响的不同观点。文章一开始就提出了“电会致癌吗？”这个问题。十多年来，一大批科学家和新闻界人士都指出：研究结果似乎表示：接触电磁场可能会增加患白血病和其他恶性肿瘤的危险性。所以说到目前为止还难以确定电力对健康的影响究竟是理性的，还是杞人忧天。见难句注释1。第二段公布了环保署的报告，见难句注释3。第三段说明：即使有致癌危险也是极微的。但应予以认真对待，进行更多的研究。而第七段中空军方面的科学家还没有被说服（见难句注释9），明确提出，我们的评论员认为没有迹象说明环境中存在的电力会诱发或促发癌症。A.对致癌因素的研究。

B.致癌原因方面有争议的观点，这两项根本部队，和文内电力毫无关系。

C.电力和癌症的关系，文中涉及的是电力究竟会不会致癌的两种观点，而不是两者之关系。2.A.电和致癌有一定难以确定的关系。答案在第二段第三句，环保署目前的结论是据科学证据指出极低频电磁场——具有长波的电磁场——和白血病，淋巴瘤及脑癌之间有着难以确定的联系，见难句注释3。A.电确实致癌，不对。

C.有争议的。说的不够清楚，争议什么。

D.低频磁场是一个可能致癌因素。这只是论点的一面。3.B.现代军事的任何部门都一直依赖于应用大量应用电子设备。五角大楼和白宫所以反对环保署公布报告之理由就在此。空军方面的专家所以说环保署方面的报告“歪曲了整个文件以证明两者之间的关系”也在此。见难句注释4。所以文内说“角大楼的关注是可以理解的。”A.报告会在布什政府内引起大规模的辩论，这是结果。

C.五角大楼的关注是可以理解的，这不是原因。

D.他们有不同的观点。4.A.磁场力太弱不会产生有害作用。答案在第四段第二，三句，当电流通过电缆，产生磁场，对周围物体产生（影响）力。许多年来，科学家把任何有关“这些力可能有害的想法”置于一边（不予考虑），主要是因为它们（所产生的力）非常弱。B.磁场力比细胞产生的电磁场弱。只是明确指出的事实。

C.磁场力对人的健康有害。不对。

D.只有更强的辐射才能把人体中的电子击出来。不对。5.C.他们会采取谨慎小心避开电器的途径。因为他们不可能像A项那样漠不关心。这种问题直接影响人的生命。B.他们非常担忧。

D.他们感到震惊，这两项都不可能，因为还在争议中，唯一的途径是尽量避开和电器接触。PassageThirty--Two(CrimeinComputer)

Newandbizarrecrimeshavecomeintobeingwiththeadventofcomputertechnology.Organizedcrimetohasbeendirectlyinvolved;thenewtechnologyoffersitunlimitedopportunities,suchasdatacrimes,theftofservices,property-relatedcrimes,industrialsabotage,politicallyrelatedsabotage,vandalism,crimesagainsttheindividualandfinanciallyrelatedcrimes…

Theftofdata,ordatacrime,hasattractedtheinterestoforganizedcriminalsyndicates.Thisisusuallythetheftorcopyingofvaluablecomputergrogram.Aninternationalmarketalreadyexistsforcomputerizeddata,andspecializedfencesaresaidtobeplayingakeyroleinthisrapidlyexpandingcriminalmarket.Buyersforstolenprogramsmayrangefromafirm’scompetitorstoforeignnations.

Acompetitorsabotagesacompany’scomputersystemtodestroyorcripplethefirm’soperationalability,thusneutralizingitscompetitivecapabilityeitherintheprivateorthegovernmentsector.Thiscomputersabotagemayalsobetiedtoanattemptbyaffluentinvestorstoacquirethevictimfirm.Withthegrowingreliancebyfirmsoncomputersfortheirrecordkeepinganddailyoperations,sabotageoftheircomputerscanresultininternalhavoc,afterwhichthegroupinterestedinacquiringthefirmcaneasilybuyitatasubstantiallylowerprice.Criminalgroupscouldalsoresorttosabotageifthecompanyisacompetitorofabusinessownedorcontrolledbyorganizedcrime.

Politicallymotivatedsabotageisontheincrease;politicalextremistgroupshavesproutedoneverycontinent.Sophisticatedcomputertechnologyarmsthesegroupswithawesomepowersandopenstechnologicallyadvancednationstotheirattack.Severalattemptshavealreadybeenmadetodestroycomputerfacilityatanairforcebase.Auniversitycomputerfacilityinvolvedinnationaldefenceworksufferedmorethan$2millionindamagesasaresultofabombing.

Computervulnerabilityhasbeenamplydocumented.Onecongressionalstudyconcludedthatneithergovernmentnorprivatecomputersystemsareadequatelyprotectedagainstsabotage.Organizedcriminalsyndicateshaveshowntheirwillingnesstoworkwithpoliticallymotivatedgroups.Investigatorshaveuncoveredevidenceofcooperationbetweencriminalgroupsandforeigngovernmentsinnarcotics.Criminalgroupshavetakenattemptsinassassinatingpoliticalleaders….Computersareusedinhospitallife-supportsystem,inlaboratories,andinmajorsurgery.Criminalscouldeasilyturnthesecomputersintotoolsofdevastation.Bysabotagingthecomputerofalife-supportsystem,criminalscouldkillanindividualaseasilyastheyhadusedagun.Bymanipulatingacomputer,theycouldguideawesometoolsofterroragainstlargeurbancenters.Citiesandnationscouldbecomehostages.Homicidecouldtakeanowform.Thecomputermaybecomethehitmanofthetwentiethcentury.

Thecomputeropensvastareasofcrimetoorganizedcriminalgroups,bothnationalandinternational.Itcallsonthemtopooltheirresourcesandincreasetheircooperativeefforts,becausemanyofthesecrimesaretoocomplexforonegrouptohandle,especiallythoserequitingavastnetworkoffences.Althoughcriminalshaveadaptedtocomputertechnology,lawenforcementhasnot.Manystillthinkintermsoftraditionalcriminology.1.Howmanykindsofcrimesarementionedinthepassage?A.

7.

B.

8.

C.

9.

D.

102.Whatisthepurposeofacompetitortosabotageacompany’scomputer?A.Hispurposeistodestroyorweakenthefirm’soperationalability.B.Hispurposeistoweakenfirm’scompetitivecapabilityandgetit.C.Hispurposeistobuytherival’scompanyatarelativelylowprice.D.Hispurposeistostealimportantdata.3.Whichofthefollowingcanbelabeledasapoliticallymotivatedsabotageofacomputersystem?A.Sabotageofauniversitycomputer.B.Sabotageofahospitalcomputer.C.Sabotageofcomputeratasecrettrainingbase.D.Sabotageofafactorycomputer.4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“Homicidecouldtakeanewform”?A.Thereisnoneedtouseaguninkillingaperson.B.Criminalscankillwhoevertheywantbyacomputer.C.Thecomputercanreplaceanyweapons.D.Thefunctionofacomputerisjustlikeagun.Vocabulary1.

bizarre

奇怪的2.

vandalism

破坏，故意破坏文化，艺术的行为3.

cripple

使瘫痪，削弱4.

fence

贼市，脏品买卖处5.

neutralize

使成为无效6.

affluent

富裕的7.

recordkeeping

记录存贮8.

havoc

浩劫，大破坏9.

resortto

求助于，借助于10.

motivate

作为……的动机，激发11.

extremist

过激分子，极端主义分子12.

sprout

萌发迅速发展13.

awesome

令人惊惧的，引起敬畏的14.

vulnerability

易受攻击，脆弱15.

devastation

劫持，破坏16.

hospitallife-supportsystem医院的生命维持系统17.

hitman

职业凶手（杀手）18.

pool

集中（资金）合办，入股19.

criminology

犯罪学，刑事学难句译注1.Organizedcrimetohasbeendirectlyinvolved;thenewtechnologyoffersitunlimitedopportunities,suchasdatacrimes,theftofservices,property-relatedcrimes,industrialsabotage,politicallyrelatedsabotage,vandalism,crimesagainsttheindividualandfinanciallyrelatedcrimes…[结构简析]句子很长，都是简单句，中间有分号隔开，后面是举例。[参考译文]有组织犯罪团伙也直接参与：计算机新技术较为犯罪提供了无限的机会，如数据信息犯罪，偷窃服务项目，跟财产有关的犯罪，工业破坏，跟政治有关的破坏，破坏文化艺术，对个人和财经方面的罪行等等。2.Aninternationalmarketalreadyexistsforcomputerizeddata,andspecializedfencesaresaidtobeplayingakeyroleinthisrapidl