选词与句式变换(硕士版)

英语写作

选词与句式变换选词Informal---formalGood=?Bad=?Very=?Important=?Always=?Know=?So=?Want=?Think=?Many=?Good=helpful,useful,beneficial,favorable,advantageous,positive,favorable,rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,superiorGoodpoints=benefits,advantages,merits.Bad=dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse,ill(有害的)Problems,badpoints=drawbacks,disadvantages,shortcomings,defectsVery=extremely,intheextreme,intensely,immensely,exceedingly，remarkablyImportant=crucial,significant,vital,indispensableAlways=invariablyKnow=beawareof,befamiliarwithSo=therefore,consequently,asaconsequence,asaresult,leadto,contributeto,attributeto,accordingly

Want=intendto,tendto,beinclinedto,desireThink=consider,believe,holdtheview/opinion/beliefthat,claim,insist,taketheattitudethat,

itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat,argueMany=agreatdealof,amajorityof,mostof,avast/increasingnumberof,aseaof,amultitudeof

Cause=giveriseto,leadto,resultin,triggerPeople=individuals,characters,folksThing=affair,business,matterInmyopinion=formypart,frommyownperspectiveRemember=bearinmindthatAspect=facet,dimension,sphereGet=acquire,gain,obtainDonot=failto,omittogeneral---specificstudents---sophomores/freshmen/juniors/seniorsGo---run/rush/hike/makeone’swaySmile---giggle/grin/chuckleSad-depressed/sorrowful/anxious/regretfulHappy---pleased/joyful/delightfulword---phraseConsider---takeintoaccountGo---makeone’swayAngry---loseone’stemperLaughat---makefunofRemember---keepinmind,learn…byheartRealize---cometrueUseful---ofmuchuseLearn---haveagoodcommandofShould---besupposedtov…Come---isaroundthecornerHappy---beinagoodmoodSad---beinlowspiritsEmphasize---laymuchemphasison…Respect---lookuptoThings---what……common---idiomLikeeverything---loveme,lovemydog.Everythinghastwosides.---Everycoinhastwosides.Everywayisright.----AllRoadsleadtoRome.促进/提高/增强/改善giveaboostto/enhance/motivate/better/promote角色Playanimportant(active,major,central,crucial,essential,integral,prominent,vital)role—Playabigpart---Takealeadingpart---在当代Incontemporarysociety,inpresent-daysociety,inthisdayandage;解决:Solve,dealwith,copewith,handle,resolve,address,tackle—(economiccrisis,deterioratedenvironment,shortagesofwater,unemployment,trafficjams….)培养：：Develop,cultivate,foster,culture—(education—cultivatethespiritofindependence）常用表达认为：maintain,assert,,hold,argue,beconvinced,befirmlyconvinced,消除：Eliminate,clear,remove,clearup,Alleviate—ease;减轻,缓解(就业压力,新能源缓解资源紧张;经济增长方式转变缓解发展压力---Anumberofmeasuresweretakentoalleviatetheproblem.)Worsen—deteriorate;aggravate(环境恶化)适应的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodate(使适应)oneselftonewenvironment/change;接触各种思想/经历：beexposedtonewideas/experiences/problemsMake…possible—电脑的使用促使人们在家上班:Theuseofcomputersandotherhigh-techofficeequipmenthasmadeitpossibleformorepeopletoworkfromhome.Enable,encourage,entitle谈中国的老年人如何受到社会的尊重—适用于个人/社会类话题InChina,respectforseniorcitizensisshowninthefactthattheyareentitledtomanypublicservicesfreeofcharge.Stop,keep,prevent,prohibit太多的学业压力对学生的负面影响—Toomuchacademicpressuredeprivesyoungstudentsoftheopportunitytotakepartinanyextracurricularactivitiesandpreventthemfromenjoyingtheirschoolyears.(hinder---obstruct—hedge)Obviously,thepictureshowsthatacultureofonenationmaybecomeinternational,whichisbeneficialtoallthehumanbeings.show:indicate,reveal,suggest,proveAsthenumbershows,nearly200billiondollarsarelostintobaccoeveryyear.number:figure,statistics避免be形式表达，尽可能选择表示强有力的行为动词，写出生动，简洁，有力，耐读和连贯的文章。Thereisabeautifulparknearmyhouse.ThenameoftheparkisTian-TanPark,whichwasbuiltseveralhundredyearsago.ItisthebiggestparkinBeijing.TheTian-Tanparkisfamousnotonlyforitsbeautybutitsquietnessaswell.NearmyhousestandsTian-Tan,thebiggestparkinBeijing,builtseveralhundredyearsagoandfamousnowfornotonlyitsbeautybutalsoitsquietness.Ecologicalimbalancesisthebiggestthreattothesurvivalofwildanimalsandplants.Ecologicalimbalancesthreatenthesurvivalofwildanimalsandplants,evenhumanbeings.TheInternetmakesmelearnEnglishmoreconveniently.TheInternetfacilitatedmyEnglishstudy.避免一味用Thereis开头

Therearemoreandmorepeoplewhorealizetherelationbetweenexaminationandteachingmethods.Therelationbetweentheexaminationandteachingmethodsisincreasinglyrecognized.避免一味用People,I,We开头

Wewillalwaysrememberthesmileonherface.Thesmileonherfacewillbefirmlyrootedinourminds.Wecertainlyshouldoffergoodservice.Goodserviceiscertainlyrequired.It---句型的广泛使用Itmustbepointedoutthat...必须指出……

Itmustbeadmittedthat...必须承认……

Itisimaginedthat...人们认为……

Itcannotbedeniedthat...不可否认……

Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...由此可知……

Itshouldberealizedthat...必须认识到……

Itis(always)stressedthat...人们(总是)强调……

Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat...可以毫不夸张地说……短句变长句

受汉语思维习惯影响，很多考生往往会直接将脑子里的意思译成英语，而忽略句与句之间的联系，导致写出来的句子无法体现英语作为“形合语言”的特点。因此，在平时写作时，考生要注意前后句子之间是否存在联系，善于发现各个简单句之间的关联，用恰当的连接词将简单句连接起来，组成准确地道的复杂长句，增加文章的气势。【原文】Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolwork.Theyarealsoencouragedbytheirpeers.Undersuchcircumstances,theyresorttosmoking.Butsometimestheyfeelalittleguilty.【优化】

Pressuredbyschoolworkandencouragedbytheirpeers,teenagersoftenresorttosmoking,thoughtheyfeelalittleguiltysometimes.

长句变短句长句固然能表达出复杂而缜密的思想，但如果片面追求复杂句子，反而会显得华而不实，成为表达的累赘。写作中句子的长短应根据表达的需要而定。短句不仅指句子长度较短，也指句子内部结构精炼，简洁是写作的一个重要原则，用词累赘则是写作的大忌。①Withthedeepeningofreformandopeningupofourcountry,studyingoverseasisbecominganincreasinglypopularoption.②Peoplewhochoosetofurthertheirstudiesabroadinsistthatiftheygotostudyoverseastheycangetmanybenefitsindifferentways.③First,whentheyliveinaforeigncountry,theycanimprovetheirforeignlanguageskills.④Second,iftheycompletepartoralloftheireducationoverseas,theycangainabroaderordifferentperspectiveontheirfieldofstudy.⑤Third,theycanexperienceadifferentculturefirst-hand.

【提示】将②中的宾语从句改为简单句，将其中的条件状语从句改为主语。将③中的时间状语从句改为现在分词短语。将④中的条件状语从句改为主语，该句变为简单句。【优化】Withthedeepeningofreformandopeningupofourcountry,studyingoverseasisbecominganincreasinglypopularoption.Peoplewhochoosetofurthertheirstudiesabroadinsistthatoverseasstudycanbenefitthemindifferentways.First,livinginaforeigncountry,theycanimprovetheirforeignlanguagesskills.Second,completingpartoralloftheireducationoverseashelpsthemgainabroaderordifferentperspectiveontheirfieldofstudy.Third,theycanexperienceadifferentculturefirst-hand.

①However,therearestillmanypeoplewhofavorstudyingathome.②Theyarguethat,studyingabroadistooexpensiveandthereforedoesnotpayoffandhavenolanguageandculturalbarriers.【提示】将②改成两句，分别陈述两个理由。【优化】However,therearestillmanypeoplewhofavorstudyingathome.Theyarguethat,studyingabroadistooexpensiveandthereforedoesnotpayoff.What’smore,therearenolanguageandculturalbarrierswhenstudyinginourcountry.

主动句和被动句变换

与汉语相比，英语更注重动作本身，而不是动作的执行者，因此在英语中被动语态的使用相对多一些，但这并不表明要一味地追求被动语态的使用。主动变被动不需要体现动作的执行者【原文】 Weshouldpaymoreattentiontotheelderlywhohaddevotedtheiryouthandenergytoourcountry.

【优化】

Moreattentionshouldbepaidtotheelderlywhohaddevotedtheiryouthandenergytoourcountry.

请将划线部分进行改写，使其更符合表达需要1.Weknowthatsmokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.2.Weshouldadvisepeopletoprotecttheirowninterestsandnottobeledastraybyfalseadvertisements3.Nowadays,publicplacesandadvertisementsofanykindforbidsmoking.4.Thoseinfavorofuniversitymarriagearguethatweshouldgivecollegestudentstherighttogetmarriedsincetheyareadults.1.Itisalmostknownthatsmokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.2.Peopleshouldbeadvisedtoprotecttheirowninterestsandnottobeledastraybyfalseadvertisements.3.Nowadays,smokingisforbiddeninpublicplacesandadvertisementsofanykind.4.Thoseinfavorofuniversitymarriagearguethatcollegestudentsshouldbegiventherighttogetmarriedsincetheyareadults.

非谓语和从句变换

非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。【原文】 WhenIlookintothefuture,IwilltrymybesttoservemyfellowstudentsifIamluckyenoughtobePresidentoftheStudentUnion.【优化】

Lookingintothefuture,IwilltrymybesttoservemyfellowstudentsifIamluckyenoughtobePresidentoftheStudentUnion.

请将划线的部分改为非谓语动词形式。1.Itmustberealizedthatpeopleshouldbecautiouswhentheydecidewhichbookstheyshouldchoosetoreadsinceiftheyreadbadbooks,itwillbetime-wastingandharmful.2.Becauseoneofmyparentsislaidoff,myfamilycan’tpossiblyaffordallmyexpensesatcollege.3.Thelawcanpunishthosewhoproduceorsellfakecommodities.

1.Itmustberealizedthatpeopleshouldbecautiouswhendecidingwhichbookstoreadsincereadingbadbooksistime-wastingandharmful.2.Withoneofmyparentsbeinglaidoff,myfamilycan’tpossiblyaffordallmyexpensesatcollege.3.Thelawcanpunishthoseproducingorsellingfakecommodities.松散到紧凑变换

如果一篇文章只是具有意义上的连贯，而形式上比较松散，就很难突出主题，较好地表达作者的意图。为了能够使文章主题明确、线索明了，而且句式富于变化，句与句之间、段与段之间都需要一定的连接手段。写作中常用的连接手段有：使用过渡性词语 表示过渡性的词语从功能上分，主要可以分为表转折、表让步、表层进、表举例或列举、表总结、表强调、表比较或对比等连接词语。过渡词的使用（1）表并列关系的过渡词:

and,also,aswell,aswellas，or,too,notonly...butalso,both...and,either...or,neither...nor（2）表递进关系的过渡词(承):

besides,inaddition/additionally,moreover,what’smore,moreimportantly,furthermore,what’sworse（更糟糕的是）（3）表转折对比的过渡词：

but,however,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary(相反),although,despite,inspiteof,whereas（而）,unlike,nevertheless（然而）,theformer...thelatter,（4）表原因的过渡词:

because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,thanksto,dueto（5）表结果的过渡词:

so,asaresult,then,consequently,thereby,therefore,hence,thus,sothat…,so...that…,such...that…

（6）表时间的过渡词:

when,while,after,before,until,assoonas,later,afterwards（事后）,soon,lately,recently,since,fromthenon,inthemeantime,suddenly,atthesametime,afterawhile,presently,allofasudden,fromnowon,atpresent,themoment（7）表特定顺序关系的过渡词:

first,firstly,firstofall,foronething,ononehand,

atfirst,inthefirstplace,

tostartwith,primarily,second,secondly,foranother,ontheotherhand,then,next,third,thirdly,finally,intheend,atlast,last,eventually,ultimately,

lastbutnottheleast（8）表换一种方式表达的过渡词:

inotherwords,thatistosay,toputitanotherway（9）表进行举例说明的过渡词:

forinstance,forexample,like,suchas,acaseinpoint（10）表条件的过渡词:

if,unless,onconditionthat（条件是）,as/solongas（只要）(11）表陈述事实的过渡词:

infact,actually,virtually,asamatteroffact,totellyouthetruth（12）表强调的过渡词:

certainly,indeed,aboveall,surely,mostimportant,infact,nodoubt,withoutany（13）表比较的过渡词：

like,unlike,inthesameway,similarly,similarto

（14）表目的的过渡词：

forthisreason,forthispurpose(为此),sothat,inorderto,soasto（15）表总结的过渡词:

inaword,ingeneral,inshort,aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking,tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary

过渡词的应用实例

有的学生在作文中使用过多的简单句，成了简单句的堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so，and，then，but，or，however，yet等，这非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词来出现丰富句型，把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。

TVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.Websitesalsohavedifferentsections.Youmaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.

Theyaredifferentinmanyways.MovingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation.Itmakesyoufeelthatyouarejustonthespot.Theprogramschangeeveryday.ProfessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.

Someinformationonwebsiteschangeallthetime.Notallofitissoupdated.Everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporters.

Everymediumhasitsownfeatures.Itishardtosaywhichisbetter.

学生习作:TVandwebsite

点评：这段文字多用简单句来表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果合理使用过渡词，将单句前后合并，形成主次关系，就能把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。

修改后的文章：

TVandwebsiteBothTVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.SimilartoTV,websitesalsohavedifferentsections,sothatyoumaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.

However,theyaredifferentinmanyways.Aboveall,movingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation,whichmakesyoufeelasifyouarejustonthespot.Then,theprogramschangeeverydayandprofessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.UnlikeTV,someinformationonwebsiteschangesallthetime,butnotallofitissoupdated.Inaddition,everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporters.

Inaword,everymediumhasitsownfeatures,soitishardtosaywhichisbetter.

WhenitcomestothetestofspokenEnglish,people’sopinionsdiffer.Manypeoplebelievethatitisnecessarytoadoptsuchatest.Foronething,fluentspeakingabilityisbadlyneededintoday’ssocietythatisexperiencingreformandopening-up.Foranother,inamorecompetitivesocietysuchasourstoday,fluentspokenEnglishmeansmoreadvantageyouhavetobeatyourrivalincompetingforapositionwithmuchappealtobothofyou.

Somepeople,however,takeadifferentattitude.Theyregardthetestasbeingunnecessary.Intheirviews,fluentspokenEnglishdoesnotnecessarilymeanabetterjob;sometimes,opportunityplaysamoreimportantrole.Furthermore,manypeopledonotusespokenEnglishatallintheirwork.

AsfarasIamconcerned,Iamreallyinfavorofthetest.Ontheonehand,itcanencouragecollegestudentstotryeverymeanstoimprovetheirspokenEnglish.Ontheotherhand,collegestudentswillbenefitendlesslyintheirfuturecareeriftheycanspeakfluentEnglish.SoIdecidetomakeuseofeveryopportunitytopracticemyspokenEnglish,andsurelyitwilldomemuchgood.ALetterinReplytoaFriendDecember27,2008

DearTom,

Iamverypleasedtoknowthatyouaregoingtoapplyforadmissiontooneuniversity.Ithasbeenseveralyearssincewepartedlasttime,andsoonwewillprobablymeetagain.Inmyopinion,youshouldmajorinEnglish.Ononehand,Englishisaverypopularmajoratouruniversityandwehavemodernteachingmethodsandprestigiousprofessors.Ontheotherhand,youseemtohaveagiftforlanguagelearningandyouarereallygoodatEnglish.

AstothepreparationforapplyingfortheEnglishmajorofouruniversity,IsuggestyoupaymoreattentiontospokenEnglish.Ifyoumakeagoodperformanceinoraltest,youwillhavethepriority.Itisunnecessaryforyoutobenervous.Inaddition,whenmakingpreparationyoushoulddomoremodeltests.Iamsureyouwillsucceedintheexam.

PleaseinformmeifthereissomethingIcandoforyou.Iamlookingforwardtomeetingyouonourcampus. Sincerelyyours, LiMing作文中的典型错误分析时态、语态的误用:Wehavelittletimetoreadsomebookswhichweinterest.(误)Mostofthestudentssatisfywiththeserviceinthedinghall.(误)Manypeoplethoughtthattheinternetwillbemoreusefulinthefuture.(误)Wehavelittletimetoreadsomebooksinwhichweareinterested.(正)Mostofthestudentsaresatisfiedwiththeserviceinthedinghall.(正)Manypeoplethinkthattheinternetwillbemoreusefulinthefuture.(正)谓语与非谓语结构错误：Therearemanystudentsthinkcollegeeducationisworthwhile.(误)Doexerciseinthemorningisgoodforone’shealth.(误)Therehavesomereasonsaccountforit.(误)Therefore,theyconsiderthroughtheuniversityrankingcanjudgeaschoolisbadorgood.

(误)Therearemanystudentswhothinkcollegeeducationisworthwhile.(正)