2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题

-1--1-2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）（科目代码：201）SectionⅠ UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)iftoaoftraditions:theSundayroast.1acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan2wethe34toourTheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has5apublicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked6hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould7crispingtheirroastpotatoes,rejectthin-crustpizzasandonly8toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice?9studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno10evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.Scientistssaythecompoundis11tocausecancerbuthavenohardscientificproof12theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis13tofollowtheFSAadvice.14,itwasrumouredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea15.Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe16uponSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?17,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods18,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their19riskscomingacrossasbeingpushyandoverprotective.Constanthealthscaresjust20with--PAGE11-1.[A]In[B]Towards [C]On[D]Till2.[A]match[B]express [C]satisfy[D]influence3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment [C]surprise[D]concern4.[A]intensified[B]privileged [C]compelled[D]guaranteed5.[A]issued[B]received [C]ignored[D]cancelled6.[A]under[B]at [C]for[D]by7.[A]forget[B]regret [C]finish[D]avoid8.[A]partially[B]regularly [C]easily[D]initially9.[A]Unless[B]Since [C]If[D]While10.[A]secondary[B]external [C]conclusive[D]negative11.[A]insufficient[B]bound [C]likely[D]slow12.[A]Onthebasisof[B]Atthecostof [C]Inadditionto[D]Incontrastto13.[A]interesting[B]advisable [C]urgent[D]fortunate14.[A]Asusual[B]Inparticular [C]Bydefinition[D]Afterall15.[A]resemblance[B]combination [C]connection[D]pattern16.[A]made[B]served [C]saved[D]used17.[A]Tobefair[B]Forinstance [C]Tobebrief[D]Ingeneral18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely [C]gradually[D]carefully19.[A]promise[B]experience [C]campaign[D]competition20.[A]followup[B]pickup [C]openup[D]endupPartADirections:SectionⅡ ReadingComprehensionReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1AgroupofLabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK"townofculture"award.TheproposalisthatsitthecityofwasheldbyHullin2017,andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryfor2021CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin位20mofinvestmentandavalancheofoughtnottobetoitisarenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabidtobeattheirbiggercompetitors.Atownofcultureawardcoulditisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritain1sabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigiousofEuropeanofculture,asought-afterawardbaggedGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowswhatwillfollow-villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture?Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun"yearofculture"washesinandwashesoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoaboldermoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofacomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerhouseofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.A"townofculture"couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatown'speculiarities—helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeople.JeremyWright,theculturesecretary,shouldwelcomethispositive,hope-filledproposal,andturnitintoaction.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata"townofculture"awardcouldconsolidatethetown-citytiesinBritain.[BJpromotecooperation-amongBritain'stowns.[CJincreasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain'stowns.[DJfocusBritain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeasasensiblecompromise.[BJaself-deceivingattempt.[CJaneye-catchingbonus.[DJaninaccessibletarget.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifitendeavourstomaintainitsimage.meetstheaspirationofitspeople.bringsitslocalartstoprominence.[DJcommitstoitslong-termgrowth.GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3topresentacontrastingcase.asupportingexample.abackgroundstory.arelatedtopic.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?Skeptical.Objective.Favourable.Critical.Text2Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperationsatatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.TheDutchgiantElsevierwhichclaimstopublish25ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan砂OOmlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan£210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.Themostdrastic,anthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomeithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.Yetthenewsystemhasnotyetworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheir门tersfeestocoverthecostsofprepringanarticleTheserangefromaround眨00to$5,000,andapparentlytheworkgetsmoreexpensivethemorethatpublishersdoit.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese"articlepreparationcostshadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomethescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternetlabourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatuswhilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbig伍mswhorunthemarketplacesInbothcasesweneedarebalancingofpower.Scientificpublishingisseenas"alicencetoprintmoney"partlybecauseitsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhavethrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.revivedthepublishingindustry.financedresearchersgenerously.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?Relieved.Puzzled.Concerned.Encouraged.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccesstermsallowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.Whichofthefollowingcharacterizesthescientificpublishingmodel?Trialsubscriptionisoffered.Labourtriumphsoverstatus.Costsarewellcontrolled.Thefewfeedonthemany.Text3Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,haveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifomia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important"policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection".Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa"goldenskirt"phenomenon,wherethesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwillhelplittletoreducegenderbias.poseathreattothestategovernment.raisewomensnngreatlybroadencareeroptions.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliformiameasure?Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustratetheharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.theimportanceofconstitutionalguarantees.thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.Norwaysadoptionfaeerahasledtothenfelitewomenstheobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?Womensdinemploymentdbeconsidered.Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.Text4LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa"GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,Facebookandotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUnitedStatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichintumcouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.TheyhaveincludedBritain'sDPT.(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multmat1onalanti-avoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem.France'splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabilltoregulatedigitaltectFrenchcompanies"interests.imposealevyontechmultinationals.curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestaxmaytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.aimstoeasemtemat10naltradetensions.willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthatredistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.tnbelearnedfromh5teECDscurrentworkisbeingresistedbyUScompanies.needstobereadjustedimmediately.isfacedwithuncertainprospects.needstoininvolvemorecountries.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthistext?FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctionsFranceleadsthechargeonDigitalFranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationalsFranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomyPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)EyefixationsarebriefToomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttoberudeEyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignalPersonalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontactBiologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigatedMostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangersEyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidateturnstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthatsignalshostility.Here’swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:41.41.Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother’seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone’sattentioninacrowdedroom,“Eyecontactandsmile”cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.42.42.NeuroscientistBonnieAuyeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedthetowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whotendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.43.43.Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituation.Whileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it’smorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceorintimidationinadversarialsituations.“Whetheryou’reapoliticianoraparent,itmightbehelpfultokeepinmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou’retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,”saidMinson.44.44.Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.45.45.Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues“Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer.”Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighlyfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.(46)withtheChurch’steachingsandwaysofthinkingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweentheMedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridgedleadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscov