被动语态详解

会计学1被动语态详解(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give

为例，列表如下：一般现在时： am/is/are+given一般过去时： was/were+given一般将来时： shall/will+be+given现在进行时： am/is/are+being+given现在完成时： have/has+been+given过去完成时： had+been+given过去进行时： was/were+being+given过去将来时： should/would+be+given将来完成时： shall/will+havebeen+given过去将来完成时： should/would+havebeen+given

［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。

第1页/共18页(三)被动语态常用的八种时态1.一般现在时：Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.2.一般过去时：Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.第2页/共18页3.一般将来时：Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.4.过去将来时：Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.第3页/共18页5.现在进行时：TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.6.过去进行时：—Whydidn'ttheydrivethereontime?—Becausetheworkersweremendingtheroad.Becausetheroadwasbeingmended.Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.7.现在完成时：Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff.

Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Wehavebroughtdowntheprice.Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown.第4页/共18页8.过去完成时：WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.

Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader.9.含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim.第5页/共18页(四)被动语态的使用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by

短语。

“Mr.White,thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafterclass.”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by

短语。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+名词作状语，而代替by

短语。

ThesecarsweremadeinChina.15,000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.第6页/共18页(五)主动语态变被动语态的方法（1）Myaunt

invited

me

toherdinnerparty.

主语谓语宾语→

I

wasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.

主语谓语宾语（2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by

的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by

短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。第7页/共18页(六)语态转换时要注意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。

Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)

2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。

Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.

如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：

Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.保留宾语第8页/共18页注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：

bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。

Thecupwithmixturewasshowedtotheclass.

Mybikewaslenttoher.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：

build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。

Mothermademeanewskirt.(Anewskirtwasmadeforme.)

Themeatwascookedforus.

Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.有些既不用to也不用for,根据动词与介词的搭配关系。Heaskedmeaquestion.(Aquestionwasaskedofme.)PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall.TheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld.(不用by短语)第9页/共18页3.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+介词，如:

agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather.第10页/共18页4.带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.

→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.

→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.

→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.误：Loveappleswerecalledthem.正：Theywerecalledloveapples.第11页/共18页5.还有一种短语动词由动词+名词+介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：1)Wetakegoodcareofthebooks.

Thebooksaretakengoodcareof.Goodcareistakenofthebook.

2)Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation.

Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto.

用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catchsightof,makeuseof,payattentionto,setfireto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof,keepaneyeon等。6.当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：Nobodycananswerthisquestion.误：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.

第12页/共18页7.当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noone作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.误：Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.8.以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用bywhom放在句首：Whowrotethestory?误：Whowasthestorywritten?

正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?

第13页/共18页9.有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写字很流畅。对比：Thebookssellwell.(主动句)Thebooksweresoldout.(被动句)Themeatdidn’tcookwell.(主动句)Themeatwascookedforalongtimeoverlowheat.(被动句)第14页/共18页10.下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：

第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。—Doyoulikethematerial?—Yes,itfeelsverysoft.误：Itisfeltverysoft.Thefoodtastesdelicious.误：Thefoodistasteddelicious.Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.误：Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful.第二，谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等。如：Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook.误：Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.Shehadherhandburned.误：Herhandwashadburned.第15页/共18页第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。如：Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.误：Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie