riz的条创新原理

TRIZ40DesignPrinciples

(AdaptedfromSlidesDevelopedbyDarrylMann,Creax)

1TRIZ–40Principles1Segmentation 21Skipping2Takingout 22Blessingindisguise3Localquality 23Feedback4Asymmetry 24Intermediary5Merging 25Self-service6Universality 26Copying7Russiandolls 27Cheapshort-livedobjects8Anti-weight 28Mechanicssubstitution9Preliminaryanti-action 29Pneumaticsandhydraulics10Preliminaryaction 30Flexibleshellsandthinfilms11Beforehandcushioning 31Porousmaterials12Equipotentiality 32Colourchanges13"Theotherwayround" 33Homogeneity14Spheroidality-Curvature 34Discardingandrecovering15Dynamics 35Parameterchanges16Partialorexcessiveactions 36Phasetransitions17Anotherdimension 37Thermalexpansion18Mechanicalvibration 38Strongoxidants19Periodicaction 39Inertatmosphere20Continuityofusefulaction 40Compositematerials2Principle1.SegmentationA-DivideanobjectintoindependentpartsGator-gripsocketspannerMulti-pinconnectorsBubble-wrapHavearangeofdifferentfocallengthlensesforacameraMultiplepistonsinaninternalcombustionengineMulti-enginedaircraftPocket-springmattressStratificationofdifferentconstituentsinsideachemicalprocessvesselB-MakeanobjecteasytoassembleordisassembleRapid-releasebicyclesaddle/wheel/etcfastenersQuickdisconnectjointsinplumbingandhydraulicsystemsSinglefastenerV-bandclampsonflangejointsLoose-leafpaperinaring-binderC-IncreasethedegreeoffragmentationorsegmentationUseofmultiplecontrolsurfacesonaerodynamicstructures16and24valveversus8valveinternalcombustionenginesMulti-bladecartridgerazorsMulti-zonecombustionsystemsBuildupacomponentfromlayers(e.g.stereo-lithography,welds,etc)3Principle2.TakingOutA-Separateaninterferingpartorpropertyfromanobject,orsingleouttheonlynecessarypart(orproperty)ofanobjectLocateanoisycompressoroutsidethebuildingwherethecompressedairisusedUsethesoundofabarkingdog,withoutthedog,asaburglaralarmScarecrowNon-smokingareasinrestaurantsorinrailwaycarriagesAutomationremoveshumans4Principle3.LocalQualityA-Changeanobject'sstructurefromuniformtonon-uniformReducedragonaerodynamicsurfacesbyaddingribletsor'shark-skin'protrusionsMouldedhandgripsontoolsDrinkcansshapedtofacilitatestablestackingMaterialsurfacetreatments/coatings-plating,erosion/corrosionprotection,non-stick,etcB-Changeanexternalenvironment(orexternalinfluence)fromuniformtonon-uniformUseatemperature,density,orpressuregradientinsteadofconstanttemperature,densityorpressureIntroduceturbulentflowaroundanobjecttoalterheattransferpropertiesC-MakeeachpartofanobjectfunctioninconditionsmostsuitableforitsoperationFreezercompartmentinrefrigeratorDifferentzonesinthecombustionsystemofanengineD-Makeeachpartofanobjectfulfiladifferentand/orcomplementaryusefulfunction.Swiss-ArmyknifeCombinedcanandbottleopenerHammerwithnailpuller

5Principle4.AsymmetryA-ChangetheshapeorpropertiesofanobjectfromsymmetricaltoasymmetricalIntroduceageometricfeaturewhichpreventsincorrectusage/assemblyofacomponent(e.g.earthpinonelectricplug)Asymmetricalfunnelallowshigherflow-ratethannormalfunnelPutaflatspotonacylindricalshafttoattachalockingfeatureOvalandcomplexshapedO-ringsIntroductionofangledorscarfedgeometryfeaturesoncomponentedgesCamRatchetAerofoil–asymmetrygeneratesliftEccentricdriveBlohmundVossobservationaircraftB-Changetheshapeofanobjecttosuitexternalasymmetries(e.g.ergonomicfeatures)CarsteeringsystemcompensatesforcamberinroadWingdesigncompensatedforasymmetricflowproducedbypropellerTurbomachinerydesigntakesaccountofboundarylayerflows(‘end-bend’)C-Ifanobjectisasymmetrical,increaseitsdegreeofasymmetry.UseofvariablecontrolsurfacestoalterliftpropertiesofanaircraftwingSpecialconnectorswithcomplexshape/pinconfigurationstoensurecorrectassemblyIntroductionofseveraldifferentmeasurementscalesonaruler6Principle5.MergingA-Bringclosertogether(ormerge)identicalorsimilarobjectsoroperationsinspaceAutomaticrifle/machinegunMulti-colourinkcartridgesMulti-bladerazorsBi-focallensspectaclesDouble/tripleglazingStripsofstaplesCatarmaran/trimaran

B-Makeobjectsoroperationscontiguousorparallel;bringthemtogetherintimeCombineharvesterManufacturecellsGrasscollectoronalawn-mowerMixertapsPipe-linedcomputerprocessorsperformdifferentstagesinacalculationsimultaneouslyVectorprocessorsperformthesameprocessonseveralsetsofdatainasinglepassFourieranalysis–integrationofmanysinecurves7Principle6.UniversalityA-Makeapartorobjectperformmultiplefunctions;eliminatetheneedforotherpartsChild'scarsafetyseatconvertstoastrollerHomeentertainmentcentreSwissArmyknifeGrillinamicrowaveovenRadio-alarmclockWork-mateCDusedasastoragemediumformultipledatatypesUseofStandardsine.g.dataexchangeCleaningstripatbeginningofacassettetapecleanstapeheadsBathroomlight-switchstartsextractorfanCarglovecompartmentlidincorporatescup-holdersCordlessdrillalsoactsasscrewdriver,sander,polisher,etcFishingstool/container8Principle7.RussianDolls“NestedDoll”A-PlaceoneobjectinsideanotherPlaceasafeinsideawallorunderfloorboardsRetractableaircraftunder-carriageIntroducevoidsinto3DstructuresInjectedcavity-wallinsulationPaint-brushattachedtoinsideoflidofnail-varnish,etcLininginsideacoatB-PlacemultipleobjectsinsideothersNestedtablesTelescopeMeasuringcupsorspoonsStackingchairsMulti-layererosion/corrosioncoatings

C-Makeonepartpass(dynamically)throughacavityintheother.TelescopiccaraerialRetractablepower-leadinvacuumcleanerSeatbeltretractionmechanismTapemeasureStackedchargeammunition9Principle8.Anti-weightA-Tocompensatefortheweightofanobject,mergeitwithotherobjectsthatprovideliftKayakwithfoamfloatsbuiltintohullcannotsinkAerostaticaeroplanecontainslighter-than-airpocketsHotairorheliumballoon.Swim-bladderinsideafishFlymocuttingbladeproducesliftB-Tocompensatefortheweightofanobject,makeitinteractwiththeenvironment(e.g.useaerodynamic,hydrodynamic,buoyancyandotherforces)VortexgeneratorsimproveliftofaircraftwingsWing-in-groundeffectaircraftHydrofoilsliftshipoutofthewatertoreducedragMakeuseofcentrifugalforcesinrotatingsystems(e.g.Wattgovernor)Maglevtrainusesmagneticrepulsiontoreducefriction10Principle9.PreliminaryAnti-actionA-Ifitwillbenecessarytoperformanactionwithbothharmfulandusefuleffects,thisactionshouldbereplacedwithanti-actionstocontrolharmfuleffectsMakeclaypigeonsoutoficeordunginorderthattheydonothavetobecollectedafterwards.Maskingobjectsbeforeharmfulexposure:UsealeadaprononpartsofthebodynotbeingexposedtoX-rays,usemaskingtapewhenpaintingdifficultedges,etc.Predicteffectsofsignaldistortion/attenuationandcompensatebeforetransmittingBufferasolutiontopreventharmfromextremesofpHB-Createbeforehandstressesinanobjectthatwillopposeknownundesirableworkingstresseslateron.Pre-stressrebarbeforepouringconcrete.Pre-stressedboltsPre-shrunkjeansDecompressionchamber11Principle10.PreliminaryActionA-Perform,beforeitisneeded,therequiredchangeofanobject(eitherfullyorpartially)Pre-pastedwallpaperSterilizeallinstrumentsneededforasurgicalprocedure.Self-adhesivestampsHolescutbeforesheet-metalpartformedPre-impregnatedcarbonfibrereduceslay-uptimeandimproves"wetting““ExplosivereactivearmourB-Pre-arrangeobjectssuchthattheycancomeintoactionfromthemostconvenientplaceandwithoutlosingtimefortheirdeliveryManufactureflow-linesPre-depositedbladeinasurgerycastfacilitatesremoval.Carjack,wheelbrace,andsparetyrestoredtogetherCollectallthetoolsandmaterialsforthejobbeforestarting12Principle11.BeforehandCushioningA-Prepareemergencymeansbeforehandtocompensatefortherelativelylowreliabilityofanobject(‘beltandbraces’)MagneticstriponphotographicfilmthatdirectsthedevelopertocompensateforpoorexposureBack-upparachuteDualchannelcontrolsystemAir-baginacarSparewheelReliefvalveEmergencylightingcircuitBatteryback-upAutomaticsaveoperationsperformedbycomputerprogramsZip-filesMaskbordersofobjectstobepainted,usestencilsCrashbarriersonmotorways‘Touch-down’bearinginmagneticbearingsystemMultiplehydraulicsystems“Slime”punctureavoidancefluid13Principle12.EquipotentialityA-Ifanobjecthastoberaisedorlowered,redesigntheobject’’senvironmentsotheneedtoraiseorloweriseliminatedorperformedbytheenvironmentCanallocksSpringloadedpartsdeliverysysteminafactoryMechanic’spitinagaragemeanscardoesnothavetobelifted.Placeaheavyobjectonice,andleticemeltinordertolowerit.Angle-poiselamp;changesingravitationalpotentialstoredinbalancingspringsDescendingcablecarsbalancetheweightofascendingcars14Principle13.“TheOtherWayRound”A-Inverttheaction(s)usedtosolvetheproblem(e.g.insteadofcoolinganobject,heatit)Toloosenstuckparts,cooltheinnerpartinsteadofheatingtheouterpart.VacuumcastingTestpressurevesselbyvaryingpressureoutsideratherthaninsidethevesselTestsealonaliquidcontainerbyfillingwithpressurisedairandimmersinginliquid;trailsofbubblesareeasiertotracethanslowliquidleaksPlacenutsinavacuumtogetthemoutoftheirshells“Upside-down”motorcycleforksB-Makemovableparts(ortheexternalenvironment)fixed,andfixedpartsmovable)HamsterwheelRotatethepartinsteadofthetool.WindtunnelsMovingsidewalkwithstandingpeopleC-Turntheobject(orprocess)'upsidedown'Cleanbottlesbyinvertingandinjectingwaterfrombelow;thewaterthendrainsbyitself.TurnanassemblyupsidedowntoinsertfastenersOpentinnedbeansfromthebottomtogetoutbeansthatwouldotherwisehavestucktothebottomduetostorage15Principle14.Spheroidality-CurvatureA-Insteadofusingrectilinearparts,surfaces,orforms,usecurvilinearones;movefromflatsurfacestosphericalones;frompartsshapedasacube(parallelepiped)toball-shapedstructuresUsearchesanddomesforstrengthinarchitecture.IntroducestressrelievingholesattheendsofslotsChangecurvatureonlenstoalterlightdeflectionpropertiesB-Userollers,balls,spirals,domesSpiralgear(Nautilus)producescontinuousresistanceforweightlifting.UsesphericalcastersinsteadofcylindricalwheelstomovefurnitureArchimedesscrewC-Gofromlineartorotarymotion(orviceversa)Rotaryactuatorsinhydraulicsystem.SwitchfromreciprocatingtorotarypumpLinearmotorsD-UsecentrifugalforcesCentrifugalcastingforevenwallthicknessstructuresSpincomponentsafterpaintingtoremoveexcesspaintWattgovernorVortex/cycloneseparatesdifferentdensityobjects16Principle15.DynamicsA-Allow(ordesign)thecharacteristicsofanobject,externalenvironment,orprocesstochangetobeoptimalortofindanoptimaloperatingconditionAAdjustablesteeringwheel(orseat,orbacksupport,ormirrorposition...)GelfillingsinsideseatallowittoadapttouserShapememoryalloys/polymers.RacingcarsuspensionadjustablefordifferenttracksanddrivingtechniquesTelescopiccurtainrailallowsfor"onesizefitsall"B-DivideanobjectintopartscapableofmovementrelativetoeachotherArticulatedlorryFoldingchair/mobilephone/laptop/etcBrushsealsC-Ifanobject(orprocess)isrigidorinflexible,makeitmovableoradaptiveBendydrinkingstrawFlexiblejointStrimmerD-IncreasethedegreeoffreemotionUseofdifferentstiffnessfibresintoothbrush––easilydeflectedattheedgestopreventgumdamage,hardinthemiddleLoosesandinsidetrucktyregivesitself-balancingpropertiesatspeed17Principle16.PartialorExcessiveActionsA-If100percentofanobjectishardtoachieveusingagivensolutionmethodthen,byusing'slightlyless'or'slightlymore'ofthesamemethod,theproblemmaybeconsiderablyeasiertosolveOverspraywhenpainting,thenremoveexcess.Whenpaintingwalls,don'tusetherollerrightuptotheceiling;touchupwithabrushFill,then"topoff"whenpouringapintofGuinness.Shrinkwrappingprocessusesplasticdeformationofwrappingtoaccommodatevariationsinvacuumpressure.‘Roughing’and‘‘Finish’’machiningoperations.Over-fillholeswithplasterandthenrubbacktosmooth.(UseofParetoanalysistoprioritiseactionswhennotallcanbeachievedwiththeavailableresources.)18Principle17.AnotherDimensionA-Ifanobjectcontainsormovesinastraightline,consideruseofdimensionsormovementoutsidethelineSerratedorscallopededgesonaknifebladeorholepunchCurvedbristlesonabrushCoiledtelephonecable“Stacked””elevatorPetronastowersB-Ifanobjectcontainsormovesinaplane,consideruseofdimensionsormovementoutsidethecurrentplaneSpiralstaircaseuseslessfloorareaIntroductionofdownandupslopesbetweenstationsonrailwayreducestrainaccelerationanddecelerationpowerrequirementsConicalinsteadofplainflangejointC-Useamulti-storeyarrangementofobjectsinsteadofasingle-storeyarrangementCassettewith6CDstoincreasemusictimeandvarietyMulti-storeyofficeblocksorcar-parksD-Tiltorre-orienttheobject,layitonitssideDumptruckE-Use'anotherside'ofagivenarea.MountcomputerchipcomponentsonbothsidesofasiliconcardFixaleakingcarradiatororpipebyaddingfluidsealanttotheinsideratherthantryingtosealfromoutsideNokiaQWERTYphone19Principle18.MechanicalVibrationA-CauseanobjecttooscillateorvibrateElectriccarvingknifewithvibratingbladesShake/stirpainttomixbeforeapplyingHammerdrillVibrateduringsievingoperationstoimprovethroughput.B-Increaseitsfrequency(evenuptotheultrasonic)UltrasoniccleaningNon-destructivecrackdetectionusingultrasoundC-Useanobject'sresonantfrequencyDestroygallstonesorkidneystonesusingultrasonicresonance.EasebottlecleaningbypulsingwashingactionatresonantfrequencyofbottlesD-UsepiezoelectricvibratorsinsteadofmechanicalonesQuartzcrystaloscillationsdrivehighaccuracyclocks.PiezoelectricvibratorsimprovefluidatomisationfromaspraynozzleE-Usecombinedultrasonicandelectromagneticfieldoscillations.MixingalloysinaninductionfurnaceUltrasonicdryingoffilms–combineultrasonicwithheatsource20Principle19.PeriodicActionA-Insteadofcontinuousaction,useperiodicorpulsatingactionsHittingsomethingrepeatedlywithahammerPiledriversandhammerdrillscanexertfarmoreforceforagivenweightReplaceacontinuoussirenwithapulsedsound.PulsedbicyclelightsmakecyclistmorenoticeabletodriversPulsedvacuumcleanersuctionimprovescollectionperformancePulsedwaterjetcuttingB-Ifanactionisalreadyperiodic,changetheperiodicmagnitudeorfrequencyReplaceapulsedsirenwithsoundthatchangesamplitudeandfrequency.Washingmachine/dish-washerwaterinjectionoperatesusesdifferentcyclesfordifferentloadtypes.DotsanddashesinMorseCodetransmissionsUseAM,FM,PWMtotransmitinformationC-UsepausesbetweenactionstoperformadifferentactionCleanbarrierfiltersbyback-flowingthemwhennotinuse.InkjetprintercleansheadsbetweenpassesBrushbetweensuctionpulsesinvacuumcleaner.Multipleconversationstakingplacealongthesametelephonetransmissionline.Useofenergystoragemeans––e.g.batteries,fly-wheels,etc21Principle20.ContinuityofUsefulActionA-Carryonworkcontinuously;makeallpartsofanobjectworkatfullloadoroptimumefficiency,allthetimeFlywheelstoresenergywhenavehiclestops,sothemotorcankeeprunningatoptimumpower.Constantoutputgas-turbineinhybridcar,orAPUinaircraft,runsathighestefficiencyallthetimeitisswitchedon.Constantspeed/variablepitchpropellerSelf-tuningengine–constantlytunesitselftoensuremaximumefficiencyHeartpacemakerImprovecompostingprocessbycontinuouslyturningmaterialtobecomposted.ContinuousglassorsteelproductionB-EliminateallidleorintermittentactionsorworkSelf-cleaning/self-emptyingfiltereliminatesdown-timePrintduringthereturnofaprintercarriage--dotmatrixprinter,daisywheelprinters,inkjetprinters.Digitalstoragemediaallow‘‘instant’’informationaccess(asopposedtotapeswhichrequiretoberewound)Kayaksusedouble-endedpaddletoutilise"recovery"strokeComputeroperatingsystemsutiliseidleperiodstoperformnecessary"housekeeping"tasks.Rapid-dryingpaint22Principle21.SkippingA-Conductaprocess,orcertainstages(e.g.destructible,harmfulorhazardousoperations)athighspeedUseahighspeeddentist'sdrilltoavoidheatingtissue.LasereyesurgeryCutplasticfasterthanheatcanpropagateinthematerial,toavoiddeformingtheshape.BreaktoffeewithanimpulsiveblowfromahammerDropforgeFlashphotographySuper-criticalshaft––runthroughresonantmodesquickly23Principle22.BlessinginDisguiseA-Useharmfulfactors(particularly,harmfuleffectsoftheenvironmentorsurroundings)toachieveapositiveeffectUsewasteheattogenerateelectricpower.UsewasteheatfromenginetoheatpassengercabinRecyclewaste(scrap)materialfromoneprocessasrawmaterialsforanother(e.g.chipboard)Usecentrifugalenergyinrotatingshafttodosomethinguseful––e.g.seal,ormodulatecoolingairUsepressuredifferencestohelpratherthanhindersealperformanceCentrifugalclampinginhighspeedchuckB-EliminatetheprimaryharmfulactionbyaddingittoanotherharmfulactiontoresolvetheproblemAddabufferingmaterialtoacorrosivesolution(e.g.analkalitoanacid,orviceversa)Useahelium-oxygenmixfordiving,toeliminatebothnitrogennarcosisandoxygenpoisoningfromairandothernitroxmixes.C-AmplifyaharmfulfactortosuchadegreethatitisnolongerharmfulUseabackfiretoeliminatethefuelfromaforestfire.Useexplosivestoblowoutanoil-wellfire.Laser-knifecauterisesskin/bloodvesselsasitcuts24Principle23.FeedbackA-Introducefeedback(referringback,cross-checking)toimproveaprocessoractionAutomaticvolumecontrolinaudiocircuitsSignalfromgyrocompassisusedtocontrolsimpleaircraftautopilots.EnginemanagementsystembasedonexhaustgaslevelsmoreefficientthancarburettorThermostatcontrolstemperatureaccuratelyStatisticalProcessControl-MeasurementsareusedtodecidewhentomodifyaprocessFeedbackturnsinaccurateop-ampintouseableaccurateamplifierB-Iffeedbackisalreadyused,changeitsmagnitudeorinfluenceinaccordancewithoperatingconditionsChangesensitivityofanautopilotwhenwithin5milesofanairport.Changesensitivityofathermostatwhencoolingvs.heating,sinceitusesenergylessefficientlywhencooling.Useproportional,integraland/ordifferentialcontrolalgorithmcombinations25Principle24.IntermediaryA-UseanintermediarycarrierarticleorintermediaryprocessPlayaguitarwithaplectrumUseachiseltocontrolrockbreaking/sculptingprocessDrinkcoastersDwellperiodduringamanufactureprocessoperationB-Mergeoneobjecttemporarilywithanother(whichcanbeeasilyremoved)GlovestogethotdishesoutofanovenJoiningpaperswithapaperclipIntroductionofcatalystsintochemicalreactionAbrasiveparticlesenhancewaterjetcutting26Principle25.Self-serviceA-MakeanobjectserveororganiseitselfbyperformingauxiliaryhelpfulfunctionsAsodafountainpumpthatrunsonthepressureofthecarbondioxidethatisusedto"fizz"thedrinks.Thisassuresthatdrinkswillnotbeflat,andeliminatestheneedforsensors.Halogenlampsregeneratethefilamentduringuse--evaporatedmaterialisredeposited.Self-aligning/self-adjustingsealSelf-lockingnutSelf-cleaningoven/glass/materialSelf-repairingstructuresAbradablematerialsusedinenginessuchthatinitialrunning-in‘cuts’optimumsealsintolining“Self-healing”cuttingmat.B-Usewasteresources,energy,orsubstancesUseheatfromaprocesstogenerateelectricity:"Co-generation".Useanimalwasteasfertilizer.Usefoodandlawnwastetocreatecompost.Usepressuredifferencetoreinforcesealaction27Principle26.CopyingA-Insteadofanunavailable,expensive,fragileobject,usesimplerandinexpensivecopiesImitationjewellery.AstroturfCrashtestdummyUAVexcludespilotB-Replaceanobject,orprocesswithopticalcopiesDosurveyingfromspacephotographsinsteadofontheground.Measureanobjectbyscalingmeasurementsfromaphotograph.LaseranemometryVirtualrealityVirtualmock-ups/electronicpre-assemblymodellingC-Ifvisibleopticalcopiesarealreadyused,movetoinfraredorultravioletcopiesMakeimagesininfraredtodetectheatsources,suchasdiseasesincrops,orintrudersinasecuritysystem.UseUVasanon-destructivecrackdetectionmethodUVlightusedtoattractflyinginsectsintotrap28Principle27.CheapShort-LivedObjectsA-Replaceanexpensiveobjectwithamultipleofinexpensiveobjects,compromisingcertainqualities,suchasservicelifeDisposablenappies/paper-cups/plates/cameras/torches/etcMatchesversuslightersThrow-awaycigarettelightersIndustrialdiamondsusedincuttingtoolsSacrificialcoatings/componentsPost-ItsDiscarding-sabotarmourpiercinground.29Principle28.MechanicsSubstitutionA-Replaceamechanicalmeanswithasensory(optical,acoustic,tasteorsmell)meansReplaceaphysicalfencetoconfineadogorcatwithanacoustic"fence"(signalaudibletotheanimal).Finger-print/retina/etcscaninsteadofakeyB-Useelectric,magneticandelectromagneticfieldstointeractwiththeobjectMagneticbearingsElectrostaticprecipitatorsseparateparticlesfromairflowImproveefficiencyofpaint-sprayingbyoppositelychargingpaintdropletsandobjecttobepainted.C-Changefromstatictomovablefields,fromunstructuredfieldstothosehavingstructureEarlycommunicationsusedomnidirectionalbroadcasting.Wenowuseantennaswithverydetailedstructureofthepatternofradiation.MagneticResonanceImaging(MRI)scannerD-Usefieldsinconjunctionwithfield-activated(e.g.ferromagnetic)particlesHeatasubstancecontainingferromagneticmaterialbyusingvaryingmagneticfield.WhenthetemperatureexceedstheCuriepoint,thematerialbecomesparamagnetic,andnolongerabsorbsheat.Magneto-rheologicaleffect–usesferromagneticparticlesandvariablemagneticfieldtoaltertheviscosityofafluid30Principle29.PneumaticsandHydraulicsA-Usegasandliquidpartsofanobjectinsteadofsolidparts(e.g.inflatable,filledwithliquids,aircushion,hydrostatic,hydro-reactive)TransitionfrommechanicaltohydraulicorpneumaticdriveInflatablefurniture/mattress/etcGelfilledsaddleadaptstouserHollowsectionO-ringsHovercraftGasbearingsAcousticpanelsincorporatingHelmholzresonatorsHydraulictappets31Principle30.FlexibleShellsandThinFilmsA-UseflexibleshellsandthinfilmsinsteadofthreedimensionalstructuresUseinflatable(thinfilm)structures.Taut-linertrucksTarpaulincarcoverinsteadofgarageWebbingStoreenergyinflexible/stretchablebags–e.g.accumulatorsinahydraulicsystemMembranekeyboardsB-IsolatetheobjectfromtheexternalenvironmentusingflexibleshellsandthinfilmsBubble-wrapBandages/plastersEgg-boxTeabag32Principle31.PorousMaterialsA-Makeanobjectporousoraddporouselements(inserts,coatings,etc.)Drillholesinastructuretoreducetheweight.CavitywallinsulationTranspirationfilmcooledstructuresFoammetalsUsesponge-likestructuresasfluidabsorptionmediaGoretexfabricB-Ifanobjectisalreadyporous,usetheporestointroduceausefulsubstanceorfunctionUseaporousmetalmeshtowickexcesssolderawayfromajoint.Storehydrogenintheporesofapalladiumsponge.(Fuel"tank"forthehydrogencar--muchsaferthanstoringhydrogengas)DessicantinpolystyrenepackingmaterialsMedicatedswabs/dressings33Principle32.ColourChangesA-ChangethecolourofanobjectoritsexternalenvironmentUsesafelightsinaphotographicdarkroom.Usecolour-changingthermalpainttomeasuretemperatureLight-sensitiveglassesCamouflageEmployinterferencefringesonsurfacestructurestochangecolour(asinbutterflywings,etc)Colourchangingplastic/temperaturesensitiveforchildfeedingspoonB-ChangethetransparencyofanobjectoritsexternalenvironmentUsephotolithographytochangetransparentmaterialtoasolidmaskforsemiconductorprocessing.Smoke-screenC-Inordertoimproveobservabilityofthingsthataredifficulttosee,usecolouredadditivesorluminescentelementsFluorescentadditivesusedduringUVspectroscopyUseopposingcolourstoincreasevisibility––e.g.butchersusegreendecorationtomaketheredinmeatlookredderD-ChangetheemissivitypropertiesofanobjectsubjecttoradiantheatingUseofblackandwhitecolouredpanelstoassistthermalmanagementonspacevehicles.Paintobjectwithhighemissivitypaintinordertobeabletomeasureit’stemperaturewithacalibratedthermalimager34Principle33.HomogeneityA-Makeobjectsinteractingwithagivenobjectofthesamematerial(ormaterialwithidenticalproperties)Makethecontaineroutofthesamematerialasthecontents,toreducechemicalreactions.Frictionweldingrequiresnointermediarymaterialbetweenthetwosurfacestobejoined.‘Liquidpaper’forcorrectingmistakeswhenwritingTemporaryplantpotsmadeoutofcompostablematerialHumanbloodtransfusions/transplants,useofbio-compatiblematerialsMakeice-cubesoutofthesamefluidasthedrinktheyareintendedtocoolJoinwoodencomponentsusing(wood)doweljointsGraphite““solid”pencil.35Principle34.DiscardingandRecoveringA-Makeportionsofanobjectthathavefulfilledtheirfunctionsgoaway(discardbydissolving,evaporating,etc.)ormodifythesedirectlyduringoperationUseadissolvingcapsuleformedication.Icestructures:usewatericeorcarbondioxide(dryice)tomakeatemplateforarammedearthstructure,suchasatemporarydam.Fillwithearth,then,lettheicemeltorsublimetoleavethefinalstructure.Bio-degradablecontainers,bags,etc.Castingprocesses–lost-wax,sand,etc.SacrificialanodeB-Conversely,restoreconsumablepartsofanobjectdirectlyinoperationSelf-sharpeningblades–knives/lawn-mowers/etcStrimmerdispensesmorewireautomaticallyafterabreakage.Self-tuningautomobileenginesPropellingpencilAutomaticrifle36Principle35.ParameterChangesA-Changeanobject'sphysicalstate(e.g.toagas,liquid,orsolid)TransitionfrommechanicaltofluidorelectricaldrivesVaporise(orfreeze)mercurytoeaseplacingofverysmallamountsintofluorescentlight-bulbB-ChangetheconcentrationorconsistencyLiquidversusbarorpowderdetergents.Abradableliningsusedforgas-turbineenginesealsC-ChangethedegreeofflexibilityUseadjustabledamperstoreducethenoiseofpartsfallingintoacontainerbyrestrictingthemotionofthewallsofthecontainer.Compliantbrushsealsratherthanlabyrinthorotherfi