学术英语综合第二单元

学术英语AcademicEnglish1整理课件Unit2BusinessEthicsTextAStrikingtheRightBalance2整理课件FreeenterpriseFreeenterprisereferstothesystemofbusinessinwhichindividualsarefreetodecidewhattoproduce,howtoproduceit,andatwhatpricetosellit.自由企业制度，就是确保企业能够拥有在产权受法律保护的基础上所享有的自由创业权、自由经营权、自由交易权以及自由支配或处置财产权等一系列的制度安排。它包括产权制度、进入退出制度、公平竞争制度、平等合约制度、平等交易制度以及平等获取信息服务制度等。Unit2

BusinessEthicsTextABackgroundinformation3整理课件Doyouagreeornot?Profitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusiness----AdamSmith4整理课件2016年3·15晚会：共筑消费新生态【曝光】“饿了么”惊现黑心作坊看完你还会饿么？【曝光】制造用废钢料这样的假牙你敢戴吗？【权威发布】跨境电商进口儿童用品超三成不合格【消费预警】你买的人参可能一半是白糖！Balanceprofitandbusinessethics5整理课件BusinessEthicsBusinessethicsmeanswrittenandunwrittencodesofmoralstandardsthatarecriticaltothecurrentactivitiesandfutureaspirationsofabusinessorganization.Theycandifferfromonecompanytoanotherbecauseofdifferencesinculturalperspectives,operationalstructuresandstrategicorientations.Theguidingframeworkofbusinessethicsexistsalllevelsoftheorganization.Itisabouthavingthewisdomtodeterminethedifferencebetweenrightactionsandwrongdecisions.Insimplerterms,businessethicsprovidesthemoralitystandardsandbehavioralpatternsexpectedofindividualsandthebusinessasawhole.Thesemoralstandardscanbeperceivedintermsofthemicroenvironmentandmacroenvironmentofthebusiness.6整理课件StakeholderVSShareholderTherearetwoschoolsofthoughtregardinghowcompaniesshouldapproachadefinitionforbusinessethics:theshareholderperspectiveandthestakeholderperspective.7整理课件StakeholderVSShareholderShareholderPerspectiveThosewhoapproachethicaldecisionmakingfromashareholderperspectivefocusonmakingdecisionsthatareintheowners'bestinterest.Decisionsareguidedbyaneedtomaximizereturnoninvestmentfortheorganization'sshareholders.Individualswhoapproachethicsfromthisperspectivefeelthatethicalbusinesspracticesareonesthatmakethemostmoney.8整理课件StakeholderVSShareholderStakeholderPerspectiveThephrase

corporatesocialresponsibility

isoftenusedindiscussionsofbusinessethics.Theideabehindthisconceptisthebeliefthatcompaniesshouldconsidertheneedsandinterestsofmultiplestakeholdergroups,notjustthosewithadirectfinancialstakeintheorganization'sprofitsandlosses.Organizationsthatapproachbusinessethicsfromastakeholderperspectiveconsiderhowdecisionsimpactthoseinsideandoutsidetheorganization.Stakeholdersmayinclude:employees,suppliers,customers,competitors,governmentagencies,thenewsmedia,communityresidentsandothers.Theideabehindstakeholderbasedethicaldecisionmakingistomakesoundbusinessdecisionsthatworkforthegoodofallaffectedparties.9整理课件ImportanceofEthicalBusinessDecisionsCompaniesandpeoplewhobehaveinasociallyresponsiblemanneraremuchmorelikelytoenjoyultimatesuccessthanthosewhoseactionsaremotivatedsolelybyprofits.Knowingthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongandchoosingwhatisrightisthefoundationforethicaldecisionmaking.Inmanycases,doingtherightthingoftenleadstothegreatestfinancial,social,andpersonalrewardsinthelongrun.10整理课件CorporateSocialResponsibilityDefinitionsCorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)isabouthowcompaniesmanagethebusinessprocessestoproduceanoverallpositiveimpactonsocietyCorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)referstoabusinesspracticethatinvolvesparticipatinginactivitiesthatbenefitsociety.11整理课件PyramidofSocialResponsibility(Carroll1991)12整理课件TextAStrikingtheRightBalancePara1In1776,AdamSmithdescribedhowan“invisiblehand”guidescompaniesastheystriveforprofits,andthathandleadsthemtodecisionsthatbenefitsociety.Smith’sinsightsledhimtoconcludethatprofitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusinessandthatthefreeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety.13整理课件TextAStrikingtheRightBalanceButtheworldhaschangedsince1776.Firmstodayaremuchlarger,theyoperatedglobally,theyhavethousandsofemployees,andtheyareownedbymillionsofstockholders.Thismakeuswonderifthe“invisiblehand”stillprovidesreliableguidance.Shouldcompaniesstilltrytomaximizeprofits,orshouldtheytakebroaderviewandtakemorebalancedactionsdesignedtobenefitcustomers,employees,suppliers,andsocietyasawhole?14整理课件Para2MostacademicstodaysubscribetothefollowingmodifiedversionofAdamSmith’stheory:Afirm’sprincipalgoalshouldbetomaximizethewealthofitsstockholders,whichmeansmaximizingthevalueofitsstocks.15整理课件Para2Freeenterpriseisstillthebesteconomicsystemforthecountryasawhole.Underthefreeenterpriseframework,companiesdevelopproductsandservicesthatpeoplewantandthatbenefitsociety.However,someconstraintsareneeded---firmsshouldnotbeallowedtopollutetheairandwater,toengageinunfairemploymentpractices,ortocreatemonopoliesthatexploitconsumers.16整理课件Para3Theseconstraintstakeanumberofdifferentforms.Throughthepoliticalprocess,societyimposesawiderangeofregulationsthataredesignedtokeepcompaniesfromengaginginpracticesthathurtsociety.Anothersetofconstraintsarethecoststhatareassessedoncompaniesiftheytakeactionsthatharmsociety.

Properlyimposed,thesecostsfairlytransfervaluetosufferingpartiesandhelpcreateincentivesthathelppreventsimilareventsfromoccurringinthefuture.17整理课件Para3Tworecentexamplesdramaticallyillustratethesepoints.First,manyWallStreetfirmsengagedinextremelyriskyactivitiesthatpushedthefinancialsystemtothebrinkofcollapsein2007and2008.Savingthefinancialsystemrequiredabailoutofbanksandotherfinancialcompanies,andthatbailoutimposedhugecostsonthetaxpayers,andalsohelpedpushtheeconomyintoadeeprecession.18整理课件Para3Apartfromthehugecostsimposedonsociety,thefinancialfirmsalsopaidaheavyprice---anumberofleadingfinancialinstitutionssawahugedropintheirstockprice,somefailedandwentoutofbusiness,andmanyWallStreetexecutiveslosttheirjobs.Morerecently,in2010,themassiveBPoilspillintheGulfofMexicohadaterribleenvironmentalandeconomicimpactoftheGulfregion.19整理课件Para3Inthethreemonthsfollowingtheinitialexplosion,BP’sstocklosthalfofitsvalue,andnooneknewhowhighitstotalcostwouldbeandwhetherthecompanywouldsurvive.ThespillhasalsoledtheUnitedStatesandothernationstore-examinetheirpoliciesregardingdeep-waterdrilling,andthatmighthaveaseriousadverseeffectonlong-runoilsupplies.20整理课件

CREDITCRISIS21整理课件backgroundUSFederalReservelowertheinterestratestoonly%after911.Investor:lowreturnfor1%,Bank:borrowmoneyfromFedfor1%,cheapcredit(低息贷款),gocrazywithleverage,earnlotsofmoney,TheninvestorsofWallStreetalsowantstoearnmoremoney.22整理课件LeverageisborrowmoneytoamplifytheoutcomeofadealLeverage$10,00023整理课件Howdidthathappen?HousebuyersInvestorsWallstreet24整理课件Howdiditwork?mortgage25整理课件Badresultsub-primemortgagecrisis26整理课件End27整理课件Para4Still,somearguethatthecostsimposedonBPareinsufficienttocoverthedamagesthatwereincurred,andthatthetheoryofconstrainedprofitmaximizationisinadequate.Forexample,GEChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO)JeffreyImmeltbelievesthatjustobeyingthelawisnotenough,andthatcompaniesshouldstrivetobehaveethicallyandcontinuallyoperatewithsociety’sinterestsinmind.28整理课件Para4Immeltfurtherarguesthatvalueandreputationgohandinhand,andthathavingagoodreputationwithcustomers,suppliers,employeesandregulatorsisessentialifvalueistobemaximized.Inhiswords,“ThereasonpeoplecometoworkforGEisthattheywanttobepartofsomethingbiggerthanthemselves.29整理课件Para4Theywanttoworkhard,winpromotions,andbewell-compensated,buttheyalsowanttoworkforacompanythatmakesadifference,acompanythat’sdoinggreatthingsintheworld…it’suptoGEbetoagoodcitizen.Notonlyisthatanicethingtodo,butit’sgoodforbusinessandthusthepriceofourstock.”30整理课件Para5GEisnotalone.Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesseetheirmissionasmorethanjustmakingmoneyfortheirshareholders.Google’swell-knowcorporatemottois“Don’tBeEvil.”Consistentwiththismission,thecompanyhasitsownin-housefoundationthathasmadelargeinvestmentsinawiderangeofphilanthropicventuresworldwide.Thereareotherinstanceswherecorporateleadershavedonatedpersonalfunds.31整理课件Para6In2008,MicrosoftCorporation’sBillGatesgaveaspeechtotheworldEconomicForuminwhichhemadethecasefora“creativecapitalism”.Gatesstatedthat,“suchasystemwouldhaveatwinmission:makingprofitsandalsoimprovinglivesforthosewhodon’tfullybenefitfrommarketforces.”32整理课件Para7Gateshascertainlybeentruetohisword.In2000,heandhiswifeestablishedtheBill&MelindaGatesFoundation.Todaythefundhasassetstotaling$33.5billion.Itreceivedanotableboostin2006whenfamedinvestorWarrenBuffettannouncedthathewoulddonateahugeshareofhisfortunetotheFoundation.33整理课件Para7Todate,Buffetthascontributedmorethan$6billion,andovertimeheisscheduledtocontributeadditionalstockthatisnowworthinexcessof$40billion.Theseeffortsshowthatthereismoretolifethanmoney,butitoftentakesmoneytodogoodthings.34整理课件BillGateswasbornonOct,28in1955andgrewupinSeattlewithhistwosisters.Hisfatherwasalawyerandhismotherwasateacher.BillGateshadhiselementaryschoolandhighschooleducationisSeattle.BillGates35整理课件AnditwasduringthattimeBillfoundedthathisinterestslyinginwritingprogramsandbegantowriteprogramsat13.36整理课件In1973,BillGateswasadmittedbyHarvardbuthequittedfromHarvardthreeyearslater.HeputallhistimeandenergyintodesigningprogramsforMicrosoftCooperationwhichestablishedin1975byBillandhisfriendPaulAllen.37整理课件BillGatesmarriedMelindaFrenchGatesonJanuary,1stin1994.Theyhavethreechildren.Inthesparetime,Billhaspassioninreadingbooksandplayinggolf.38整理课件WarrenBuffett’LifeHisfinancialcareerbeganattheageof14.At26,hesetuphisfirstinvestmentpartnershipforfamilyandfriendswith$174,000.Attheendof2008,hispersonalfortunewas$60billionandBerkshireHathaway,hisholdingcompany,wasvaluedat$200million.Buffettlovescharity,preparingtocontribute$37billion,accountingfor85%ofhisproperty.39整理课件wordsforhissonHissondoesn’tfollowinhisfootsteps,butkeepsthefaithofWarrenBuffett,thatis:Enjoyingwhatyouaredoingeverydayisatruesuccess.Earningalotofmoneymaymakeyourich,butthatmeansseekingameaninglesslifebysacrificingyourhappiness.Thatmaybestupid.40整理课件TextAOverviewCriticalreadingandthinking1.ScanTextAandcompletingthefollowingtable.TheoriginalversionThemodifiedversionTheinvisiblehandsguidescompaniestostriveforprofits.Profitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusiness.Freeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety.Afirm’sprincipalgoalshouldbetomaximizethewealthofitsstockholders.Freeenterpriseisstillthebesteconomicsystemforthecountryasawhole.Someconstraintsareneededforfirms.Unit2

BusinessEthics41整理课件Exercise2Argument11)awiderangeofregulationsareimposed2)assessingcostsoncompanies;BPoilspillArgument21)behaveethically;valueandreputation2)Don’tbeEvil3)creativecapitalism4)contributedmorethan$6billion42整理课件LanguagebuildingupTask1-11.无形的手2.自由企业制度3.股东4.经济体制5.开发产品和服务6.市场力量7.金融机构8.严重衰退9.破产43整理课件Languagebuildingup10.stockprice11.mission12.corporatemotto13.assets14.maximizeprofits15.financialsystem

44整理课件LanguagebuildingupTask1-21.Whenpoliticiansandeconomiststalkabout【marketforce】,theymeantheeconomicfactorsthataffecttheavailabilityofgoodsandthedemandsforthem,withoutanyhelpfromorcontrolbythegovernment.2.Thedramaticchangeinbusinessenvironmentmakesallindustriesfacedrasticcompletion.Thisisalsohappenedinthe【financialinstitutions】.45整理课件LanguagebuildingupTask1-23.A【freeenterprisesystem】canbecontrastedwithasocialisteconomicsystem,whichdependsheavilyongovernmentplanningandpublicownershipofthemeansofproduction.4.TheoilpriceincreasespushedtheEuropeaneconomyinto【deeprecession】.46整理课件LanguagebuildingupTask1-25.AdamSmith’sfamous【invisiblehand】theoryhasbeenmodifiedtocatertothecurrenteconomicsituation.6.Anindividualororganizationthatownsstocksinacorporationcanbecalled【stockholder】.47整理课件LanguagebuildingupTask1-27.Ineconomics,【profitmaximization】istheshort-runorlong-runprocessbywhichafirmdeterminesthepriceandoutputlevelthatreturnsthegreatestprofit.8.Asocialistmarket【economicsystem】hasnowtakenshape,andthebasicroleplayedbythemarkethasbeenimprovedinthesphereofresourceallocation.48整理课件LanguagebuildingupTask2-Signpostlanguage1.and2.Another3.also4.Notonly,but5.other

49整理课件LanguagebuildingupTask3-formalEnglish1.Smith’s

insightsledhimtoconcludethatprofitmaximizationistherightgoalforabusinessandthatthefreeenterprisesystemisbestforsociety.(understanding)2.Mostacademicstodaysubscribeto

thefollowingmodifiedversionofAdamSmith’stheory.(agreewith)50整理课件LanguagebuildingupTask3-formalEnglish3.Throughthepoliticalprocess,societyimposes

awiderangeofregulationsthataredesignedtokeepcompaniesfromengaginginpracticesthathurtsociety.(forces…tobeaccepted)4.…andthatmighthaveaseriousadverse

effectonlong-runoilsupplies.(bad)51整理课件LanguagebuildingupTask3-formalEnglish5.Anincreasingnumberofcompaniesseetheirmissionasmorethanjustmakingmoneyfortheirshareholders.(purpose)6.Consistentwiththismission,thecompanyhasitsownin-housefoundationthathasmadelargeinvestmentsinawiderangeofphilanthropicventuresworldwide.(charitable)52整理课件LanguagebuildingupTask3-formalEnglish7.Thereareotherinstanceswherecorporateleadershavedonatedpersonalfunds.(given)8.Itreceivedanotableboostin2006whenfamedinvestorWarrenBuffettannouncedthathewoulddonateahugeshareofhisfortunetotheFoundation.(famous)53整理课件TextBTwoviewsofsocialresponsibility

Para1:Governmentregulationandpublicawarenessareexternalforcesthathaveincreasedthesocialresponsibilityofbusiness.Butbusinessdecisionsaremadewithinthefirm–andthere,socialresponsibilitybeginswiththeattitudeofmanagement.

Twocontrastingphilosophies,ormodels,definetherangeofmanagementattitudestowardsocialresponsibility54整理课件Para2TheeconomicmodelAccordingtothetraditionalconceptofbusiness,afirmexiststoproducequalitygoodsandservices,earnareasonableprofitandprovidejobs.Inlinewiththisconcept,theeconomicmodelofsocialresponsibilityholdsthatsocietywillbenefitmorewhenbusinessisleftalonetoproduceandmarketprofitableproductsthatsocietyneeds.Theeconomicmodelhasitsoriginsinthe18thcentury,whenbusinesseswereownedprimarilybyentrepreneursorowner-managers.Competitionwasvigorousamongsmallfirms,andshort-runprofitsandsurvivalweretheprimaryconcerns.55整理课件Para3Tothemanagerwhoadoptsthistraditionalattitude,socialresponsibilityissomeoneelse'sjob.Afterall,stockholdersinvestinacorporationtoearnareturnontheirinvestment,notbecausethefirmissociallyresponsibleandthefirmislegallyobligatedtoactintheeconomicinterestofitsstockholders.Moreover,profitablefirmspayfederal,state,andlocaltaxesthatareusedtomeettheneedsofsociety.Thus,managerswhoconcentrateonprofitbelievethattheyfulfilltheirsocialresponsibilityindirectlythroughtaxespaidbytheirfirms.Asaresult,socialresponsibilitybecomestheproblemofgovernment,variousenvironmentalgroups,charitablefoundations,andsimilarorganizations.56整理课件Para4ThesocioeconomicmodelIncontrast,somemanagersbelievetheyhavetheresponsibilitynotonlytostockholders,butalsotocustomers,employees,suppliers,andthegeneralpublic.Thisbroaderviewisreferredtoasthesocioeconomicmodelofsocialresponsibility,whichplacesemphasisnotonlyonprofitsbutalsoontheimpactofbusinessdecisionsonsociety.57整理课件Para5Recently,increasingnumbersofmanagersandfirmshaveadoptedthesocioeconomicmodelandtheyhavedonesoforatleastthreereasons.First,businessisdominatedbythecorporateformofownershipandthecorporationisacreationofsociety.Ifacorporationdoesnotperformasagoodcitizen,societycanandwilldemandchanges.Second,manyfirmsarebeginningtotakeprideintheirsocialresponsibilityrecords,amongthemStarbucksCoffee,Hewlett-Packard,Colgate-Palmolive,andCoca-Cola.58整理课件Para5EachofthesecompaniesisawinnerofaCorporateConscienceAwardintheareasofenvironmentalconcern,responsivenesstoemployees,equalopportunity,andcommunityinvolvement.Andofcourse,manyothercorporationsaremuchmoresociallyresponsibletodaythantheywere10yearsago.Third,manybusinesspeoplebelieveitisintheirbestinteresttotaketheinitiativeinthisarea.Thealternativemaybelegalactionbroughtagainstthefirmbysomespecialinterestgroup;insuchasituation,thefirmmaylosecontrolofitsactivities.59整理课件Para6TheprosandconsofsocialresponsibilityBusinessowners,managers,customers,andgovernmentofficialshavedebatedtheprosandconsoftheeconomicandsocioeconomicmodelsforyears.Eachsideseemstohavefourmajorargumentstoreinforceitsviewpoint.60整理课件Para7ArgumentsforincreasedsocialresponsibilityProponentsofthesocioeconomicmodelmaintainthatabusinessmustbemorethansimplyseekprofits.Tosupporttheirposition,theyofferthefollowingarguments:1.Becausebusinessisapartofoursociety,itcannotignoresocialissues.2.Businesshasthetechnical,financial,andmanagerialresourcesneededtotackletoday'scomplexsocialissues.3.Byhelpingresolvesocialissues,businesscancreateamorestableenvironmentforlong-termprofitability.4.Sociallyresponsibledecision-makingbyfirmscanpreventincreasedgovernmentintervention,whichwouldforcebusinessestodowhattheyfailtodovoluntarily.61