高中英语语法专项讲义：动词不定式

动词不定式一动词不定式作主语的应用动词不定式位于句首作主语Toactlikethatischildren.Nottoconsiderthatfactoriswrong.动词不定式位于句尾作主语，形式主语it放在句首Itiseasytomakemistakes.“It（形式主语）+takes+某人+时间+不定式（实际主语）”句型Ittookmetwodaystodothework.当句中的表语是essential，necessary，unnecessary，important，easy，difficult，foolish，unwise，right，wrong，inconvenient时主语要用不定式Todriveacarsafelyitisessentialtohavegoodbrakes.Toimproveourteachingmethodisverynecessary.Itisimportanttobegoodatlearning.“It（形式主语）+is+of+某人+不定式（实际主语）”句型当某些形容词作表语时，不定式的逻辑主语前的介词使用of，说明不定式指的是谁的情况。能用于这种句型的形容词有：kind，good，nice，right，wrong，wise，unwise，clever，foolish，stupid，silly，careless，naughty，polite，impolite，rude，considerate，inconsiderate。Itiskindofyoutothinksomuchofus.Itisawfullygoodofyoutocomeandhelpus.Itisveryniceofyoutoinviteustotheparty.Itwaswrongofyoutotellalie.Itwaswiseofyoutorefusehisinvitation.Itisfoolishofyoutosayso.Itwassillyofyoutotrusthim.Itwascarelessofhimtoleavethegason.Itisnaughtyofyoutopullthedog’stail.二动词不定式作宾语的应用动词不定式作及物动词的宾语常见的跟不定式作宾语的动词：afford，agree，arrange，ask，bear，beg，care，choose，consent，dare，decide，desire，determine，expect，fail，guarantee，happen，hesitate，hope，learn，manage，neglect，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse，undertake，swear，want，wish。Hedecidedtogoinformedicinesoastobeabletohelptheworkingpeople.“疑问词（how，when，where，what，who）+不定式”结构作动词或介词的宾语Tomtaughtmehowtoplayfootball.Haveyoudecidedwheretohavethemeeting？Idonotknowwhattodonext.Idonotknowwhomtoaskaboutit.Willyoupleasetellmewhichbustotake？Idoubtwhethertobuyanewwatch.“疑问词+不定式”结构常用作下列动词的宾语：advise，decide，discuss，explain，forget，know，learn，remember，show，teach，tell，wonder，doubt。“疑问词+不定式”结构也可以用作主语或表语。Whentoholdthemeetingremainsundecided.Thequestionishowtoputyourplanintopractice.三动词不定式作表语的应用动词不定式用在be，seem，appear等系词后作表语动词不定式（短语）可以用在系词be之后作表语，说明主语的内容。Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.系词seem，appear和prove后面的表语要用不定式；besaid后面的主语补足语也要用不定式。Heseemstohavedonequitewellintheexaminationsincehefeelssoconfidentofpassing.Heappearstohavemanyfriends.Themethodprovedtobehighlyeffective.Thebookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintofiveforeignlanguages.主语是“thing（all，what）+do”结构，而其中又有实意动词do时，作表语的不定式中的to可省略：Thefirstthingwedoafterschoolisfinishourassignments.AllyouhavetodoisstudyEnglishharder.Whathehasdoneisspoilthewholething.thing结构中必须有first，one，only或形容词最高级；all结构中必须带有定语从句，what结构必须是主语从句。四动词不定式作定语的应用后接不定式作定语的名词由可跟不定式作宾语的动词派生或转化而来的抽象名词：attempt，claim，decision，desire，determination，failure，hope，intention，need，plan，promise，refusal，resolution，tendency，treat，wish。由可跟不定式作状语的形容词派生或转化而来的名词：ability，ambition，anxiety，curiosity，eagerness，impatience，patience，reluctance，willingness。后接不定式说明其内容的名词：campaign，chance，courage，effort，evidence，fight，means，measure，move，movement，opportunity，position，power，reason，right，skill，struggle，strength，time，way。被不定式修饰的名词、代词或者数词作该不定式的逻辑主语Haveyougotakeytounlockthisdoor？Haveyouanythingtocureabadcold？Hehasnoonetotakecareofhim.Heisalwaysthefirsttoarriveattheoffice.上面句子中的不定式常指某一特定的动作，而表示泛指时须用“for+动名词”。Avaseisakindofpotforholdingflowers.被不定式修饰的名词或者代词作该不定式的逻辑宾语在这种情况下，不定式虽然表示被动意义，但是必须使用主动形式，它与被修饰的名词或者代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，而另一个相距较远的名词或代词与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系。Ihaveafewwordstosay.被不定式修饰的名词或代词作该不定式中介词的宾语在这种情况下，不定式通常多用作不及物动词，但是根据需要也可以用及物动词加上宾语；不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，其后面的介词通常不能省略。Ihavenotgotachairtositon.Sheisaverynicegirltoworkwith.“介词+which（whom）+不定式”代替“不定式+介词”Heislookingforaplaceinwhichtolive.Maryneedsafriendwithwhomtoplay.五动词不定式作状语的应用作目的状语Hestoppedforaminutetorest.inorderto和soasto的区别inorderto可以放在句首，也可以放在句中，常用于书面语中；soasto不能放在句首，只能放在句中，常用于口语中。Inordertoseparateasolidfromaliquidwecanusefiltration.Theyallworkedhardinordertocompletetheirassignmentintime.Theygotupearlysoastocatchthefirstbus.当表示否定的目的状语时，通常用inordernotto或者soasnotto，而不用notto。Iamgoingtostartnow，inordernottomissthebeginning.Hecameinquietlysoasnottowakethechild.作结果状语WhathaveIdonetomakeyousoangry？only与不定式连用时，常表示未料到的或失望的结果。Hepickedhimselfuponlytofallagainheavily.Iwenttoseehimonlytofindhimout.“too…to”与“only（all，not，never，but）too…to和”tooready（apt）to的区别“too…to”结构解作“太…而不能”。IamsorryIamtoomuchinahurrytotalkwithyou.“too…to”结构中，若too之前有only，all，not，never，but时，后面的不定式没有否定意义。Heisonlytoogladtodoit.Wearealltoopleasedtoacceptyourkindinvitation.Englishisnottoodifficulttolearn.Itisnevertoolatetolearn.Youknowbuttoowelltoholdyourtongue.在“too…to”的结构中，若之后有ready，apt时，其后的不定式没有否定意义。Sheistooreadytofindfault.Heistooapttomakemistakesinspelling.“too…to…to”结构的前一个不定式表示肯定，后一个不定式表示否定。Heistooreadytoblameotherstoblamehimself.“too…notto”结构表示肯定。Maryistookindtohelpothers.enoughto的用法：不定式用在作副词和形容词的enough之后，用作结果状语。Isthechildoldenoughtogotoschool？Youhaveenoughsensetoknowbetter.“so+形容词（或such+名词）+asto：用于表示结果状语，解作“如此…以致”。Ifyouaresostupidastolendhimyourcaryoumustexpectittobedamaged.Thesetwocompoundsreactinsuchawayastoliberateoxygen.“wouldyoubesogood（或kind）asto…？”句型用于表示有礼貌的请求。Wouldyoubesogoodastoanswerthetelephoneifitrings？Wouldyoubesokindastotellmethetime？动词不定式用作原因状语，被它所修饰的谓语动词或作表语用的形容词多表示喜怒哀乐。Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.Hewasangrytoseethatnothinghadbeendone.Weweregrievedtolearnofhisdeath.Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.修饰作表语或补足语的形容词easy，hard，comfortable和difficult，用作状语：Thebooksseemeasytoread.Thehorseishardtocontrol.Wefoundthehouseverycomfortabletolivein.Theproblemisdifficulttosolve.六to代替整个不定式这种用法常限于下列动词或词组之后：want，wish，like，love，hate，hope，try，care，plan，prefer，need，ought，used，begoing，beglad，beable，beready。“DidyouseethePyramids？”“No，Iwantedto，buttherewasnottime.”Hemaycomeifhewishesto.PerhapsIwillgotoBrazilthissummer：Iwouldverymuchliketo.“Wouldyouliketocomewithme？”“Yes，Iwouldloveto.”“AreyouandGilliangettingmarried？”“Wehopeto.”“Didyougetaticket？”“No，Itriedto，buttherewerenotanyleft.”Youcandoitthiswayifyoucareto.“Doyouwanttogiveatalkonthatsubject？”“Iprefernotto.”Healwaysdrivesfasterthanheneedsto.Idonotdancemuchnow，butIusedtoalot.“Haveyoufedthedog？”“No，butIamjustgoingto.”Icannotcometothedinnerpartytonight.Ireallywouldbegladto，butIhaveapreviousengagement.IshouldliketocometothepartybutIdonotknowwhetherIshallbeableto.七theretobe的应用there可以与不定式tobe连用，作动词或介词for的宾语。Idonotwanttheretobeanymoretrouble.Itisimportantfortheretobeafire-escape.如果不是介词for而是其他介词，则要用therebeing。Ineverdreamtoftherebeingapictureonthewall.Iwaswrongabouttherebeingsomemisunderstandingbetweenus.八带逻辑主语的动词不定式的应用当动词不定式带有逻辑主语时，在逻辑主语前通常要用介词for。带逻辑主语的动词不定式可以充当句中的主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。Itisnotpossibleforustoadmitthatthereislifeofanysortonthemoon.Wethinkitpossibleforthemtofulfilltheirproductionplaninafewdays.Thatwasprobablythebestwayforustoovercomethedifficulties.Heopenedthewindowforthefreshairtocomein.九动词不定式的完成式的应用动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作，通常与句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生或在它之后发生，如果动词不定式所表示的动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则应该用不定式的完成式。Ihappenedtohavecomeacrossthebookonce.appear和seem之后只能跟不定式，不能跟分词或动名词。Theyappeartohavebeeninjuredintheaccident.Heseemstohavemissedthetrain.would（第一人称也可以用should）like可以与动词不定式的完成式连用，表示未实现的愿望。这种表达形式可以替换成“wouldhaveliked+不定式的一般式”或“wouldhaveliked+不定式的完成式”。Iwouldliketohaveseenhisfacewhenheopenedtheletter.=Iwouldhavelikedtoseehisfacewhenheopenedtheletter.=Iwouldhavelikedtohaveseenhisfacewhenheopenedtheletter.十动词不定式的被动式的应用当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式应该用被动式，用作句中的主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Whatistobedonenext？Ididnotexpecttobeinvited