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--PAGE12-2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题SectionI Useof EnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points).Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.muchhadhappened1.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot2the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic3,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe4oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution5up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading6throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures7the20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.NoteveryoneseesthatProcessin8.Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,9,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,10bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately12.Astimewentcomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal”too,aswellas13,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage14increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,15generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch16.Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe17withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas18bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen19viewaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed20“harmful”outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.1.[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]later2.[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]until3.[A]means[B]method[C]medium[D]measure4.[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]form5.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked[D]picked6.[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]off7.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond[D]into8.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect[D]perspective9.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however[D]therefore10.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized11.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest[D]although12.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative[D]plausible13.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental14.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty15.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto[D]inlinewith16.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]smaller17.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory18.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected19.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]irrational20.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]withSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.humormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofDependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,God,”camethe“butsometimeshethinksadoctor.”Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatement.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.makeyourhumorwork,youshould .takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudiencemakefunofthedisorganizedpeopleaddressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeopleshowsympathyforyourlistenersThejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare .impolitetonewarrivalsveryconsciousoftheirgodlikeroleentitledtosomeprivilegesverybusyevenduringlunchhoursItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices .havebenefitedmanypeoplearethefocusofpublicattentionareaninappropriatesubjectforhumorhaveoftenbeenthelaughingstockachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered .inwell-wordedlanguageasawkwardlyaspossibleinexaggeratedstatementsascasuallyaspossibleThebesttitleforthetextmaybe .UseHumorEffectivelyKindsofHumorAddHumortoSpeechDifferentHumorStrategiesText2Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan'tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin .theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork.thecunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.Theword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans .programsexpertsdevicescreaturesAccordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan .fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbraininteractwithhumanbeingsverbally.havealittlecommonsense.respondindependentlytoachangingworld.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso .makeafewdecisionsforthemselves.dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.improvefactoryenvironments.cultivatehumancreativity.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare .expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.Text3Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofenergy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofThatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis globalinflation.reductioninsupply.[C]fastgrowthineconomy.[D]Iraq’ssuspensionofexports.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif .priceofmoditypricesrise.consumptionrises.oiltaxesrise.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries .[A]heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive.[B]incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices.[C]manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed.[D]oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP.candrawaconclusionfromthetextthat .[A]oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.[B]inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks.[C]energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices.[D]thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems .[A]optimistic.[B]sensitive.[C]gloomy.[D]scaredText4TheSupremeCourt’sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect”,acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients’pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmedicationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath”.GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.likehesays.don’tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn’tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou’reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient’ssuicideaslongasyoudon’tintendtheirsuicide.”Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.Justthreeweeksbeforetherulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying”asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering”,totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse”.Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear...thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension”.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat .doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients’painitisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlivestheSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicidepatientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicideWhichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetext?Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients’death.Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.Adoctor’smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.Accordingtothereport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis .prolongedmedicalproceduresinadequatetreatmentofpainsystematicdrugabuseinsufficienthospitalcareWhichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive”(line3,paragraph7)?Bold.Harmful.Careless.DesperateGeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey .managetheirpatientsincompetentlygivepatientsmoremedicinethanneededreducedrugdosagesfortheirpatientsprolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatientsPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.(41)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscard
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