高考语法复习课件-被动语态详解

被动语态详解(一)语态分类英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主动)Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被动)汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give

为例，列表如下：一般现在时： am/is/are+given

一般过去时： was/were+given

一般将来时： shall/willbe+given

一般过去将来时： should/wouldbe+given

现在进行时： am/is/are+being+given

过去进行时： was/were+being+given

现在完成时： have/has+been+given

过去完成时： had+been+given

将来完成时： shall/will+havebeen+given

［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。

(三)被动语态的使用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by

短语。

“Mr.White,thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafterclass.”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by

短语。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+名词作状语，而代替by

短语。

ThesecarsweremadeinChina.15,000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.(四)主动语态变被动语态的方法（1）Myaunt

invited

me

toherdinnerparty.

主语

谓语

宾语→

I

wasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.

主语

谓语

宾语（2）Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。

2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。

3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by

的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by

短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。

(五)语态转换时所注意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。

Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)

2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。

Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.

Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.

如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：

Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.保留宾语(六)被动语态常用的八种时态详解1.一般现在时：Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.2.一般过去时：Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.3.一般将来时：Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.4.过去将来时：Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.5.现在进行时：TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.6.过去进行时：—Whydidn'ttheydrivethereontime?—Becausetheworkersweremendingtheroad.Becausetheroadwasbeingmended.Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.7.现在完成时：Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff.

Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Wehavebroughtdowntheprice.Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown.8.过去完成时：WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.

Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader.9.含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim..由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+介词，如:

agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather..带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.

→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.

→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.

→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.

误：Loveappleswerecalledthem.正：Theywerecalledloveapples..还有一种短语动词由动词+名词+介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：1)Wetakegoodcareofthebooks.

Thebooksaretakengoodcareof.Goodcareistakenofthebook.

2)Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation.

Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto.

用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catchsightof,makeuseof,payattentionto,setfireto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof,keepaneyeon等。

.主动表被动用法：有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写字很流畅。

“be+过去分词”并非都是被动语态，系动词be,feel,seem,look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。例如：1.I’minterestedinmathematics.2.Heseemsunsatisfiedwithhiswork.3.Tomwassurprisedatthenews.

.need,want,require等动词以及形容词worth后面,常跟动词-ing形式,用主动形式表达被动意义。如:Thisdictionaryiswellworthbuying..easy,difficult,hard,heavy等形容词后面跟动词不定式,用主动形式表被动意义,并且该不定式与句子的主语须具备逻辑上的动宾关系。如:Whatlifewillbelikeinthefutureisdifficulttopredict..下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：

1，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。—Doyoulikethematerial?—Yes,itfeelsverysoft.误：Itisfeltverysoft.Thefoodtastesdelicious.误：Thefoodistasteddelicious.Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.误：Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful.

2，一些不及物动词短语及不及物动词没有被动语态，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto

rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等如：Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.误：Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.

Whenwegottothetopofthemountain,thesunhadalreadyrisen.误：Thesunhadalreadybeenrisen.Aftertheearthquake,fewhousesremained.误：Aftertheearthquake,fewhouseswereremained.

特别记住下列句型：Itishopedthat…希望……Itissupposedthat…据推测说……Itmustbepointedoutthat…必须指出…Itwillbeseenthat…由此可以看出……Itisknownthat…据说……Itiswellknownthat…众所周知……Itisbelievedthat…有人相信……Itisthoughtthat…人们认为……

课后小练Changethefollowingsentencesintothepassivevoice:1.Allofuslikeher.2.Wearediscussingthequestion.3.Wehaveputoffthemeeting.4.Iwilldevelopmypicturenextweek.Sheislikedbyallofus.Thequestionisbeingdiscussed.Themeetinghasbeenputoff.Mypicturewillbedevelopednextweek.Fillintheblankswiththerightformofthewordsgiven:I___________(give)anewbookbymyfatheronmybirthday.English___________(find)veryuseful.3.Thework______________(finish)tomorrow.4.Theflowers______________(water)bythemnow.wasgivenisfoundwillbefinishedarebeingwateredTherailway________________(build)thistimelas