饲用抗生素的替代品

饲用抗生素的替代品Inthelate1940’santibioticswerediscoveredasgrowthpromotingsubstances.在20世纪40年代，发现抗生素具有促生长作用。In1968theSwannreportspokeaboutrisksofAGPinanimalfeed

1968年Swann报道，饲料中添加抗生素具有风险性。

Resistanceofbacteria细菌的耐药性

Transmissionofresistancetohuman抗生素导致人类也产生耐药性July1999EUsuspendedthelicenceforseveralmajorAGP1999年7月，欧盟取消了几个主要抗生素许可证的发放。INEUonlymonensinsodium,salinomycinsodium,avilamycin,flavophospholipolwereallowedbetweenJuly1999andJanuary2006在1999年7月至2006年1月，欧盟仅仅允许使用莫能菌素钠，盐霉素钠，阿美拉霉素，黄霉素。FromJanuary2006allAGPwereforbidden从2006年1月起，欧盟全面禁用抗生素。WhatareAGP’sdoing?

抗生素的作用？

Theysuppressexcessgrowthofbacteriainthedigestivetract抑制消化道细菌的过度生长Sobetterfeedefficiency提高饲料转化率TheysuppressGram-positivebacteriainthedigestivetract抑制消化道革兰氏阳性菌的生长Soamorestablegutflora肠道菌群更稳定TheyhavealimitedeffectonGram-negative,pathogenicbacteria对革兰氏阴性致病菌作用有限。McDonald’sannouncedworldwideantibioticfreeproductsfrom1.3billionkgofchicken,beefandporkin30.000restaurantsaroundtheworldmaybetriggeringanendtoantibiotics!麦当劳宣布全球范围内3万个餐厅使用的130万吨鸡肉、牛肉和猪肉都是无抗产品，这可能也进一步促使抗生素时代的终结。ConsequencesofremovalofAGP’s

不使用抗生素结果Reductionoflivability成活率降低Decreaseinbodyweight体重降低Increaseoffeedconversion

rate料肉比高Lessuniformity均匀度下降Increaseoftherapeutics治疗费用增加BanofAGPinSwedenin1986

1986年瑞典禁用抗生素

Dailyweightgain -10% 平均日增重降低10%Feedconversionrate+8%料肉比增加8%Mortality

+10–15% 死亡率增加10-15%ExperienceinDenmark

丹麦经验2000:“Voluntary”banonallAGP2000年，自愿禁用抗生素62%ofthefarmsnoproblem62%的猪场没有出现问题26%temporarilydisbalance26%的猪场偶尔出现问题11%permanentproblems11%经常出现问题Pigs:nodifferenceingrowthandmortality对于大猪而言，增重和死亡率无明显的差异。Piglets:somewhatlowergrowthandsomewhatincreasedmortality对于仔猪而言，某种程度上讲，增重降低，死亡率提高；Effectivemeasures:有效措施Feedingstrategy:oftenfeeding,meal,Protein,Barley饲喂策略：少喂勤添、粉料、蛋白含量、大麦Management:laterweaning?!管理措施：推迟断奶Alternativeproducts:……替代品UnderthosecircumstancesAGP’sshouldnotjustberemovedfromfeed在上述条件下，不能简单的将抗生素去掉THEYALSOHAVETOBEREPLACED必须寻找抗生素的替代品WecannotreplaceAGP’swithasinglefeedadditive而这种替代品不能仅仅依靠单一饲料添加剂WENEEDNEWFEEDINGCONCEPTS我们需要新的饲喂方案

Alternativestrategies:替代方案：Acidifiers

酸化剂Oligosaccharides(Prebiotics)低聚寡糖（益生元）Enzymes

酶制剂Cellwallfragments细胞壁Phytobiotics(Herbs/Flavours)植物抗生素（中草药/香精）Minerals

矿物质Probiotics

益生菌Non-starchpolysaccharides非淀粉多糖Proteinandaminoacids蛋白和氨基酸Dietaryingredientsandfeedpresentation日粮原料组成及饲料形态Managementandhusbandrytechniques管理和饲养技术ACIDIFIERS酸化剂DecreasesthepHinfeed降低饲料的pH值Decreasesthebuffercapacityinfeed降低饲料的缓冲力Anti-microbialeffect抑菌作用InhibitsgrowthofE.ColiandSalmonella抑制大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的生长繁殖ReducespHinstomach降低胃内pH值Increasesdigestibilityofprotein,CaandP(Jongbloedetal,1995)

提高饲料中粗蛋白、钙、磷的消化吸收。Preservesfeed有利于饲料的保存。Inhibitmouldgrowth抑制霉菌的生长繁殖。Whatisbufferingcapacity?饲料的缓冲力B-Value:amountofacidneededtolowerpHtoafixedvalue.B值：将饲料的pH值降低到固定值时所需要的酸的量。forfeed(ingredients):amountof1.0MHClrequiredfor1kgfeedtolowerpHto3,4,or5B值：将1kg饲料pH降低至3,4或者5时所需要的浓度为1.0摩尔的盐酸的量。Inpractice:amountof0.1MHCl(inml)toacidifyafeedtopH5for10gramfeedin90mlwater.实践应用中B值：指将10g饲料溶于90ml水中pH=5时所需的浓度为0.1摩尔的盐酸的量。pHvalueatstarthasnorelationtoB-value起始pH值与B值不相关CorrelationbetweenB-valueandprotein%=0,87蛋白与B值的相关度是0.87%pH值对蛋白质净电荷的影响pH值低于等电点时，蛋白质所带电荷阳离子交换蛋白质表面净电荷阴离子交换pH值高于等电点时，蛋白质所带电荷pH值等于等电点时，蛋白质所带电荷Whyisbufferingcapacityimportant?为什么缓冲力非常重要？Itaffectsdigestion影响动物消化吸收HighB-valueresultsinhighstomachpH高B值，胃内高pH值PepsinactivationonlyatlowpH低pH时激活胃蛋白酶Poorproteinbreakdown蛋白的降解率降低Undigestedproteininlowerdigestivetract

后肠未消化的蛋白增多Proteinfermentation,toxicamines

蛋白发酵，有毒性的氨Diarrhea腹泻LowpHisessentialforbacterialcontrol低pH抑制细菌数量Decreaseofpathogenicbacteria抑制病原菌BeneficialbacteriaaremoretoleranttolowpH有益菌能够耐受低pH环境Rössler,1997%growthofE.Coli(pH7=100%)

∎

∎Minimum最低pH值Optimum适宜pH值∎Maximum最大pH值

EmptyingofstomachisaffectedbypH胃的排空受胃内pH值的影响HigherpHdelaysdischargeofstomach高pH值推迟胃排空Lowerfeedintake采食量降低Lowerdailyweightgain平均日增重降低(Hambrecht,1998)

Theimportanceforyounganimals低pH值对幼龄动物更为重要Younganimalshavelimitedcapacityforgastricacidsecretion幼龄动物胃酸分泌能力有限OptimalB-valuedependsstageofgrowth

不同生长阶段有不同的适宜B-值Informulatingdietsattentionshouldbepaidto配方中应该关注Protein

蛋白质Energy

能量Minerals

矿物质B-value

B-值Organicacidsororganicacidsalts有机酸和有机酸盐Acetic,

醋酸/乙酸propionicacid:

丙酸Acidstouse:酸化剂的使用moderateeffectonpH对pH值的影响较弱Formic,甲酸Fumaric,富马酸Citric,柠檬酸Lacticacid乳酸饲用抗生素的替代品lowerpHsubstantially显著的降低pH值Increasedlengthofcarbonchaingivesbetterantimicrobialactivity碳链越长，抗菌活性越高Formicacidandpropionicacidarebestgrowthinhibitorsforsalmonella

甲酸和丙酸是最好的沙门氏菌抑制剂Organicacidscanbeanalternativeforantibiotics

有机酸可成为抗生素替代品之一

WARNING!!警告!!ManymicroorganismsshowadaptationtoacidicenvironmentsandcanevencontributetotheenhancementofvirulenceofSalmonellabyincreasedacidtolerance.很多微生物能适应酸性环境，沙门氏菌耐酸性增加后毒性也可能提高。Exampleofalternative:替代品举例Fact:

现实:Pigletswithdiarrhea腹泻的仔猪Age7days7日龄

bacterialinfection细菌感染Risks风险Dehydration脱水Reducedfeed/energyintake饲料/能量摄取量下降饲用抗生素的替代品WhatDoweneed?我们需要什么？Waterintaketoreducedehydrationrisk通过饮水降低脱水风险Energyintake(preferablyfastdigestible)能量摄取(最好是快速消化的)Reducebacteriacount降低细菌数量

ReduceintestinalpH降低肠道pH值饲用抗生素的替代品Weneedaproductwith我们需要一种产品LowpH低pHHighsugarcontent高糖含量Liquid

液体Preferablycheap便宜Easytofind

容易找到

饲用抗生素的替代品PRODUCT产品pH=2,53（pH值）Contains108gramssugar/liter

(含糖108g/L）Liquid

（液体）Price:3.30rmb/liter（3.30元/L)Availableoneverycorner（随处可见）

饲用抗生素的替代品2.PREBIOTICS益生元Nondigestiblefoodsubstancesthatimprovehealthbystimulatingthegrowthoractivityofbeneficialbacteriawithinthecolon.动物不能消化，但可以促进结肠有益微生物的生长或提高其活性进而提高动物健康水平的物质。Prebioticsprovidetheenvironmentand/orthenutrientsthatfavourthebenificialbacteria益生元提供有利于有益微生物生长的环境或养分。Nondigestible(fructo-)oligosaccharides(FOS)不可消化的(果)寡糖(FOS)Dietaryplantfibersalsocalledfructans.(theseplantusuallydonothavestarch)

植物纤维，也称作果聚糖(这类植物通常不含淀粉)SelectivelystimulatesthegrowthofbeneficialBifidobacteriaspp.Inthelargeintestine(“bifidogeniceffect”)选择性的刺激大肠有益双歧杆菌的生长Source:AdvancesinPorkProduction(2005)PrebioticFeedAdditives,JohnA.Patterson,PurdueUniv.Prebioticoligosaccharidesinuse使用的寡糖益生元阿拉伯木聚糖琼胶寡糖环糊精果寡糖低聚半乳糖棉籽糖，水苏糖蔗糖葡糖苷果糖菊粉异麦芽糖乳果糖乳糖半乳糖苷果糖甘露寡糖低聚果糖低聚焦糖低聚木糖Prebioticscanalter:益生元可以改变Immunefunctions免疫功能Intestinalmorphology肠道形态Microbialpopulations微生物群落IntestinalpH肠道pH值VFAconcentrations挥发性脂肪酸浓度Mineralabsorption矿物质吸收Diseaseresistance抗病力Buddingtonetall,2002;SaavedraandTschernia2002;Scholz-AhrensandSchrezenmeier2002;SchleyandField2002EFFECTSOFOLIGOSACCHARIDES寡糖的影响Twotypes:Olilgofructoseandinulin两种类型：果寡糖和菊粉Changethegutmicrofloratowardsapotentiallymorebeneficialforanimalhealthandgrowthperformance改变肠道菌群，提高动物健康水平，促进生长Highernumbersofbifidobacteriainthecontentofthestomachandceacum

提高胃和盲肠双歧杆菌数量Populationsofanaerobicbacterialikelacticacidbacteria,lactobacilliandcoliformbacteriaintheGITarenotaffectedbyoligosaccharidesenricheddiets

日粮中富含寡糖不会影响胃肠道中厌氧菌的数量（例如乳酸菌、乳杆菌和肠杆菌数量）。Lactosenegativeenterobacteriaarefoundinlowernumbersintheileum

回肠中乳糖阴性肠细菌数量降低Yeastcellcountishigherinileum,caecumandcolon.回肠、盲肠和结肠中酵母数量增加

Oligosaccharides寡糖Inulin菊粉Arelongchain(9-64)linkspersaccharidemolecule)andtypicallyfermentedinthelastpartofthecolonprovidingnourishmenttobacteriainthatarea菊粉在大肠后端发酵，促进大肠微生物的繁殖（长链，每个糖分子含有9-64个糖苷键）。Fructo-oligosaccharides(FOS)oroligofructose

果寡糖chainsoffructosemolecules果糖分子链Canbeobtainedbyenzymatichydrolysisofinulin可酶解菊粉得到Occurnaturallyinfruitsandvegetables天然存在于水果和蔬菜中FOS:果寡糖Stimulatedmicrobialactivity刺激微生物活性Changedfermentationpatternsincaecumandproximalcolonofpiglets

改变仔猪盲肠和结肠前端发酵模式indicatedbyhigheramountsofbutyricacidandloweramountofaceticacid表现为高含量丁酸，低含量乙酸SynergiceffectbythecombinationofLactobacillusparacaseiandFOS

副干酪乳杆菌与果寡糖协同作用Indicatedbynumbersofbacterialpopulationsobservedinthefaeces表现为粪便中的乳杆菌数量增多Areshortchain(2-8linkspersaccharidemolecule)andtypicallyfermentedinthefirstpartofthecolonprovidingnourishmenttobacteriainthatarea.

短链(每个糖分子含有2-8个糖苷键)，在结肠前段发酵，促进微生物的繁殖。ModeofactionofFOS果寡糖的作用模式LactobacilliandBifidobacteriaareabletobreaktheβ1-2linkagesbecausetheyproduceinulinasewhilepathogenicbacteriadonotproduceit

乳杆菌和双歧杆菌会产生菊粉酶，打开β1-2糖苷键，而病原菌不产该酶。PathogenicbacteriaattachalsotoFOSbutcannotbreakitdownandareexcretedasundigested

病原菌吸附在FOS上被排出体外，但不能降解FOSResultisincreaseincellmassofbeneficialorganism

导致有益微生物的增殖Competitiveexclusionofpathogenicbacteria竞争性排斥病原菌EffectsofprebioticsandAGPonADGandFCRinweaningpiglets

益生元和抗生素对断奶仔猪日增重和料肉比的影响13%5%9%4%Datafrom9experimentswereFOSandAGPusedinthesameexperiment.(%isincreaseovercontrol)数据来自9个试验，FOS和AGP用在同一试验中。(%表示相对于对照的增加百分比)(sourcevariousexperimentscombinedJC)3.ENZYMES酶Specificenzymessuchasproteases,amylases,lipasescanincreaseandcomplementthosesecretedbytheanimal特定的酶如蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶可以增加和补充动物内源酶。Improvenutrientdigestionandabsorption增加养分消化和吸收Improvegrowthrate

改善生长速度Lessundigestedmaterialinthelargeintestine减少大肠未消化物质Lesssubstrateforbacterialgrowth

减少细菌生长底物Someenzymes(-galactosidases,pentosanases)cantargetantinutritionalfactorswhichimpairdigestion.半乳糖苷酶和戊聚糖酶等能够降解不利于消化的抗营养因子。4.CELLWALLS细胞壁Partsofbacteriaoryeastcellwallsknowntohavestimulatingeffectonimmunesystem部分细菌和酵母细胞壁能刺激免疫系统Activatemacrophageactivity激活巨噬细胞活性Activatesproliferationoflymphocytes促进淋巴细胞增殖Originatedfromnon-pathogenicbacteriaoryeastandabletoreleaseglycan(apolysaccharide)来源于非病原菌或酵母，能够释放多糖。AlsosomesubstancesderivedfromseaalguehavethischaracteristicsSocalledPhycophytics另外，一些海藻提取物也有类似特性。5.PHYTOBIOTICS植物活性物质

(HERBS&FLAVOURS)(中草药/香精)Mainlyderivedfromaromaticplantsfortheuseinanimalfeed来源于芳香族植物，用在动物饲料中Essentialoilsmainlyderivedbydistillation精油主要通过蒸馏方式获得。EssentialOils精油Productsofsecondarymetabolisminaromaticplants芳香族植物次级代谢产物

Mixturesoflipophilic,liquid,volatileandaromaticsubstances亲脂性、液态、挥发性、芳香族物质的混合物Containtheprincipleactivecomponentsofplantsinthemostconcentratedform含有浓缩的植物主要活性成分Mostconcentratedformofphytobiotics植物活性物质的浓缩形式Allphytobioticshave

aromaticproperties

所有的植物活性物质有芳香属性Classificationaccordingtoaroma根据香味分类柑橘香花香辛辣香东方香薄荷香草本香药香/樟脑味泥土香树木香Activecomponentsinessentialoils

精油中的活性成分Allicin

大蒜素

garlic大蒜Allyl-isothiocyanate

异硫氰酸烯丙酯mustard,horseradish,wasabi

芥末、山葵、

芥末酱Carvacrol香芹酚

oregano牛至Cinnamonaldehyde肉桂醛

cinnamon肉桂Thymol香草酚

thyme百里香Antimicrobialactivityofessentialoilsintheliterature文献中精油的抗菌活性Thereisevidenceforantimicrobialactivityofessentialoils(EO)

有文献表明精油有抗菌活性

Dependsontheessentialoilstested,concentrationsused,bacterialspeciestested,testmethods

取决于测试的精油，浓度，细菌种属，检测方法EOwithphenoliccomponents(eugenol,carvacrol,thymol,isoborneol)havebeenfoundtobemostactiveShelef(1983)

含酚的精油活性最强(丁香油酚，香芹酚，香草酚，异龙脑）Thisisprobablyrelatedtotheirhydroxylgroup(OH)Shelef(1983),Faraget.al(1989)

可能与其羟基有关BiologicalactivityAntimicrobial抗菌Antifungal抗真菌Antioxidant抗氧化Physiological生理学Mathe(1996)

月桂肉桂辣椒小茴香大蒜姜牛至迷迭香鼠尾草百里香香料/中草药经鉴定具有生物活性的化合物数量

抗氧化止痛抗抑郁抗病毒抗菌Phytobiotics–Physiologicalactivity

植物活性物质

–生理活性Releaseofsaliva唾液分泌Releaseofgastricacidjuices胃酸分泌Releaseofenzymes酶分泌Appetite食欲Nervoussystem神经系统

Phytobioticscanstimulate植物活性物质可以刺激Endogenousenzymeproduction

内源酶分泌(WilliamsundLosa2001)Effectofphytobioticsonendogenousenzymeproductionintheduodenum植物活性物质对十二指肠内源酶分泌的影响Increasedreleaseofendogenousenzymes促进内源酶分泌Phytobiotics–Modeofaction

植物活性物质-作用模式Generalist普遍性Specialist特殊性植物活性物质适口性和食欲唾液分泌胃酸分泌消化酶抗生素抗菌活性肠道微生物消化Benefitsfromphytobiotics

植物活性物质的益处Multifunctionalmodeofaction多重作用模式Contributetoflavourcharacteristics提高风味Improveappetiteandfeedintake改善食欲和采食量Improvedigestion促进消化Improveutilisationofnutrients提高营养利用率Supporthealthygutmicroflora促进健康的肠道菌群Prevententericdisease预防肠道疾病Recognisedassafe公认安全Nowithdrawaltimes无停药期6.MINERALS矿物质Coppersulphateforpigsisgrowthenhancing

硫酸铜促进猪生长Upto175ppmuntil3months3月龄前，175ppm100ppmafter3month3月龄后，100ppmInEuropealloweduntill12weeks在欧洲允许添加到12周Functionsasantibacterial抗菌作用Zincoxide氧化锌Atpharmaceuticallevels医药级Reducesdiarrhoeaandcolitisinpostweanedpiglets降低断奶仔猪腹泻和肠炎Concernforenvironmentalpollution环境污染问题Interestinorganicminerals使用有机矿物质Morebiologicallyactiveandbio-available更高生物活性和利用率Uptakethroughaminoacidorpetidepathwaysandnotnormalmineralionpathwayinthesmallintestine

在小肠通过氨基酸和肽通道吸收，而不是普通的矿物离子通道Morestable更稳定Donotreactwithotherdietarynutrients不与其它营养成分反应Donotcompetewithothermineralsforsameuptakemechanismorsite

不与其它矿物质产生吸收机制或位点竞争7.PROBIOTICS益生菌Livemicrobialfeedsupplementswhichbeneficiallyaffectthehostanimalbyimprovingitsintestinalmicrobialbalance.活的微生物饲料添加剂，可以促进肠道微生物平衡，益于动物健康。Strainsusedasprobioticsare用作益生菌的微生物Lactobacilli乳杆菌Bifidobacteria双歧杆菌Enterococci肠球菌Streptococci链球菌Themostimportanttimetouse

使用的最佳时间Duringtimeanimalsarenotprotectedagainstcolonizationofpathogenicbacteria

当病原菌可能定植于动物肠道时Justafterhatching刚出生或孵化时Duringandafterstress应激时/应激后Afterantibiotictreatment使用抗生素后Modeofaction作用模式Productionofantimicrobialsubstances(lactoferrin,lysozyme,bacteriocins)产抗菌物质(乳铁蛋白、溶菌酶、细菌素)Changeofenvironmentalconditionsintheintestine.LoweringpHbyproductionoflacticacid改变肠道环境，通过产乳酸降低pHCompetitiveexclusion竞争性排斥Strain菌属GenerationTime繁殖速度LacticAcid乳酸GrowthatlowpH低pH生长Enterococcussp.肠球菌18minYES是Good好Salmonellasp.沙门氏菌20-30minNO不Inhibition抑制E.Coli大肠杆菌20minNO不Inhibition抑制Benefitsofprobiotics

益生菌的益处Reductionorpreventionofdiarrhea减少或预防腹泻Increasedgrowthrate提高生长速度Improveddigestibility提高消化率Improvedfeedconsumption促进饲料采食Improvedfeedutilizationefficiency提高饲料利用率8.

Non-starchpolysaccharides非淀粉多糖Additionofstraworothersourcesofdigestiblefibre添加稻草或其它可消化纤维

canreducetransittimeofdigestathroughthegut

减少食糜通过肠道的时间Increaseproportionofdigestainthehindgut增加后肠道食糜比例Decreasediarrhea减少腹泻Betterdigestion更好的消化9.PROTEINANDAMINOACIDS

蛋白质和氨基酸Experimentsshowthatwithhigherproteincontentatpost-weaninghighercoincidenceofdiarrhoeaishigher

试验表明断奶后高蛋白导致高腹泻率

decreasecp%butmaintainAAlevelandbalanceArginineandglutaminemightplayaroleingut(epithelium)developmentandplayaroleinimmunestimulation降低粗蛋白含量，保持氨基酸含量和平衡。精氨酸和谷氨酰胺对于肠道(上皮)发育和免疫刺激有重要作用

。10.DIETARYINGREDIENTSANDFEEDPRESENTATION

日粮组分和饲料形式WithoutAGPinthefeeditisimportanttorestrictnutrientsthatmightpromotegrowthofpathogenicbacteria

饲料中没有抗生素时，控制可以促进病原菌生长的营养物质很重要Noanti-nutritionalingredients(lectins,tannins,proteaseinhibitors)

没有抗营养物质(血凝素、单宁、蛋白酶抑制剂)Fermentedorsouredfeed.发酵饲料或酸化饲料Liquidfeed液体饲料Particlesizeofthefeed饲料粒度Particlesize饲料粒度Coarse:粗+Structure结构-Incompletedigestion不完全消化Fine:细+Betterdigestion更好的消化Stomach/gutproblems胃/肠问题Dependsalso:取决于Typeofanimals动物品种(Feeding)installation(饲喂)装置Typeofrawmaterials原料种类Co