第01讲国际海事组织

TheInternationalMaritimeOrganization-IMO

国际海事组织概况IMO–theInternationalMaritimeOrganization–istheUnitedNationsspecializedagencywithresponsibilityforthesafetyandsecurityofshippingandthepreventionofmarinepollutionbyships.国际海事组织是联合国负责海上航行安全和防止船舶造成海洋污染的一个专门机构，总部设在伦敦。In1948aninternationalconferenceinGenevaadoptedaconventionformallyestablishingIMCO(theInter-GovernmentalMaritimeConsul-tativeOrganization)1948年2月9日，联合国在日内瓦召开海事大会。该会议于3月6日通过了成立“政府间海事协商组织(IMCO)”的公约，即《政府间海事协商组织公约》。该公约1958年3月17日生效。1959年1月6日，该组织在其第一届大会期间正式成立。1982年该组织更名为“国际海事组织”。TheHeadquartersofIMOTheIMCOConventionenteredintoforcein1958andthenewOrganizationmetforthefirsttimethefollowingyear.Butthenamewaschangedin1982toIMO.TheUnitedNationssystemThepurposesoftheOrganization,assummarizedbyArticle1(a)oftheConvention,are"toprovidemachineryforcooperationamongGovernmentsinthefieldofgovernmentalregulationandpracticesrelatingtotechnicalmattersofallkindsaffectingshippingengagedininternationaltrade;该组织的宗旨是：“在与从事国际贸易的各种航运技术事宜有关的政府规定和惯例方面，为各国政府提供合作机制；toencourageandfacilitatethegeneraladoptionofthehighestpracticablestandardsinmattersconcerningmaritimesafety,efficiencyofnavigationandpreventionandcontrolofmarinepollutionfromships".并在与海上安全、航行效率和防止及控制船舶对海洋造成污染有关的问题上，鼓励和便利各国普遍采用最高可行的标准”。(《国际海事组织公约》第1(a)条)TheOrganizationisalsoempoweredtodealwithadministrativeandlegalmattersrelatedtothesepurposes.该组织还负责处理与这些宗旨有关的行政和法律事宜。IMOcurrentlyhas170MemberStatesandthreeAssociateMembers.目前，IMO共有170个会员国和3个联系会员（中国香港、中国澳门和丹麦的法罗群岛）。1Albania199321Cambodia196141Dominica197961Guinea19752Algeria196322Cameroon196142DominicanRepublic195362Guinea-Bissau19773Angola197723Canada194843Ecuador195663Guyana19804AntiguaandBarbuda198624CapeVerde197644Egypt195864Haiti19535Argentina195325Chile197245ElSalvador198165Honduras19546Australia195226China197346EquatorialGuinea197266Hungary19707Austria197527Colombia197447Eritrea199367Iceland19608Azerbaijan199528Comoros200148Estonia199268India19599Bahamas197629Congo197549Ethiopia197569Indonesia196110Bahrain197630CookIslands200850Fiji198370Jordan197311Bangladesh197631CostaRica198151Finland195971Iraq197312Barbados197032Côted'Ivoire196052France195272Ireland195113Belgium195133Croatia199253Gabon197673Israel195214Belize199034Cuba196654Gambia197974Italy195715Benin198035Cyprus197355Georgia199375Jamaica197616Ghana195936CzechRepublic199356Germany195976Japan195817BosniaandHerzegovina199337DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea198657Bolivia(PlurinationalStateof)198777Iran(IslamicRepublicof)195818Brazil196338DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo*197358Greece195878Kazakhstan199419BruneiDarussalam198439Denmark195959Grenada199879Kenya197320Bulgaria196040Djibouti197960Guatemala198380Kiribati200381Kuwait1960105Netherlands1949129SanMarino2002153Tonga200082Latvia1993106NewZealand1960130Malaysia1971154TrinidadandTobago196583Lebanon1966107Nicaragua1982131SaudiArabia1969155SaintKittsandNevis200184Liberia1959108Nigeria1962132Senegal1960156Turkey195885Libya1970109Norway1958133Serbia2000157Turkmenistan199386Lithuania1995110Oman1974134Seychelles1978158Tuvalu200487Luxembourg1991111Pakistan1958

135SierraLeone1973159Uganda200988Madagascar1961112​Palau​2011136Singapore1966160Ukraine199489Malawi1989113Panama1958137Slovakia1993161UnitedArabEmirates198090SaoTomeandPrincipe1990114PapuaNewGuinea1976138Venezuela(BolivarianRepublicof)1975162UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland194991Maldives1967115Paraguay1993139SolomonIslands1988163UnitedRepublicofTanzania197492Malta1966116Peru1968140Somalia1978164UnitedStatesofAmerica195093MarshallIslands1998117Philippines1964141SouthAfrica1995165Uruguay196894Mauritania1961118Poland1960142Spain1962166Vanuatu198695Mauritius1978119Portugal1976143SriLanka1972167Slovenia199396Mexico1954120Qatar1977144Sudan1974168VietNam198497Monaco1989121RepublicofKorea1962145Suriname1976169Yemen197998RussianFederation1958122RepublicofMoldova2001146SaintVincentandtheGrenadines1981170TheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia199399Montenegro2006123Romania1965147Switzerland1955

AssociateMembers:100Morocco1962124Mongolia1996148SyrianArabRepublic19631Faroes2002101Mozambique1979125Sweden1959149Thailand19732HongKong,China1967102Myanmar1951126SaintLucia1980150Zimbabwe20053Macao,China1990103Namibia1994127Tunisia1963151Timor-Leste2005

104Nepal1979128Samoa1996152Togo1983

组织机构TheOrganizationconsistsofanAssembly,aCouncilandfivemainCommittees:theMaritimeSafetyCommittee;theMarineEnvironmentProtectionCommittee;theLegalCommittee;theTechnicalCo-operationCommitteeandtheFacilitationCommitteeandanumberofSub-Committeessupporttheworkofthemaintechnicalcommittees.国际海事组织设有大会和理事会，以及5个主要委员会：海上安全委员会、海上环境保护委员会、法律委员会、技术合作委员会、便利委员会，和主要技术委员会的一些分委会，还有一个秘书处。

isthehighestGoverningBodyoftheOrganization.ItconsistsofallMemberStatesanditmeetsonceeverytwoyearsinregularsessions,butmayalsomeetinanextraordinarysessionifnecessary.TheAssemblyisresponsibleforapprovingtheworkprogramme,votingthebudgetanddeterminingthefinancialarrangementsoftheOrganization.TheAssemblyalsoelectstheCouncil.大会(Assembly)是该组织的最高权力机构，由所有成员国组成，每两年召开一次，在必要时还可以召开特别会议。其任务是批准工作计划、审议财务预算和决定该组织的财务安排。大会还负责选举理事会。AssemblyiselectedbytheAssemblyfortwo-yeartermsbeginningaftereachregularsessionoftheAssembly.理事会由大会选举产生，每两年改选一次，于每届大会之后开始工作。TheCouncilistheExecutiveOrganofIMOandisresponsible,undertheAssembly,forsupervisingtheworkoftheOrganization.BetweensessionsoftheAssemblytheCouncilperformsallthefunctionsoftheAssembly,exceptthefunctionofmakingrecommendationstoGovernmentsonmaritimesafetyandpollutionpreventionwhichisreservedfortheAssemblybyArticle15(j)oftheConvention.理事会是IMO的执行机构，受大会领导向大会负责，负责监督该组织的工作。在两届大会之间，理事会履行大会的所有职能，除公约第15(j)条规定大会保留的向各国政府提出有关海上安全和防止污染的建议外。TheCouncilCouncilmembersforthe2012-2013biennium2012-2013届理事会成员Category(a):10Stateswiththelargestinterestinprovidinginternationalshippingservices:China,Greece,Italy,Japan,Norway,Panama,RepublicofKorea,RussianFederation,UnitedKingdom,UnitedStates.A类理事：包括10个在提供国际航运服务方面利害关系最大的国家：中国，希腊，意大利，日本，挪威，巴拿马，韩国，俄罗斯，英国，美国B类理事：另外10个在国际海运贸易方面利益最相关的国家：阿根廷，孟加拉国，巴西，加拿大，法国，德国，印度，荷兰，西班牙，瑞典。Category(b):10otherStateswiththelargestinterestininternationalseabornetrade:Argentina,Bangladesh,Brazil,Canada,France,Germany,India,Netherlands,Spain,Sweden.Category(c):20Statesnotelectedunder(a)or(b)abovewhichhavespecialinterestsinmaritimetransportornavigation,andwhoseelectiontotheCouncilwillensuretherepresentationofallmajorgeographicareasoftheworld:Australia,Bahamas,Belgium,Chile,Cyprus,Denmark,Egypt,Indonesia,Jamaica,Kenya,Liberia,Malaysia,Malta,Mexico,Morocco,Philippines,Singapore,SouthAfrica,Thailand,Turkey.C类理事：20个不是根据上述(a)或(b)选出的，在海上运输和航行方面有特殊利害关系的国家，选他们进入理事会是为了世界主要地理地区都有代表参加：澳大利亚，巴哈马，比利时，智利，塞浦路斯，丹麦，埃及，印度尼西亚，牙买加，肯尼亚，利比里亚，马来西亚，马耳他，墨西哥，摩洛哥，菲律宾，新加坡，南非，泰国，土耳其TheMSCisthehighesttechnicalbodyoftheOrganization.ItconsistsofallMemberStates.ThefunctionsoftheMaritimeSafetyCommitteeareto“consideranymatterwithinthescopeoftheOrganizationconcernedwithaidstonavigation,constructionandequipmentofvessels,manningfromasafetystandpoint,rulesforthepreventionofcollisions,handlingofdangerouscargoes,maritimesafetyproceduresandrequirements,hydrographicinformation,log-booksandnavigationalrecords,marinecasualtyinvestigations,salvageandrescueandanyothermattersdirectlyaffectingmaritimesafety”.MaritimeSafetyCommittee(MSC)海上安全委员会(MSC)是该组织的最高技术机构，由所有成员国组成。海安会的职能是“在国际海事组织的职权范围内研究有关助航设备、船舶的构造和设备、安全配员、避碰规则、危险货物操作、海上安全程序和要求、航道信息、航海日志和航行记录、海难事故调查、救捞和救助及其他直接影响海上安全的事宜”。TheMarineEnvironmentProtectionCommittee(MEPC)TheMEPC,whichconsistsofallMemberStates,isempoweredtoconsideranymatterwithinthescopeoftheOrganizationconcernedwithpreventionandcontrolofpollutionfromships.Inparticularitisconcernedwiththeadoptionandamendmentofconventionsandotherregulationsandmeasurestoensuretheirenforcement.海上环境保护委员会(MEPC)，由所有成员国组成，负责审议国际海事组织职权范围内有关防止和控制船舶造成污染的任何事宜，特别是有关公约和其他规则通过和修正，以及保证有效实施的措施。TheMEPCwasfirstestablishedasasubsidiarybodyoftheAssemblyandraisedtofullconstitutionalstatusin1985。海环会最初作为大会的附属机构而成立，1985年升级成为全能机构。TheMSCandMEPCareassistedintheirworkbyninesub-committeeswhicharealsoopentoallMemberStates.Theydealwiththefollowingsubjects:国际海事组织还有9个分委员会协助MSC和MEPC工作，它们向所有成员国开放，它们是：Sub-Committees•BulkLiquidsandGases(BLG)•CarriageofDangerousGoods,SolidCargoesandContainers(DSC)•FireProtection(FP)•Radio-communicationsandSearchandRescue(COMSAR)•SafetyofNavigation(NAV)•ShipDesignandEquipment(DE)•StabilityandLoadLinesandFishingVesselsSafety(SLF)•StandardsofTrainingandWatchkeeping(STW)•FlagStateImplementation(FSI)TheLegalCommitteeisempoweredtodealwithanylegalmatterswithinthescopeoftheOrganization.TheCommitteeconsistsofallMemberStatesofIMO.Itwasestablishedin1967asasubsidiarybodytodealwithlegalquestionswhicharoseintheaftermathoftheTorreyCanyondisaster.法律委员会(LegalCommittee)负责国际海事组织职权范围内的法律事宜，该委员会由IMO的全体会员组成。它成立于1967年，最初只是一个附属机构，用来处理托利·卡尼翁号海难事故后的法律问题。LegalCommitteeTheLegalCommitteeisalsoempoweredtoperformanydutieswithinitsscopewhichmaybeassignedbyorunderanyotherinternationalinstrumentandacceptedbytheOrganization.法律委员会还被授予在其职权范围内执行其它国际组织赋予的、国际海事组织应承担的职责。TheTechnicalCo-operationCommitteeisrequiredtoconsideranymatterwithinthescopeoftheOrganizationconcernedwiththeimplementationoftechnicalco-operationprojectsforwhichtheOrganizationactsastheexecutingorco-operatingagencyandanyothermattersrelatedtotheOrganization’sactivitiesinthetechnicalco-operationfield.技术合作委员会负责审议国际海事组织实施的、或与其他国际机构合作实施的技术合作项目，以及国际海事组织在技术合作领域的其他活动。TechnicalCo-operationCommitteeTheTechnicalCo-operationCommitteeconsistsofallMemberStatesofIMO,wasestablishedin1969asasubsidiarybodyoftheCouncil,andwasinstitutionalizedbymeansofanamendmenttotheIMOConventionwhichenteredintoforcein1984.TheFacilitationCommitteewasestablishedasasubsidiarybodyoftheCouncilinMay1972,andbecamefullyinstitutionalisedinDecember2008asaresultofanamendmenttotheIMOConvention.便利委员会在国际海事组织事物中负责消除国际航运中不必要的手续和繁文缛节，以全面执行1965国际便利海上运输公约，以及其他方便国际海运的事宜。FacilitationCommitteeItconsistsofalltheMemberStatesoftheOrganizationanddealswithIMO’sworkineliminatingunnecessaryformalitiesand“redtape”ininternationalshippingbyimplementingallaspectsoftheConventiononFacilitationofInternationalMaritimeTraffic1965andanymatterwithinthescopeoftheOrganizationconcernedwiththefacilitationofinternationalmaritimetraffic.TheSecretariatofIMOconsistsoftheSecretary-Generalandsome300internationalpersonnelbasedattheheadquartersoftheOrganizationinLondon.SecretariatTheSecretary-GeneraloftheOrganizationisMr.KojiSekimizuofJapanwhowasappointedtothepositionwitheffectfrom1January2012.Conventions（公约）

国际海事组织成立之前，国际社会已经缔结了一些国际航运条约，如《1948年国际海上人命安全公约》、《1954年国际防止海上油污染公约》以及涉及载重线和海上避碰的公约。

国际海事组织成立后，要不断更新完善这些公约使其适应海运的发展，同时还要制定新的公约。目前，IMO共负责30个已生效的公约（包括修正案和议定书），另有3个新的公约和若干个修正案还未生效。MostimportantIMOConventionsInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofLifeatSea(SOLAS),1974,asamended。（SOLASPROT(amended)1978，SOLASPROT(HSSC)1988）1974年国际海上人命安全公约。InternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips,1973,asmodifiedbytheProtocolof1978relatingtheretoandbytheProtocolof1997(MARPOL)1973年国际防止船舶污染公约。InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforSeafarers(STCW)asamended,includingthe1995and2010ManilaAmendments1978年海员培训、发证和值班标准国际公约Otherconventionsrelatingtomaritimesafetyandsecurityandship/portinterfaceConventionontheInternationalRegulationsforPreventingCollisionsatSea(COLREG),19721972年国际海上避碰规则公约。ConventiononFacilitationofInternationalMaritimeTraffic(FAL),19651965年国际便利海上运输公约InternationalConventiononLoadLines(LL),19661966年国际载重线公约。InternationalConventiononMaritimeSearchandRescue(SAR),19791979年国际海上搜寻救助公约ConventionfortheSuppressionofUnlawfulActsAgainsttheSafetyofMaritimeNavigation(SUA),1988,andProtocolfortheSuppressionofUnlawfulActsAgainsttheSafetyofFixedPlatformslocatedontheContinentalShelf(andthe2005Protocols)1988年制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约InternationalConventionforSafeContainers(CSC),19721972年国际集装箱安全公约ConventionontheInternationalMaritimeSatelliteOrganization(IMSOC),1976。1976年国际海事卫星组织公约TheTorremolinosInternationalConventionfortheSafetyofFishingVessels(SFV),1977。（SFVPROT1993）1977年国际捕鱼船安全Torremolinos公约InternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforFishingVesselPersonnel(STCW-F),19951995年捕鱼船职员培训、发证和值班标准国际公约InternationalConventionRelatingtoInterventionontheHighSeasinCasesofOilPollutionCasualties(INTERVENTION),19691969年国际干预公海油污事件公约SpecialTradePassengerShipsAgreement(STP),1971andProtocolonSpaceRequirementsforSpecialTradePassengerShips,19731971年特种业务客船协定，1973年特种业务客船舱室要求议定书OtherconventionsrelatingtopreventionofmarinepollutionConventiononthePreventionofMarinePollutionbyDumpingofWastesandOtherMatter(LC),1972(andthe1996LondonProtocol)1972年防止倾倒废料及其他物质污染海洋公约InternationalConventionontheControlofHarmfulAnti-foulingSystemsonShips(AFS),20012001年控制船舶有害防污底系统国际公约InternationalConventiononOilPollutionPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operation(OPRC),19901990年国际油污染防备、反应和合作公约ProtocolonPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operationtopollutionIncidentsbyHazardousandNoxiousSubstances,2000(OPRC-HNSProtocol)2000年有毒有害物质污染事件的防备、反应和合作议定书InternationalConventionfortheControlandManagementofShips'BallastWaterandSediments,20042004年国际船舶压载水和沉积物控制和管理公约TheHongKongInternationalConventionfortheSafeandEnvironmentallySoundRecyclingofShips,20092009年香港国际安全与无害环境拆船公约ConventionscoveringliabilityandcompensationInternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforOilPollutionDamage(CLC),1969。1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约1992ProtocoltotheInternationalConventionontheEstablishmentofanInternationalFundforCompensationforOilPollutionDamage(FUND1992)。1971年设立油污损害赔偿基金国际公约的1992年议定书ConventionrelatingtoCivilLiabilityintheFieldofMaritimeCarriageofNuclearMaterial(NUCLEAR),19711971年海上核材料运输民事责任公约InternationalConventiononLiabilityandCompensationforDamageinConnectionwiththeCarriageofHazardousandNoxiousSubstancesbySea(HNS),1996(andits2010Protocol)1996年国际海上运输有毒有害物质损害责任和赔偿公约AthensConventionrelatingtotheCarriageofPassengersandtheirLuggagebySea(PAL),19741974年海运旅客及其行李运输雅典公约ConventiononLimitationofLiabilityforMaritimeClaims(LLMC),19761976年海事索赔责任限制公约InternationalConventiononCivilLiabilityforBunkerOilPollutionDamage,20012001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约NairobiInternationalConventionontheRemovalofWrecks,20072007年内罗毕国际船舶残骸清除公约OthersubjectsInternationalConventiononTonnageMeasurementofShips(TONNAGE),19691969年国际船舶吨位丈量公约InternationalConventiononSalvage(SALVAGE),19891989年国际救助公约Adoptingaconvention（公约的通过）ThisisthepartoftheprocesswithwhichIMOasanOrganizationismostcloselyinvolved.IMOhassixmainbodiesconcernedwiththeadoptionorimplementationofconventions.TheAssemblyandCouncilarethemainorgans,andthecommitteesinvolvedaretheMaritimeSafetyCommittee,

MarineEnvironmentProtectionCommittee,LegalCommitteeandtheFacilitationCommittee.DevelopmentsinshippingandotherrelatedindustriesarediscussedbyMemberStatesinthesebodies,andtheneedforanewconventionoramendmentstoexistingconventionscanberaisedinanyofthem.通过公约是国际海事组织工作程序的一个重要组成部分。IMO有6个机构负责公约的通过和执行。大会和理事会是主要的机构，相关的委员会有海安会、海环会、法律委员会和便利委员会。成员国可以在这六个机构中讨论航运及相关产业的事项，在其中任一机构中提出制定新公约或修正现有的公约Entryintoforce（公约的生效）Theadoptionofaconventionmarkstheconclusionofonlythefirststageofalongprocess.

Beforetheconventioncomesintoforce-thatis,beforeitbecomesbindinguponGovernmentswhichhaveratifiedit-ithastobeacceptedformallybyindividualGovernments.各国政府可以通过签署、批准、接受、核准和加入等方式来表示同意受到某一项公约的约束。Signature,ratification,acceptance,approvalandaccessionThetermssignature,ratification,acceptance,approvalandaccessionrefertosomeofthemethodsbywhichaStatecanexpressitsconsenttobeboundbyatreaty.公约的通过只表示了这个漫长过程第一阶段的结束，在公约生效前，也就是对签署国政府产生约束力之前，他必须被某一个国家政府正式接受Consentmaybeexpressedbysignaturewhere:•thetreatyprovidesthatsignatureshallhavethateffect;•itisotherwiseestablishedthatthenegotiatingStateswereagreedthatsignatureshouldhavethateffect;•theintentionoftheStatetogivethateffecttosignatureappearsfromthefullpowersofitsrepresentativesorwasexpressedduringthenegotiations(ViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties,1969,Article12.1).Signature条约本身规定签署具备此种效力；以其它方式确定谈判国同意签署具有此种效力；该国在其与会代表的全权证书上明确签署具有此种效力，或在谈判过程中表示签署具有此种效力。（1969年维也纳条约公约第12.1条。）AStatemayalsosignatreaty"subjecttoratification,acceptanceorapproval".Insuchasituation,signaturedoesnotsignifytheconsentofaStatetobeboundbythetreaty,althoughitdoesobligetheStatetorefrainfromactswhichwoulddefeattheobjectandpurposeofthetreatyuntilsuchtimeasithasmadeitsintentionclearnottobecomeapartytothetreaty(ViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties,Article18(a)).一个国家还可以签署某项条约，但“待批准、接受和核准”，这种签署并不表示该国同意受到这项条约的约束，尽管签署确使该国在明确表示不愿受到公约约束之前有义务不采取与公约的目标和宗旨相违背的行为（1969年维也纳条约法公约第18（a）条）MostmultilateraltreatiescontainaclauseprovidingthataStatemayexpressitsconsenttobeboundbytheinstrumentbysignaturesubjecttoratification.Signaturesubjecttoratification,acceptanceorapproval多数多边条约都规定，一国政府可以先签署，待批准后受条约的约束。Insuchasituation,signaturealonewillnotsufficetobindtheState,butmustbefollowedupbythedepositofaninstrumentofratificationwiththedepositaryofthetreaty.这种情况下，仅仅签署还不足以约束该国政府，只有在向条约保管人交存了一份批准文件后才表示该国同意受此条约的约束。Mostmultinationaltreatiesareopenforsignatureforaspecifiedperiodoftime.AccessionisthemethodusedbyaStatetobecomeapartytoatreatywhichitdidnotsignwhilstthetreatywasopenforsignature.accession多数多边条约在一定时间内是开放供签署的。如果一个国家在条约开放签署期内未签署该条约，他可以通过加入的方式成为条约的当事国。Technically,accessionrequirestheStateinquestiontodepositaninstrumentofaccessionwiththedepositary.技术上，加入某一条约需要向条约保管人交存一份加入文件。Amendment（公约的修正）Technologyandtechniquesintheshippingindustrychangeveryrapidlythesedays.Asaresult,notonlyarenewconventionsrequiredbutexistingonesneedtobekeptuptodate.早期的公约，修正案一般要求三分之二的缔约国接受后才能生效。Inearlyconventions,amendmentscameintoforceonlyafterapercentageofContractingStates,usuallytwothirds,hadacceptedthem.近年来，航运业的技术进步十分迅速，这不仅需要制定新的公约，还需要对现有的公约进行更新。这就意味着修正案的生效条件比最初公约的生效条件还要严格，特别是当一项条约的缔约国数量比较大时，修正案的生效就更困难。Thisnormallymeantthatmoreacceptanceswererequiredtoamendaconventionthanwereoriginallyrequiredtobringitintoforceinthefirstplace,especiallywherethenumberofStateswhicharePartiestoaconventionisverylarge.Toremedythesituationanewprocedureof"tacitacceptance"ofamendmentsbyStateswasdevisedinIMO.为了改变这一状况，IMO采用了一种新的“默认接受”修正案程序。“默认接受”程序规定，在一定的时间内，如果没有一定数量的缔约国提出反对意见，则视修正案已被接受。The“tacitacceptance”procedureprovidesthatanamendmentshallenterintoforceataparticulartimeunlessbeforethatdate,objectionstotheamendmentarereceivedfromaspecifiednumberofParties.Aswasexpectedthe"tacitacceptance"procedurehasgreatlyspeededuptheamendmentprocess.

Amendmentsenterintoforce

within

18to24months,generallyComparedtothis,noneoftheamendmentsadoptedtothe1960SOLASConventionbetween1966&1973receivedsufficientacceptancestosatisfytherequirementsforentryintoforce.“默认接受”程序大大加快了修正公约的速度，修正案的生效一般不超过18到24个月，相比之下，1966年到1973年间对1960版SOLAS的修正均因未得到足够数量的接受而未能生效。Enforcement

（公约的执行）TheenforcementofIMOconventionsdependsupontheGovernmentsofMemberParties.缔约国政府将IMO公约的条款应用于本国船舶，并制定有关的规定对违反公约的行为进行处罚ContractingGovernmentsenforcetheprovisi