园林树木学 被子植物门8

忍冬科CaprifoliaceaeTheyaremostlyshrubsandvines,rarelyherbs,includingsomeornamentalgardenplantsintemperateregions.Theleavesaremostlyoppositewithnostipules(=appendageatthebaseofaleafstalkorpetiole),andmaybeeitherevergreenordeciduous.Theflowersaretubularfunnel-shapedorbell-like,usuallywithfive

outwardspreadinglobesorpoints,andareoftenfragrant.Theyusuallyformasmallcalyxwithsmallbracts.Thefruitisinmostcasesaberryoradrupe.Thegenera,DiervillaandWeigela,havecapsularfruit.忍冬科Caprifoliaceae很多种类都是好的园林树种。灌木单叶，很少羽状复叶，对生花两性，聚伞花序或再组成其他花序，也有多数簇生或单生，花冠管状或轮状5-4裂，有时二唇形，雄蕊与花冠裂片同数且与裂片互生浆果，核果或蒴果约18属500余种，中国12属，约300余种Deciduousshrubs;Theleavesareovate-oblongwithanacuminatetip,andwithaserratedmargin.Theflowersare2-4cmlong,withafive-lobedwhite,pink,orred(rarelyyellow)corolla,producedinsmallcorymbsofseveraltogetherinearlysummer.Thefruitisadrycapsulecontainingnumeroussmallwingedseeds.锦带花属Weigela锦带花属Weigela

落叶乔木，髓心坚实，单叶对生，花较大，排腋生或顶生聚伞花序，也有蔟生，单生，花冠白色，粉红色，深红色，紫红色，管状钟形或漏斗形，两侧对称，蒴果长椭圆形，有喙，开裂为二果瓣，种子有翅。约12种，产亚洲东部，中国6种，产中部，东南部，东北部。锦带花Weigelaflorida

花萼裂片披针形，中部以下连合，柱头2裂，种子无翅，叶子5-10cm，分布华北，东北及华东北部。变种：白色锦带花：花近白；四季锦带花：生长期开花不断。习性：喜光，耐寒，怕涝，对土壤要求不严，对氯化氢抗性强，也是华北地区春季主要灌木，可在树丛，林缘做花篱，花丛配植，点缀假山，坡地。Weigelaflorida'Variegata'

Weigela-Wine&RosesWeigelaflorida'Rumba'

Weigelaflorida'Tango'

Weigelaflorida'RedPrince'

Weigela'MidnightWine'

Weigelaf.'Minuet'

海仙花Weigelacoraeensis花萼线形，裂达基部，柱头头状，种子有翅，叶8-12cm，花变色，初时红色，黄白色，或淡玫瑰色，后变深红色。

分布华东，朝鲜，日本。猬实属Kolkwitzia

仅一种，中国特产。猬实Kolkwitziaamabilis

Theplantisanarching,spreadingshrub,withbrownflakybarkandgracefulhangingbranches.Itisusuallyaswideasitistall.Theplantbloomsinlatespring.Itspinkflowersareaboutone-inchlongandbell-shaped,growinginshowy,numerousclusters.Itsleavesareopposite,simple,andovate,entireorwithafewsparseshallowteeth.Itsfruitisahairy,ovoidcapsule.猬实属Kolkwitzia

猬实Kolkwitziaamabilis

落叶灌木，干皮薄片状剥裂，叶卵形至卵状椭圆形，长3-7cm，伞房状聚伞形花序生侧枝顶端，花序中小花具2花，2花的萼臀下部合生，花粉红色至紫色，裂片5片，雄蕊4，2长2短。果实2个合生（1个不发育），外面有刺，刚毛，果实形状像刺猬，故叫猬实。忍冬属LoniceraHoneysuckles

arearchingshrubsortwiningvines.Theleavesareopposite,simpleoval;mostaredeciduousbutsomeareevergreen.Manyofthespecieshavesweetly-scented,bell-shapedflowersthatproduceasweet,ediblenectar.BreakingoftheHoneysuckle'sstemwillreleasethispowerfulsweetodor.Thefruitisared,blueorblackberrycontainingseveralseeds;inmostspeciestheberriesaremildlypoisonous,butafew(notablyLoniceracaerulea)haveedibleberries.忍冬属Lonicera落叶，很少半常绿，或常绿灌木，有直立的或右方攀缘；单叶对生；花成对腋生，花冠管状，唇形或近5等裂。雄蕊5；浆果肉质。约200种，中国140种，以西南最多金银花Lonicerajaponica半常绿缠绕藤本，苞片叶状卵形，花初开白色，后转黄色，芳香，浆果黑色，花期5-11月。金银木Loniceramaackii落叶灌木，枝中空，花先白后黄，芬芳，花冠筒2-3倍于唇瓣，浆果红色，合生，花期5月，果熟9月。分布很广，西北都有。新疆忍冬L.tatarica

耐寒，花粉红色，或白色，5月，果红色，9月果成熟。郁金忍冬L.fragrantissima花粉红色或白色，先叶开放3-4月，浆红色，5-6月成熟，观花观果早。盘叶忍冬L.tragophylla落叶藤木，花序下一对叶基部合生，花黄色，橙黄色，浆果红色，中国西部有分布。园林中很好的观赏藤木，棚架绿化。盘叶忍冬Loniceratragophylla

京红久忍冬Lonicera×heckrottii

接骨木属SambucusShrubsorsmalltrees(twospeciesherbaceous)Theleavesareopposite,pinnate,with5-9leaflets(rarely3or11),eachleaf5-30cmlong,theleafletswithaserratedmargin.Theybearlargeclustersofsmallwhiteorcreamcolouredflowers

inthelatespring,thatarefollowedbyclustersofsmallred,bluishorblack(rarelyyelloworwhite)berries.Specieshavelifespansbetween80and100years.接骨木属Sambucus落叶灌木或小乔木，奇数羽状复叶对生，花小，辐射对称。果为浆果状核果。接骨木Sambucaswilliamsii花序圆锥状伞花序顶生，花白色或淡兰色，果黑紫色或红色。枝叶繁茂，春季白花满树，夏秋红果累累，是良好的观赏灌木，枝叶入药，接骨。西洋接骨木荚蒾属ViburnumDeciduousandevergreenshrubsor(inafewspecies)smalltrees.

Theleavesareopposite,simple,andentire,toothedorlobed.Somespeciesaredenselyhairyontheshootsandleaves,withstar-shapedhairs.Theflowersareproducedincorymbs5-15cmacross,eachflowerwhitetocreamorpinkwithfivepetals,stronglyfragrantinsomespecies.Thegynoeciumhas3connatecarpelswiththenectaryontopofthegynoecium.Somealsohaveafringeoflarge,showysterileflowersroundtheperimeterofthecorymbtoactasapollinatortarget.Thefruitisaspherical,ovalorsomewhatflatteneddrupe,redtopurple,blue,orblack,andcontainingasingleseed;Someareedibleforhumans(thoughmanyothersaremildlypoisonoustopeople).荚蒾属Viburnum落叶或常绿灌木，少有小乔木；单叶对生；花小，全发育花或花序伞形聚伞花序，花萼5，短。花冠白色或淡红色，雄蕊5；浆果状核果，有些鲜红，有些黑色。大花荚蒾蝴蝶荚蒾珊瑚树

天目琼花五个属区别

1.开裂蒴果———————————————————————锦带花属1.浆果或核果2.具1种子的瘦果状核果，果两个合生（有时一个不发育），外面密生刺刚毛——————————————————猬实属2.浆果或浆果状核果3.浆果，花成对着生于叶腋或轮生枝顶，花冠二唇————忍冬属3.浆果状核果：伞状或圆锥状聚伞花序，花冠轮生不认识对称4.叶奇数羽状复叶————————————————接骨木属4.叶为单叶———————————————————荚蒾属禾本科Cramineae

竹亚科Bambusoideae常绿木本，乔，灌或藤本。地下茎叫竹鞭，竹鞭的节间近于实心，地下茎有“单轴散生”“合轴生”“复轴混生”三种类型。单轴型：竹鞭细长，能在土中横向延伸较长距离，在节上长笋发育成禾干，在地上部分形成一广大面积的疏生竹林。禾本科Cramineae

合轴型：地下茎粗厚缩短，节密根多，不能在土中做长距离蔓延生长。顶芽抽笋长成的新竹靠近老秆，地上部分形成丛生密集丛生的竹丛。复轴型：具有前两者的特点，既有横走的竹鞭，又有缩短成堆的地下茎。地下茎节上有芽，芽长大成笋。笋出土长成茎称为一个秆。秆节明显。节间中空，节下一环即箨环。节上一环为秆环。二环之间节伪，其上生芽，萌发为枝。按分枝情况，可分为一枝型，二枝型及多枝型。竹秆所生的叶子为杆箨，宿存或脱落性，不认识部分箨鞘，上端似叶部分为箨叶，箨舌，两侧生有箨耳。叶有叶鞘，叶耳，叶舌。雄蕊3或6枚，果实常为颖果。

刚竹属Phyllostachys

Phyllostachysisagenusofbamboo.Thestemorculmhasaprominentgroove,calledasulcus,thatrunsalongthelengthofeachsegment(orinternode).Becauseofthisitisoneofthemosteasilyidentifiablegeneraofbamboo.Thereareapproximately75speciesand200varietiesandcultivarsofPhyllostachys.Thelargestgrowtobeabout100feet(30m)tallinoptimumconditions.Someofthelargerspecies,sometimesknownas"timberbamboo",areusedasconstructiontimberandformakingfurniture.Someofthesmallerspeciescanbegrownasbonsai.刚竹属Phyllostachys乔木或灌木状，地下茎单轴散生，秆原筒形，节间分枝侧有纵沟或扁平。每节常二分枝。春交出笋，多数竹笋可食用。毛竹Phyllostachyspubescens

刚竹P.viridis早园竹P.propinqua罗汉竹P.aurea节间下不规则宿短或畸形肿胀紫竹P.nigra

老秆全部或部分紫黑色黄槽竹P.aureosalcata秆绿,不认识黄色毛竹毛竹

紫竹

金镶玉竹

方竹属ChimonobambusaShootfallandwinter,andaredifficulttopropagate.Manybranchespernode.Thinculmsheathsfallawaywithinayear.地下茎复轴型，秆圆形或微呈四方形，在分枝一侧常扁平或具沟槽，基部数节各有一圈瘤状气根，每节三分枝。方竹Chimonobambusoquadrangularis我国特产。

3.籁竹属BambusaBambusaisalargegenus(about37species)ofclumpingbamboos.Thesespeciesareusuallygiantones,withnumerousbranchesatanodeandoneortwomuchlargerthantherest.

Bambusaoldhamii

3.籁竹属Bambusa乔木或灌木状，地下茎合轴型，秆丛生，每节有枝条多数，有时不发育的枝常化成刺。佛肚竹（佛竹、密节竹）B.ventricosa

秆两种：正常秆，节间长，圆筒形畸形秆，短而粗，节间短，下部分节间膨大呈瓶状。广东特产。孝顺竹

Bambusamultiplex

黄金间碧竹（青丝金竹）B.vulgaris

秆鲜黄色，有绿色纵条纹。

方竹

佛肚竹箬竹属IndocalamusShrubsorsmallshrubs1to4brancheswithlargebroadleavesgrowononenode.Branchesaresimilarwithculms.

灌木型或小灌木型，地下茎复轴形，秆散生或丛生，每节有1-4分枝，通常与主秆同粗，叶宽大。箬竹属Indocalamus阔叶箬竹

Indocalamuslatifolius常作地被，栽植观赏，也可河边护岸。竹子对温度，水分要求很高，温度低-14度，不能生长，竹笋需要很长时间才能长出来，2个月，在出笋前需大量水(雨后春笋)才能长出来。所以北方许多地方种不成，不是水，就是温度。丛生竹喜温暖湿润气候，散生竹耐寒性强一些。花镜中对竹描写，虚心，密节。性体刚强，值霜日而不凋，历四时而常茂，颇无妖艳。雅俗共赏。经常与松、梅共植。称为“岁寒三友”。竹林形成竹径通幽的效果。需要有高度，与路宽比较，有厚度，有深度。

建筑物也可种植高大竹子，院子内种植观赏价值高的竹子。建筑，角隅，竹，山石配。室内天井，屋顶花园也可用。松下石重，梅下石秀，竹下石瘦，专类园，竹类公园（楼观台）。室内盆栽，编织，7000年以前就开始编织，历史悠久。精密仪器厂可种植，无污染。Indocalamushamadae

Indocalamuslatifolius

Indocalamustessellatus

棕榈科PalmaceaePalmsarewoodymonocotsnativetothetropics.

Therearemanypalmswhichmakegoodindoorplants.

Manygetlargequicklyandrequirefrequentrepottingbutothersgrowmoreslowly.

Somehavesingletrunksandothershavemultipletrunks.

Palmatelyandpinnatelycompoundleavesarebothcommon.

Sincemostpalmtreesgrowintheshadeoftropicalforestsuntiltheygettallenoughtoreachthedirectraysofthesun,theytoleraterelativelylowindoorlightformanyyears.棕榈科Palmaceae

Manypalmsbecomelargewithageandoutgrowtheirlocationbutmakeattractive,manageablehouseplantsforseveralyears.

Ediblepalmsproducecoconut,datesandpalmoilandtheyhavenumeroususesinandaroundthehomeandmarketinthetropics.

Baskets,bags,hatsareexamplesofproductswovenfromtheleaves.

棕榈科Palmaceae常绿乔木或灌木，茎单生或丛生，直立，也有攀缘，实心。叶常聚生茎端，羽状裂或掌状分裂大型花小，辐射对称，组成圆锥状，肉穗花序或肉穗花序萼片，花瓣各为3瓣，雄蕊6枚，罕3枚。浆果，核果或坚果。约210余属，2500种左右，有些种还未充分了解。棕竹属Rhapis

ThespeciesarecommonlyknownasLadyPalms.Theyarefanpalms(Corypheaetribe),withtheleaveswithabarepetioleterminatinginaroundedfanofnumerousleaflets.Theplantshavethinstemsgrowingto3-4mtall,branchingatthebase,formingclumpsandaredioecious,withmaleandfemaleflowersproducedonseparateplants.丛生灌木，茎直立，干细如指，叶掌状分裂。小叶棕竹棕竹蒲葵属LivistonaTheyarefanpalmstrees,theleaveswithanarmedpetioleterminatinginarounded,costapalmatefanofnumerousleaflets.乔木或大乔木。茎直立，叶近圆形，扇状折叠，掌状分裂至叶片中部附近，先端2裂下垂。蒲葵Livistonachinensis叶浅裂，嫩叶做扇子，最北能够分布到湖南南部，上海种植需小气候维护。棕榈属TrachycarpusTheyarefanpalms(ArecaceaetribeCorypheae),withtheleaveswithabarepetioleterminatinginaroundedfanofnumerousleaflets.Theleafbasesproducepersistentfibersthatoftengivethetrunkacharacteristichairyappearance.Allspeciesaredioecious,withmaleandfemaleflowersproducedonseparateplantsalthoughfemaleplantswillsometimesproducemaleflowers,allowingoccasionalself-pollination棕榈属Trachycarpus乔木或灌木，茎干直立，多单生而不分枝，单叶丛生于端，掌状深裂，顶端2浅裂，肉穗花序粗大而分枝。雌雄异株。本属最耐寒，分布于棕榈科区域最北境界。棕榈Trachycarpusfortunei最耐寒，耐阴，抗污染性强。左上椰子右王棕散尾葵

刺葵挺拔秀丽，一派南国风光，适应性强，能抗多种有毒气体，棕皮用途广泛。棕榈科树种用途：表现热带，亚热带风光，可做行道树，庭院树，筒栽，盆栽。行道树：王棕（大王爷子）鱼尾葵蒲葵棕榈椰子油棕孤立木：王棕多蒲葵油棕林植：蒲葵油棕棕榈槟榔水边：蒲葵动势椰子棕榈山石：桄榔鱼尾葵软野刺葵建筑：两窗之间，高一些的，假槟榔，蒲葵，棕榈角隅：散尾葵盆景：棕竹室内装饰：软叶刺葵散尾葵专类园：棕榈科植物温室百合科Liliaceae

ManyplantsintheLiliaceaeareimportantornamentalplants,widelygrownfortheirattractiveflowers.Manyplantsinthefamilyarepoisonousifeaten.Afloralpatternsaidtobebasedonalilyorlily-likeflowerisusedinheraldry;seeFleur-de-lis.百合科Liliaceae

Th