新编英语教程第三版第二册unit3

Unit3ILead-inIILanguageStructuresModalauxiliarieswould+perfectinfinitiveusedtoexpress“unfulfilledwish”.Iwouldhavelikedtosignup,butIsprainedmyankle.should/oughtto+perfectinfinitiveusedtoexpress“unfulfilledobligation”needn’t+perfectinfinitiveexpressing“unnecessarypastactions”.1)Sheshould/oughttohavehadmoreoralpracticeduringtheterm.Sheneedn’thavelearnedallthedialoguesbyheart.may/might+perfectinfinitiveusedtoexpress “speculations aboutpastactions”can/couldnot+perfectinfinitiveusedtoexpress“negativedeductionaboutpastactions”.1)Hemay/mighthavegonetothelibrary.Shecan’t/couldn’thavegonetothelibrary.must+perfectinfinitiveusedtoexpress“affirmative deductionaboutpastactions”may/mightaswellusedwiththesecondperson pronoun expressing“suggestions”.1)Shemusthavegonetothelanguagelab.2)Youmay/mightaswellusemybike.PreparatoryQuestionsDirections: Recastthefollowingsentencesusingthefollowingphrases:“wouldhavelikedto(do)”Notice: wouldhavelikedto(do)isusedwiththefirstpersontoexpressthespeaker’swishthatwasnotfulfilled．IintendedtogoskatingwithyouyesterdaybutIcouldn’tbecausemymotherdidn’tletme.(Response:Iwouldhavelikedtogoskatingwithyouyesterday,butmymotherdidn’letme.)ImeanttositinonProfessorWang’sclassthismorningbutIdidn’tbecauseIhadanimportantmeetingtoattend.(Response:IwouldhavelikedtositinonProfessorWang’sclassthismorning,butIhadanimportantmeetingtoattend.)IintendedtotakepartinthebasketballmatchyesterdayafternoonbutIcouldn’tbecauseIhadabadfall yesterdaymorning.(Response:Iwouldhavelikedtotakepartinthebasketballmatchyesterdayafternoon,butIhadabadfallyesterdaymorning.)Iplannedtolendyoumycassetterecorder,butIdidn’t,becauseitwasoutoforder.(Response:Iwouldhavelikedtolendyoumycassetterecorder,butitwasoutoforder.)should/oughtto+perfectinfinitiveNotice: should/oughtto+perfectinfinitive, indicatingapastobligationthatwasnotfulfilledTheexhibitionwasagoodone.AllofusvisiteditexceptJohn.(Response::Johnshould/oughttohavecomewithus.)Wealllearnedalotfromthelecture,butLididn’tattendit.(Response::Lioughtto/shouldhaveattendedthelecture.)Theengineerwenttotheresearchinstitutewithoutanumbrellaandwascaughtintherain.(Response: :Theengineeroughtto/shouldhavetakenanumbrellawithhim.)TheyboughtabookforMarybutshedidn’tlikeit.(Response: : Theyoughtn’tto/shouldn’thaveboughtthebookforMary.)needn’t+perfectinfinitiveNotice:needn’t+perfectinfinitive,indicatingsomethingthatwasunnecessarilydoneinthepastIwroteasummaryinmorethanfivehundredwords.Buttheteacheronlyaskedfor200words.(Response::Ineedn’thavewrittensuchalongsummary.)Linansweredallthetenquestionsinthetestpaper.Butwewereonlyrequiredtoanswereightofthem.(Response::Linneedn’thaveansweredallthetenquestionsinthetestpaper.)3)Marywenttothestationanhourbeforethetrainstarted.(Response::Maryneedn’thavegonetothestationsoearly.)4)Yaocarriedalltheparcelshomeherself.Shedidn’tknowtheywoulddeliverthemifsheaskedthem.)(Response::Yaoneedn’thavecarriedalltheparcelshomeherself.Theywouldhavedeliveredthemifshehadaskedthem.)may/might+perfectinfinitiveNotice:may/might+perfectinfinitive,indicatingspeculationsaboutpastactionsWhereisSusanIwanttogotothecanteenwithher.(Response::Shemay/mighthavegonetherealready.)It’safortnightsinceSunwenttotheSouthandwehaven’tgotawordfromhim.Iwonderifhe’sforgottenusall.(Response::Hemay/mighthavebeenverybusywithhisworkthere.)Sidtoldmehe’dletmehavethelibrarybookafterhe’dfinishedwithit.It’saweeksincehesaidthatandhestillhasn’tgivenmethebook.(Response::Hemay/mighthavereturnedthebooktothelibrary.I’vebeenlookingformybicyclekeyforthreedays,andit’sstillnowheretobefound.(Response::Youmay/mighthavelostit.)can’t/couldn’t+perfectinfinitiveNotice: can’t/couldn’t+perfectinfinitive, indicatingnegativedeductionaboutpastactionsThefirstpartoftheresponsecanbegiventothestudentsasaprompt.WhereismytypewriterSomeonemusthavestolenitlastnight.(Response::Itwashereamomentago.Itcouldn’thavebeenstolenlastnight.)Keithoughttobeherenow.Perhapshe’slosthisway.(Response::ItoldhimhowtocomeandIevendrewhimamap.Hecan’thavelosthisway.)WhobroughttherefrigeratorupstairsPerhapsitwasTim.(Response::Tim’snotthatstrong.Hecouldn’thavebroughtitbyhimself.)4)Amanansweredthephone.Isupposeitwasherhusband.(Response::Butherhusbandhasn’tcomebackfromabroadyet.Itcouldn’thavebeenherhusband.)must+perfectinfinitiveNotice:must+perfectinfinitive,indicatingaffirmativedeductionaboutpastactionsThefilmhesawlastnightwaswonderful.(Response::Hemusthaveenjoyedseeingit.)Helookstired,doesn’the(Response::Hemusthaveworkedhard./Hemusthavestayeduplatelastnight.)Thechildrenweremakingalotofnoiseuntilfiveminutesago.Nowitissoquiet.(Response::Thechildrenmusthavegoneaway.)Jameshascheckedallthefigurestwiceover,buthecan’tgetthecorrectanswer.(Response::Jamesmusthavemadeamistakesomewhere.)may/mightaswellNotice:may/mightaswell,usedwiththesecondpersonpronountoexpressthespeaker’ssuggestion(s)Iamsoexhaustedafterwork.(Response::Youmay/mightaswellgotosleep.)I’mnotfeelingwell.IthinkI’vegotacold.(Response::Beingsoweak,youmay/mightaswellseeadoctor.)ItistoohotforKarenandmetogoforapicnic.(Response::Whydon’tyouchangeittoanotherdayYoumay/mightaswellgotoamovietoday.)Nickwon’ttakeuptheadditionalwork.Hejustwantstodohispart.(Response::Youmay/mightaswellaskLucytodoit.Togetaheadonherjob,sheiswillingtotrynewthings.)DialoguePollutionControlListeningtotherecordingQuestionsonthedialogueWhyisLondonnolongeracityfulloffogWhatisthecauseofairandwaterpollutioninthecitywhereAlivesWhatproblemsdocarbringWhatshouldbedonetobringpollutioninChinacompletelyundercontrolDoyouthinkthatenvironmentalpollutioninChinahasbeeneffectivelyreducedIfso,pleasecitesomefactsorexamples.LanguagePointsItmustbeterriblelivingthere.—Livingtheremustbeterrible.Theintroductoryitisaformalsubject,whereasthe-ingparticiplelivingistherealsubject.Anotherexample,.Itisgreatfunboatingonthelake.theCleanAirAct—ThiswastheresultoftherecommendationsmadebytheBeaverCommitteewhichwassetuptoinquireintothequestionofurbanpollutioninBritain.ThecommitteewassonamedbecauseitschairmanwasSirHughBeaver.enforcev.giveemphasisorstrengthtosth.加强；makesth.(alaw)obeyedoreffectivebyforce强迫服从，实施；forceorcausesth.tobedoneortohappen迫使(某事)发生.1)Mikemustprovideenoughexamplestoenforcehisargument.Youhavenorighttoenforceyourownviewsonme.Thegovernmentisunabletoenforceitsownlawsandregulations.theThames/temz/isswarmingwithfish—theRiverThamesisfulloffishthatmoveaboutbusily.Thenamesofriversareprecededbythedefinitearticlethe,.,theYangziRiver,theYellowRiver,theHudsonRiver,theRiverMississippi..1)Eachsummertheswimmingpoolswarmswithpeople.2)Thattownisalwaysswarmingwithtouristsfromallovertheworld.double:twiceasmuchorasmanyasusual;成双的，双重的，两倍的 a.n.v.adoublebed/room at/onthedouble迅速地，立即地；以跑步方式Thebosswillgivehimdoublepayforworkingovertime.Thedatehadadoublesignificance.You’dbetterbedoublecarefulwhencrossingthestreet.ThepopulationofJapandoublesthatofCanada.Thechildbirthrateinthatareahasdoubled.6.tormentn. extreme suffering,especiallymentalsuffering;apersonorthingthatcausesthis.痛苦，折磨 v..1)Loveisasweettorment.2)Davidhasneversufferedthetormentofrejection.3)Theynevertormentthemselvesoreachotheroverimperfections.devices—devicesusedtotreatsmoke,dust,andwaterpollution治理三废设备.1)Thetelevisionreceiverisanelectronicdevice.Sendingadvertisingbyemailisveryeffectivemarketingdevice.Hisillnessismerelyadevicetoavoidseeinghisgirlfriend.8.residentiala.containingorsuitableforprivatehouses;connectedwithorbasedonresidence住宅的，与居住有关的Graduallythesurroundingfarmlandturnedintoresidentialareas.2)Itisaniceresidentialsection,equippedwithmodernconveniences.residenta.居住的；n.居民，居住者residencen.居住，住宅residev.居住，定居v.makeab.angry,annoyedorimpatient激怒，使烦躁；causediscomfortto(apartofbody)使不舒服，刺激.1)Ourfaultsirritateusmostwhenweseetheminothers.Hereffusivemannerofgreetingherfriendsfinallybegantoirritatethem.Thesetightshoesirritatemytoes.moreandmorepeoplehavecometoknowhowharmful ... —moreandmorepeoplebegintoknowhowharmful...Theinfinitiveaftertheverbcomeexpressesanactionthattakesplacegraduallyoversometime.workingwithMrs.Brown,whoappearedquitehard-hearted,inthesameofficeformanyyears,I’vecometoseethatshehasaheartofgold.makestricterlawstothateffect—makestricterlawswiththeintentiontoforbidcarhornsblowinginthestreets.ThewordeffectreferstowhatBsaysintheprecedingline“it’sagainstthelawtoblowcarhornsinanystreetintown.”tothateffect:usedtoshowthatyou’regivingthegeneralmeaningofwhatsb.hassaidorwrittenratherthanteexactwords表示那个/这个意思，大意如此)Hesaidhewasgreatlyworried,orwordstothateffect.2)MarysaidshehatedtoseeJohn,orhearofthewordstothateffect.tothis/theeffect大意是说togood/great/dramaticeffect产生好的结果

tonoeffect无效果，不起作用tonoeffect无效果，不起作用ExpressionsinFocus“doawaywith..."—terminate,getridof;abolishsth...1)WhynotdoawaywithallthejunkinyourroomItisgettingmoreandmoreuntidy!HowcouldtheydoawaywithalovelyoldbuildinglikethatandputacarparkthereinsteadTheseridiculousrulesandregulationsshouldhavebeendoneawaywithyearsago.“addto…”一increaseorhaveanincreasedeffect;“addsth.tosth."一putsth.togetherwithsth.elsesoastoincrease.Hiswordsdidnothingbutaddedtomyanger.Thebadweatheronlyaddedtoourdifficulties.Teachersshouldexercisetheirimaginationandaddarttotheirteaching.“bring…undercontrol”—subdueormastersth.Tobringthenoisychildrenundercontrol,theteacherstoldthemthestoryof“BuzzyBees”.Hundredsoffiremenhavebroughtawildfirespreadoverninesquarekilometersoflandundercontrolafterbattlingtoputouttheflamesfortwodays.ThePrimeMinistersaidyesterdaythatthegovernmentismakingalleffortstobringthehighinflationundercontrol.D.RetellingSampleoutlineforretellingB,astudentfromEngland,istalkingtoAaboutthepollutionproblem.BtellsAaboutLondonatpresent:thestepsthathavebeentakenbythegovernmentandthechangethathastakenplace.AandBtalkaboutthepollutionprobleminChina:airpollutioninfactoryzones;noisepollutionincitystreets;AtellsBthattheChinesegovernmenthastakensomemeasurestocontrolpollution.ReadingIEnvironmentPollutionPre-ReadingActivityTheenvironmentalpollutiononourplanethascausedundesirablechangeandharmfullyaffectedhealth,survivalandactivitiesofhumansandotherlivingorganisms.Now,pleasethinkaboutthefollowingquestionsbeforeyoureadthetext.WhatarethemajorcausesofenvironmentalpollutionSample:DevelopmentofindustryandUrbanization.IstheplacewhereyoulivepollutedorevenseriouslypollutedIfso,describetoyourpartner.WhatcanwedotoreduceenvironmentalpollutionSample:Weshouldcurbthesewageandsmokefromfactories,performgarbageclassificationandrecyclewastes.BackgroundNotesParticlePollution（PM10）and（n.颗粒，微粒；微量，极小量）pollution（alsoknownas"particulate<n.微粒，颗粒，粒子>matter"）intheairincludesamixtureofsolidsandliquiddroplets

（液体的小滴）.Someparticlesareemitteddirectly;othersareformedintheatmospherewhenotherpollutantsreact.Particlescomeinawiderangeofsizes.Thoselessthan10micrometersindiameter直径（PM10）aresosmallthattheycangetintothelungs,potentiallycausingserioushealthproblems.Tenmicrometersissmallerthanthewidthofasinglehumanhair.Fineparticles.Particleslessthanmicrometersin diameterare called"fine"particles. Theseparticles aresoSourcesoffinealltypesofmotorvehicles,smalltheycanbedetectedonlywithanelectronmicroscope.Sourcesoffinealltypesofmotorvehicles,particlesincludecombustion,includingpowerplants,residentialwoodburning,forestfires,agriculturalburning,andsomeindustrialprocesses.Coarse（粗糙的，粗鲁的；粗野的，粗俗的）dustparticles.Particlesbetweenand10micrometersindiameterarereferredtoas"coarse."Sourcesofcoarseparticlesincludecrushingorgrindingoperations,andduststirredupbyvehiclestravelingonroads.fogandhaze雾霾Fogandhazedifferinthatfogisathick,opaque（不透明的，晦涩的；难以理解的）effectthatlastsashorttime,whilehazeisathin,translucent（a.半透明的）effectthatlastsalongtime.FogWhethercreatedbynatureormachine,fogconsistsofliquiddropletssuspended（v.使悬浮；悬，挂；停止，终止；延缓，暂缓执行）intheair.Fogmachinescreatefogbyvaporizing（v.使蒸化，使汽发；吹牛，吹嘘）fogfluid-thatis,theyconvertthefogfluidfromaliquidformtoanaerosol （n.悬浮微粒，浮质；烟雾机，气雾剂）form.HazeLikefog,hazeconsistsofliquiddroplets,butthedropsareveryfineandaredistributedevenlyoveralargeareatoformamist.QuestionsonP35.LanguagePoints—theconditions,scenery,etc.aroundaperson,placeorthing;environment.Theword“surrounding”,however,isgenerallyusedasanadjective..Theymakeregularchecksonthesurroundingareasforpollutionlevels.2.Theadjective “dirty”andthenoun“poison”areusedasverbshere,whichrespectivelymean“tomake-dirty”and“toputpoisonin”or“tocause_■ _  力poisoning”.n.chemicalsubstanceusedtokillpests,esp.insectsbiotechnologycompanyisdevelopingarangeofnewpesticide.2)Theinsectshavebecomeresistanttothepesticide.v.n.severedamageordestruction毁灭，破坏；废墟Themostgloriouscityatthetimewasburneddowntobefieryruins.2)WhomGodwouldruin,hefirstdeprivesofreason.3)Oneindiscreetremarkatthewrongmomentcouldruinthewholeplan.若时机不当，一言不慎，可能毁掉整个计划。—thingsthatareconsideredasuselessoroflittlevalue.Doyouknowwhatjunkshop,junkmailandjunkfoodmeanCanyoutellthedifferencebetweenjunkandlitterv.throwordropthingsindifferentdirectionssothattheycoveranareaofground;moveormakepeopleoranimalsmoveveryquicklyindifferentdirections.使分散，散播thinkslovewillscatterherconcentrationonwork,soshepayszeropercenttoit.2)Thebirdsscatteratthesoundofthegun..pollutionproblemisascomplicatedasitisserious—thepollutionproblemisserious,itiscomplicatedaswellwastefumes,gases,steam,etcexpelledfromanengineoramachine.reduceor(makesomething)becomeless.Thesuffix “-en”canbeaddedtoanadjectiveoranounandthusformanewverb,forexample, worsen,strengthen,darkenect. “en-” canalsobeaddedbeforeanounasaprefixandformanewverb,forexample,enforce, encourage,enrichetc.abalanceddietcansignificantlylessentheriskofheartdisease.2)Listeningtothespeechthroughaninterpreterlesseneditsimpactsomewhat.less+en=lessensharp+en=sharpensoft+en=softendeep+en=deepenpersuadebusinessestotakeactiontowardreducingpollution—Theprepositiontowardheremeans“forthepurposeof”;he1700sand1800s—Duringthe1700s,theIndustrialRevolutionbeganinGreatBritain.ItstartedspreadingtootherpartsofEuropeandtoNorthAmericaintheearly1800s.TheIndustrialRevolutioncreatedanenormousincreaseintheproductionofmanykindsofgoods,whichresultedfromtheintroductionofpower-drivenmachineryand thedevelopmentoffactoryorganization.ad.atasteadyrateorpace;inasteadymanner.1)Ihadtolevelthetable'slegstomakeitsteady.Thegirlhadmadeaseriousdecisiononherownaboutgivingupasteadyjob.Mybrotherwassteadyfellow,whoalwaysbroughthomethebacon.v.haveaplan,resultorpurposeinyourmindwhenyoudosth.;planthatsth.shouldhaveaparticularmeaning..1)Thechairwasintendedforyou,butmysistertookitaway.2)Iintendedtocatchtheearlytrain,butIdidn'tarriveatthes