2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

--PAGE2-SectionI Useof EnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points).Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquency(crimescommittedbyyoungpeople)focuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories_l_ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior2theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough_withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin_4_totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus,middle-classvalues.

='- asarejectionofMosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies,_§thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes_7lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheories,however,aretentativeandare8tocriticism.Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly 9 juvenilecrimerates.Forexample,changesintheeconomythat 10 tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment.ll_ egainfulemploymentyto.Theresultingtmayleadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior.

___nFamilieshavealso13changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;14,childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome15wascommoninthetraditionalfamily16.Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other17causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased18ofdrugsandalcohol,andthegrowing19ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.[A]acting[A]before[A]interaction[A]return[A]or[A]considering[A]on[A]immune[A]affect[A]point[A]ingeneral[A]case[A]survived14.[A]contrarily[A]than[A]system[A]assessable[A]expense[A]incidence[A]provided

[B]relying[B]unless[B]assimilation[B]reply[B]butrather[B]ignoring[B]in[B]resistant[B]reduce[B]lead[B]onaverage[B]short[B]noticed[B]consequently[B]that[B]structure[B]identifiable[B]restriction[B]awarenesssinceSectionIIcentering [D]commenting[C]until [D]because[C]cooperation [D]consultation[C]reference [D]response[C]but [D]orelse[C]highlighting [D]discarding[C]for [D]with[C]sensitive [D]subject[C]chock [D]reflect[C]come [D]amount[C]bycontrast [D]atlength[C]tum [D]essence[C]undertaken [D]experienced[C]similarly [D]simultaneously[C]which [D]as[C]concept [D]heritage[C]negligible [D]incredible[C]allocation [D]availability[C]exposure [D]popularity[C]although [D]supposingReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Huntingforajoblatelastyear,lawyerGantRedmonstumbledacrossCareerBuilder,ajobdatabaseontheInternet.Hesearcheditwithnosuccessbutwasattractedbythesite's"personalsearchagent".It'saninteractivefeaturethatletsvisitorskeyinjobcriteriasuchaslocation,title,andsalary,thenE-mailsthemwhenamatchingpositionispostedinthedatabase.Redmonchosethekeywordslegal,intellectualpropertyandWashington,D.C.Threeweekslater,hegothisfirstnotificationofanopening."Istruckgold,"saysRedmon,whoE-mailedhisresumetotheemployerandwonapositionasin-housecounselforacompany.Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingprom1smgopenmgscanhetime-consumingandinefficient.Searchagentsreducetheneedforrepeatedvisitstothedatabases.ButalthoughasearchagentworkedforRedmon,careerexpertsseedrawbacks.Narrowingyourcriteria,forexample,mayworkagainstyou:"Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminateapossibility,"saysoneexpert.Foranyjobsearch,youshouldstartwithanarrowconcept-whatyouthinkyouwanttodo-thenbroadenit."Noneoftheseprogramsdothat,"saysanotherexpert."There'snocareercounselingimplicitinallofthis."Instead,thebeststrategyistousetheagentasakindoftipserviceptofjobsinar;nyouget,ritarokdatabaseagain."Iwouldnotrelyonagentsforfindingeverythingthatisaddedtoadatabasethatmightinterestme,"saystheauthorofajob-searchingguide.Somesitesdesigntheiragentstotemptjobhunterstoreturn.WhenCareerSite'sagentsendsoutmessagestothosewhohavesignedupforitsservice,forexample,itincludesonlythreepotentialjobs-thoseitconsidersthebestmatches.Theremaybemorematchesinthedatabase;jobhunterswillhavetovisitthesiteagaintofindthem-andtheydo."Onthedaywesendourmessages,weseeasharpincreaseinourtraffic,"saysSethPeets,vicepresidentofmarketingforCareerSite.Eventhosewhoaren'thuntingforjobsmayfindsearchagentsworthwhile.Someusethemtokeepaclosewatchonthedemandfortheirlineofworkorgatherinformationoncompensationtoarmthemselveswhennegotiatingforaraise.Althoughhappilyemployed,RedmonmaintainshisagentatCareerBuilder."Youalwayskeepyoureyesopen,"hesays.Workingwithapersonalsearchagent -3---PAGE11-HowdidRedmonfindhisjob?Bysearchingopeningsinajobdatabase.Bypostingamatchingpositioninadatabase.Byusingaspecialserviceofadatabase.ByE-mailinghisresumetoadatabase.Whichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofsearchagents?Lackofcounseling.Limitednumberofvisits.Lowerefficiency.Fewersuccessfulmatches.Theexpression"tipservice"(Line3,Paragraph3)mostprobablymeans .eraction.reminder.WhydoesCareerSite'sagentoffereachjobhunteronlythreejoboptions?Tofocusonbetterjobmatches.Toattractmorereturningvisits.Toreservespaceformoremessages.Toincreasetherateofsuccess.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?Personalsearchagentsareindispensabletojob-hunters.SomesiteskeepE-mailingjobseekerstotracetheirdemands.Personalsearchagentsarealsohelpfultothosealreadyemployed.Someagentsstopsendinginformationtopeopleoncetheyareemployed.Text2Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Allen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackandisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?Akindofoverlookedinequality.Atypeofconspicuousbias.Atypeofpersonalprejudice.Akindofbranddiscrimination.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies'names.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.Thehhsuggests _questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudentsalphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclassteachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudentsstudentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesightWhatdoestheauthormeanby"mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ"(Lines2,Paragraph5)?Theyaregettingimpatient.Theyarenoisilydozingoff.Theyarefeelinghumiliated.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.Text3Whenitcomestotheslowingeconomy,EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet.But47-year-oldmanicuristisn'tcutting,filingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe'dliketo,Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weekly,butlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I'magoodeconomicindicator,"shesays."Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey'reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscaling,shoppingatmiddle-browDillard'sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhome,insteadofNeimanMarcus."Idon'tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too,"shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan'sadmissionthatAmerica'sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutlets,saleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailers,wholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmas,thecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Already,expertsholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear'space.Butdon'tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcerned,notpanicked,andmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy'slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey'renotindespairbecause,despitethedreadfulheadlines,theirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan,"there'sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrange,predominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses,"saysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFrancisco,pricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offers,nowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree,"saysJohnaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn'tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswings,whichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupside,too.GettingatableatManhattan'shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.Forthat,Greenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.By"EllenSperoisn'tbitinghernailsjustyet"(Line1,Paragraph1),theauthormeans .Sperocanhardlymaintainherbusiness.Speroistoomuchengagedinherwork.Sperohasgrownoutofherbadhabit.Speroisnotinadesperatesituation.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation?Optimistic. [B]Confused. [C]Carefree. [D]Panicked.Whenmentioning"the$4millionto$10millionrange"(Lines3,Paragraph3),theauthoristalkingaboutgoldmarket.realestate.stockexchange.ventureinvestment.Whycanmanypeoplesee"silverlinings"totheeconomicslowdown?Theywouldbenefitincertainways.Thestockmarketshowssignsofrecovery.Suchaslowdownusuallyprecedesaboom.Thepurchasingpowerwouldbeenhanced.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree?Anewboom,onthehorizon.Tightenthebelt,thesingleremedy.Cautionallright,panicnot.Themoreventures,themorechances.Text4Americanstodaydon'tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathletes,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notscholars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticalttoeknowledgeforesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren'tdifficulttofind."Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,"sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch."Schoolscouldbeacounterbalance."Ravitch'slatestbook.LeftBack:ACenturyofFailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualisminourschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpursuits.Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploitationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasofothers,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorris,"Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.""Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,"writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-intellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzer-Prizewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebeginningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgeshavedrivenustorejectanythingthatsmellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequalitiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook.RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearningputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:"Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwordsanddonotknowathing."MarkTwain'sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized-goingtoschoolandlearningtoread-sohecanpreservehisinnategoodness.Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,manipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizes,and1magmes.Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.saysourcountry'seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho"joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildrenwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise."WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool?Thehabitofthinkingindependently.Profoundknowledgeoftheworld.Practicalabilitiesforfuturecareer.Theconfidenceinintellectualpursuits.enlearnfromettseay _undervaluingintellect.favoringintellectualism.supportingschoolreform.suppressingnativeintelligence.TheviewsofRavitehandEmersononschoolingare plementary.opposite.Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably apioneerofeducationreform.anopponentofintellectualism.ascholarinfavorofintellect.anadvocateofregularschooling.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect?Itissecondtointelligence.Itevolvesfromcommonsense.Itistobepursued.ItunderliespowerPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.(41)TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguists,FranzBoasandEdwardSapir,werepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthet