托福基础语法(3)上课讲义

语法(yǔfǎ)常见错误7宗罪第一页，共119页。第一(dìyī)宗罪：Employeecangetmorebenefitsfromtelecommutingthanemployer.名词employee和employer被“裸体(luǒtǐ)”使用了。改正：theemployee;theemployer employees;employers第二页，共119页。第二宗罪：（1）Workathome，usingmoderntechnology，cangreatlyenhanceourefficiency.简单句里谓语动词(dòngcí)多于一个。workworking（2）Childrenwhoareraiseinpoorfamiliescangenerallydealwithproblemsmoreeffectivelyintheiradultyears.被动语态raiseraised第三页，共119页。（3）Theproblemsthatarecreatedbyenvironmentalcontaminationisveryhardtoresolve.主谓不一致，problemsisisare（4）Manystudentsarelikestudyinghomeeconomics.两个动词(dòngcí)……去掉are第四页，共119页。（5）Inpresent-daysociety,cultureswerebecomingverysimilar.前后(qiánhòu)时态矛盾！wereare第五页，共119页。第三(dìsān)宗罪Intelligentstudentsshouldnotbetreateddifferentbytheirteachers.修饰(xiūshì)动词treat应该用副词differentdifferently第六页，共119页。第四宗罪（1）Countriesshouldpayattentiononthedisadvantagesthatglobalizationmaycreate.介词搭配(dāpèi)错误payattentiontoreasonfor…&solutionto…第七页，共119页。（2）TheInternethasinsteadofteachersinmanyclassrooms.insteadof不是动词(dòngcí)，而是介词短语。replace或者supplantinsteadofreplacedorsupplanted第八页，共119页。第五(dìwǔ)宗罪Someparentsdonotobeytrafficruleshimself.代词指代复数名词(míngcí)错误himselfthemselves第九页，共119页。第六宗罪SomepeoplethinktheInternetonlyhaspositiveimpact,otherpeoplethinkitalsohasnegativeinfluenceonourlives.缺少连词(liáncí)或者句号（分号）while第十页，共119页。第七宗罪Thereareagreatmanychildrenthinkthemainpurposeofeducationshouldbetoaffordthempleasureandenjoyment.Therebe句型后面的名词再加动词时不要(bùyào)用动词原形！！！thinkthinking第十一页，共119页。练习(liànxí)1.Conflictsmayarisebetweentouristandlocalresident.可数名词裸体(luǒtǐ)了！第十二页，共119页。2.Growupinapoorfamilymakessomechildrenfeeltheyarenotascapableasotherchildren.动词(dòngcí)不能作主语！第十三页，共119页。3.Someeventsarenotreportbythemediainadependableway.被动语态be+v-ed!!!第十四页，共119页。4.Thegovernmentsofallcountriesonthisplanetisbeginningtorealizetheseverityofwatershortage.主谓一致性！！！第十五页，共119页。5.Ingeneral,computershelpstudentslearnthingsmoreeffectively,computergamesmaylowertheirefficiency.缺少(quēshǎo)连接词！！！第十六页，共119页。6.Therearenumerouscountriesintheworldsufferfrompoverty.Therebe句型(jùxínɡ)！！！第十七页，共119页。7.FastfoodisinsteadingoftraditionalChinesefoodinmanyChinesecities.insteadof不能用作动词(dòngcí)！！第十八页，共119页。插入语第十九页，共119页。在一个句子(jùzi)中间插入一个成分,它不作句子(jùzi)的何种成分,也不和句子(jùzi)的何种成分发生结构关系,同时既不起连接作用,这个成分称之插入语。第二十页，共119页。插入语结构(jiégòu)Tocasualobservers,aswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplanners,theluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemageless.第二十一页，共119页。插入语结构(jiégòu)Over120yearsago,theEnglishbotanistJ.D.Hooker,writingofAustralianeatableplants,suggestedthatmanyofthemwereeatablebutnotwortheating.第二十二页，共119页。插入语结构(jiégòu)Inrelationshipsofmutualdependence,suchasbetweenlabourandmanagementorwithinanorganizationofafamily,thequestionofwhoismorepowerfulturnsonwhoislessdependentontheother.第二十三页，共119页。插入语结构(jiégòu)副词(fùcí)插入语Thiswillaffectthejobmarket,which,afterall,isakeytargetinanyeconomicplan.第二十四页，共119页。介词(jiècí)短语作插入语Sportsstarsandpopstars,forexample,aresoonreplacedbythenextyounger,moreenergeticgeneration.第二十五页，共119页。不定式短语(duǎnyǔ)作插入结构Totellyouthetruth,Ihaven’tboughtanythingforayear.老实对你说Itwasn’taverygooddinner,tosaytheleastofit.至少可以(kěyǐ)这么说第二十六页，共119页。常用(chánɡyònɡ)作插入语的副词：obviously,frankly,naturally,surely,nonetheless,undoubtedly常用(chánɡyònɡ)作插入语的形容词或短语：strangetosay,worstofall,mostimportantofall常用(chánɡyònɡ)作插入语的介词短语：infact,forinstance,常用(chánɡyònɡ)作插入语的分词短语：generallyspeaking,franklyspeaking,……….常用(chánɡyònɡ)作插入语的不定式短语：Tobesure,tosumup,totellthetruth第二十七页，共119页。强调(qiángdiào)句第二十八页，共119页。强调(qiángdiào)句Itis＋被强调(qiángdiào)的部分＋that（who）＋原句其它部分注意：谓语不能强调(qiángdiào)第二十九页，共119页。Itisinmarketeconomythatthepriceofdifferentcommoditiesandservicesarealwayschanging.第三十页，共119页。It

isproteinthatspiderscanmakeinanenvironmentallyfriendlywaysimilartothewaymammalsmakemilk.Spiderscanmakeproteininanenvironmentallyfriendlywaysimilartothewaymammalsmakemilk.第三十一页，共119页。倒装句第三十二页，共119页。倒装句倒装：谓语动词全部或者部分放到了主语前面，这样的句子被称为(chēnɡwéi)倒装句完全倒装部分倒装第三十三页，共119页。完全(wánquán)倒装Thebuscomeshere. Herecomesthebus.Abeautifulgirlsitsinfrontofme. Infrontofmesitsabeautifulgirl.第三十四页，共119页。部分(bùfen)倒装第二种倒装：部分倒装主语和助动词位置(wèizhi)颠倒，而动词依然放在主语后面第三十五页，共119页。部分(bùfen)倒装Innowayshouldwelietoourparents.OnlyinthiswaycanwelearnEnglishwell.第三十六页，共119页。词第三十七页，共119页。遇到不会写的单词怎么办？（1）上位概念用一个稍微简单，但是具有概括(gàikuò)效果的词汇（2）同义替换稍作解释，让阅卷人能懂即可第三十八页，共119页。Q1：孙老师很变态。“变态”如何(rúhé)翻译？-------BT-------与正常人不一样bedifferentfromnormalpeople第三十九页，共119页。Q2：“宫爆鸡丁”如何(rúhé)翻译？------achickeninthecourt------adishwhichismadeofchickenandpeanuts第四十页，共119页。Q3：一帮人拿着铁锹、锄头植树(zhíshù)去了。“铁锹、锄头”怎么翻译？-----tools------thetoolswhichareusedtoplanttrees第四十一页，共119页。Q4：“老百姓”如何(rúhé)翻译？----oldhundredsex----thegeneralpublic；ordinarypeople第四十二页，共119页。Q5：“帕金森综合征”如何(rúhé)翻译-----aseriousdisease第四十三页，共119页。Q6：“鲜花怒放(nùfàng)”如何翻译----Flowersangrilyopen-----“鲜花完全盛开”-----Flowersareinfullbloom.第四十四页，共119页。Q7：“孝敬”老人如何翻译-----Filial-----尊重(zūnzhòng)和照顾老人------respectandtakegoodcareof第四十五页，共119页。Q8：“胸有成竹”如何(rúhé)翻译----havebamboosinone'schest-----有信心的-----beconfident第四十六页，共119页。总之，遇到不会翻译的概念有2种方法：（1）上位概念（2）同义(tónɡyì)替换第四十七页，共119页。句第四十八页，共119页。（1）长句优先(yōuxiān)原则（2）句型多变原则第四十九页，共119页。长句优先(yōuxiān)原则（1）定语从句任何一个名词后面都可以加上一个定语从句对之进行解释（2）并列结构排山倒海(páishāndǎohǎi)and前后加上意思相近结构相同的短语或者单词（3）套话凑数4大套话，可以用于任何一句话前面第五十页，共119页。定语(dìngyǔ)从句第五十一页，共119页。例1：Honestmerchantswillsufferagreatdestruction.-----本句讲假冒伪劣商品(shāngpǐn)的危害第一步：找名词：merchantdestruction第二步：加定从：第五十二页，共119页。Honestmerchants，

whoobserverulesandregulationsandproducehigh-qualitygoods，

willsufferagreatdestructionwhichisdetrimentaltotheirproduction.

第五十三页，共119页。例2：Factorieshavedischargedgasandliquid.第一步：找名词(míngcí)：factoriesgasandliquid第二步：加定从：第五十四页，共119页。Factories,whichbringtheirownershugeprofits,havedischargedgasandliquidthatmayexertaseriouslynegativeinfluenceonthesurroundingenvironment.

第五十五页，共119页。并列结构排山倒海and前后加上意思相近结构相同的短语或者(huòzhě)单词第五十六页，共119页。例1：取得成功：achievegreatsuccessachievegreatsuccessandrealizeone’spotentialachievegreatsuccessandattainone’sgoalsachievegreatsuccessandovercomeseveraldifficulties/hurdles第五十七页，共119页。例2：“放松(fànɡsōnɡ)身心”relaxone’sbodiesandeaseone’smind第五十八页，共119页。例3：“开拓(kāituò)视野”broadenone’shorizonsbroadenone’shorizonsandenrichone’smind第五十九页，共119页。例4：促进(cùjìn)交流”promotethecommunicationpromotethecommunicationandinteractionbetween…and…第六十页，共119页。套话(tàohuà)凑数-----4大套话(tàohuà)第六十一页，共119页。1，Thereisnodenyingthefactthat…不可否认的...变型(biànxínɡ)：Itisanundeniablefactthat…Undeniably，…第六十二页，共119页。2,Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat…全世界都知道(zhīdào)...第六十三页，共119页。3,Thereisnodoubtthat…毫无疑问(háowúyíwèn)的...变型：Itisfarbeyondanyreasonabledoubtthat…(毋庸置疑)第六十四页，共119页。4,Itisconceivablethat…可想而知(kěxiǎngérzhī)的第六十五页，共119页。例：Itisconceivablethatwiththerapiddevelopmentinsocietyandeconomy,competitionisbecomingincreasinglyfierceandacute.第六十六页，共119页。句型(jùxínɡ)多变原则第六十七页，共119页。1.人称句与无人称句转换(zhuǎnhuàn)很多人认为，在中国，控制人口数是非常必要的。birthcontrolManypeoplethinkbirthcontrolisquitenecessaryinChina.ItiswidelythoughtthatbirthcontrolisquitenecessaryinChina.第六十八页，共119页。2.肯定句与否定句的转换(zhuǎnhuàn)每个孩子都想赚些零花钱来帮助交付高额(ɡāoé)的大学费用。Everychildwantstoearnalittlemoneytohelpcoverhighercollegecost.Thereishardlyachildwhodoesn’twanttoearnalittlemoneytohelpcoverhighercollegecost.Thereishardlyachildbutwantstoearnalittlemoneytohelpcoverhighercollegecost.第六十九页，共119页。形式肯定但意义(yìyì)否定的结构1.morethancan cannot…简直不，无法，难以Thebeautyoftheparkismorethanwordscandescribe.Thebeautyoftheparkcannotbedescribedbywords.这个(zhège)公园美的无法形容。第七十页，共119页。2.anything…but绝对不，根本(gēnběn)不，一点也不Heisanythingbutascholar.Thewoodbridgeisanythingbutsafe.第七十一页，共119页。3.haveyettodo…havenotdone…yetIhaveyettohearthestory.Ihaveyettolearnthenewskill.第七十二页，共119页。4.may/mightaswell…否定(fǒudìng)结构，“还不如”Itisstillraininghardoutside;wemayaswellstayhereoverthenight.Youmightaswellburnthebookthangivethemtoher.第七十三页，共119页。形式否定但意义肯定(kěndìng)的结构Itisnomorethanabeginning.仅仅，只是(zhǐshì)Theygavemethewrongbook,andIdidnotnoticeituntilIgotbacktomyroom.直到……才Youcannotbetoocarefulindoingtheexperiments.越……越好第七十四页，共119页。nothingbut 只有，只不过nothingmorethan 仅仅(jǐnjǐn)nosooner…than 刚一……就fornothing 徒然，免费notonly…,butalso 不仅……而且not…longbefore 很快就nomorethan 仅仅(jǐnjǐn)，只是nootherthan 只有，正是第七十五页，共119页。3.主动句与被动(bèidòng)句的转换由于(yóuyú)社会需要，出现了很多夜校。Thereappearmanyeveningschoolsbecauseofsocialdemands.Manyeveningschoolsarecalledintoexistencebysocialdemands.第七十六页，共119页。4.动词(dòngcí)和名词的转换这种生活方式已经越来越流行(liúxíng)，越来越多的年轻人已经接受这种生活方式。Thestyleoflivinghasbecomemoreandmorepopularandacceptedbymoreandmoreyoungpeople.Thestyleoflivinghasfounditsgrowingpopularityandacceptanceamongyoungpeople.第七十七页，共119页。人们(rénmen)担心传统价值正在逐渐的消失。Peopleareconcernedthatthetraditionalvaluesaregraduallydisappearing.Peopleareconcernedaboutthegradualdisappearanceofthetraditionalvalues.第七十八页，共119页。5.短句与长句(chánɡjù)的转换它给学生们带来严重(yánzhòng)的压力，一些学生无法忍受这种压力。Itbringsstudentsintensivepressure.Somestudentscannotendurethispressure.Itbringsstudentsintensivepressurethatsomestudentscannotendure.第七十九页，共119页。青少年由于课业负担重并在同伴的鼓励下去吸烟。在这种情况下，尽管觉得不对，他们还是(háishi)经常这么做。青少年——teenagers同伴——peers课业——schoolwork觉得不对——feelalittleguilty去吸烟——resorttosmoking第八十页，共119页。Teenagersarepressuredbyschoolworkandtheyarealsoencouragedbytheirpeers.Undersuchcircumstances,theyoftenresorttosmoking,thoughsometimestheyfeelalittleguilty.Pressuredbyschoolworkandencouragedbytheirpeers,teenagersoftenresorttosmoking,thoughtheyfeelalittleguiltysometimes.第八十一页，共119页。练习(liànxí)1.变无人称句Peopleingrowingnumbersagreethatwomenshouldenjoyfullequalitywithmen.Thereisgrowingagreementsthatwomenshouldenjoyfullequalitywithmen.第八十二页，共119页。练习(liànxí)2.变无人称句ManyChinesepeoplehavegonetotheUnitedStatesinthepast15years.Thepast15yearshavebroughtmanyChinesepeopletotheUnitedStates.第八十三页，共119页。练习(liànxí)3.变无人称句Wealmostforgetthisevent.Thiseventisalmostforgottenbyus.Thiseventisnowalmostfading

fromourmemory.第八十四页，共119页。练习(liànxí)4.变无人称句Weeasilydrewtheconclusionthroughtheinvestigation.Theinvestigationcaneasilyleadtotheconclusion.第八十五页，共119页。练习(liànxí)5.变被动语态WearemakinggreateffortstoimproveourEnglish.GreateffortsarebeingmadetoimproveourEnglish.Wemaythinkmoreoftheelderlywholiveapartfromtheirchildren.Morethoughtmaybegiventotheelderlywholiveapartfromtheirchildren.第八十六页，共119页。练习(liànxí)6.换用名词IfwearewatchingtoomuchTV,ourreadingabilitywillbeseriouslyaffected.HeavyexposuretoTVwillexertanegativeeffectonourreadingability.第八十七页，共119页。练习(liànxí)7.换用名词Ifwedon’trecognizetheseriousproblemofgrowingpopulation,wewillmakeabigmistake.Failuretorecognizetheseriousnessofgrowingpopulationwillleadtoabigmistake.第八十八页，共119页。练习(liànxí)8.变双重否定句Wheneveryoupickupanewspaper,youwillalwaysfindadvertisements.Itisimpossibletopickupanewspaperwithoutfindingadvertisements.第八十九页，共119页。练习(liànxí)9.变长句AstudenthasstudiedEnglishforafewyears.Hemayhaveavocabularyofthousandsofwords.AstudentwhohasstudiedEnglishforafewyearsmayhaveavocabularyofthousandsofwords.第九十页，共119页。练习(liànxí)10.变长句Heboughtajeep.Hisfriendadvisedhimagainstit.(inspiteof)Heboughtajeepinspiteofhisfriend’sadvisinghimagainstit.第九十一页，共119页。练习(liànxí)11.变长句Thepoliticianisconcernedwithsuccessfulelections.Thestatesmanisinterestedinthefutureofhispeople.Thepoliticianisconcernedwithsuccessfulelections,whereasthestatesmanisinterestedinthefutureofhispeople.第九十二页，共119页。练习(liànxí)11.变长句Hechosetostudycomputerscience.Computersciencehasgoodemploymentprospects.Hechosetostudycomputersciencebecauseofitsgoodemploymentprospects.第九十三页，共119页。练习(liànxí)12.变长句Heisnotcoming.Theeventof万一(wànyī)，倘若Intheeventofhisnotcoming,themeetingwillbeputofftillnextweek.第九十四页，共119页。你能写出来(chūlái)吗？作文(zuòwén)素材第九十五页，共119页。让孩子接触过多的暴力与色情对他们(tāmen)的成长有害。excessivepornographybe/bad/harmful/detrimentaltoExposingyoungchildrentoexcessiveviolenceandpornographywouldbedetrimentaltotheirdevelopment.第九十六页，共119页。照料宠物(chǒnɡwù)有助于培养小孩的交际能力。socialskillsTakingcareofapetcanhelpchildrendevelopsocialskills.contributeto/beconducivetoTakingcareofapetcancontributeto/beconducivetothedevelopmentofChildren’ssocialskills.第九十七页，共119页。我们政府的主要任务是致力于消除贫困、疾病(jíbìng)和文盲。eliminateilliteracyThemaintaskofourgovernmentiseliminatingpoverty,diseaseandilliteracy.第九十八页，共119页。如何(rúhé)解决严重的交通问题对于政府而言是个棘手的问题。athornyissueHowtosolvetheheavytrafficproblemisathornyissue第九十九页，共119页。发达国家和发展中国家的政府必须采取(cǎiqǔ)更环保的政策。essential/imperativeadoptenvironmentallyfriendlypoliciesItisimperativeforgovernmentsofdevelopedanddevelopingnationstoadoptmoreenvironmentallyfriendlypolicies.第一百页，共119页。一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生(xuésheng)太多的时间。事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康。Aproperpart-timejobdoesnotoccupystudents’toomuchtime.Infact,itisunhealthyforthemtospendalloftimeontheirstudy.第一百零一页，共119页。学生的唯一任务是获得将来(jiānglái)工作所需的知识和技能。only，soleacquire，get，gain，obtainThesoletaskofstudentsistoacquiretheknowledgeandskills，which，apparently，areessentialtotheirfuturecareer.第一百零二页，共119页。互联网是传播信息(xìnxī)的经济途径。economicalconveyTheInternetisaneconomicalwaytoconveyinformation.第一百零三页，共119页。现在，随着电脑的广泛(guǎngfàn)使用，许多成年人感到学习电脑技能的迫切需要。applicationpressingneedNowadays,withthewideapplicationsofcomputers,manyadultsfeelthepressingneedtoacquirecomputerskills.第一百零四页，共119页。必须采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利(bùlì)影响。Propermeasuresmustbetakentolimitthenumberofforeigntouristsandgreateffortsshouldbemadetoprotectlocalenvironmentandhistoryfromtheharmfuleffectsofinternationaltourism.第一百零五页，共119页。互联网的出现使人们更加(gènjiā)容易接触到全世界各种各样的信息。adventenablesomebodytodohaveaccesstoTheadventoftheInternetenablespeopletohaveeasieraccesstoallsortsofinformationworldwide.第一百零六页，共119页。日益恶化(èhuà)的环境已经引起人们的广泛关注。deteriorate/worsenarousewideconcernThedeterioratingenvironmenthasarousedpeople’swideconcern.第一百零七页，共119页。青少年不断恶化的健康状况引起公众(gōngzhòng)的关注。deteriorate/worsenbebroughtintopublicfocusTheworseninghealthconditionofyouthshasbeenbroughtintopublicfocus.第一百零八页，共119页。如果不重视(zhòngshì)自然资源的保护，它将很快被耗尽。conservation/protectiondeplete/exhaust/consumeOurnaturalenergywillsoonbedepleted/exhaustedifwepaynoattentiontotheconservationofit.第一百零九页，共119页。由于受到网络上过多的色情与暴力(bàolì)的影响，有些青少年误入歧途。goastrayDeeplyinfluencedbyexcessivepornographyandviolenceontheInternet,someteenagersgoastray.第一百一十页，共119页。父母的教导如果坚定、理性、始终如一(shǐzhōngrúyī)，孩子就有可能充满自信。firmrationalconsistentbelikelytodo/beinclinedtoChildrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm，rationalandconsistentareinclinedtopo