英语语法概要

英语语法概要主要语法项目倒装非谓语动词情态动词特殊用法时态和语态形容词和副词的比较级虚拟语气主谓一致从句名词性从句-主语从句；宾语从句；同位语从句；表语从句（时态；语序；连接词）形容词性从句(即定语从句)–关系代词在从句中的句法功能;关系代词；关系副词；限制性与非限制性定语从句副词性从句(即状语从句)-时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状误从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句。名词性从句宾语从句；同位语从句；主语从句；表语从句（时态；语序；连接词）从属连词that,if,whether;连接代词who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,whose;

连接副词where,when,why,how。其中,从属连词只起连接作用,在从句中不充当任何句法成分,而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用,在从句中又充当一定的成分.ThatOwenshouldhavemarriedhiscousinisnotatallsurprising.Thefactisthathedidn'tgotothedinnerparty.Idon'tknowifhewillattendthemeeting.HaveyouheardthenewsthatMaryisgoingtomarryTom?宾语从句语序；时态；连接词Idon’tknowthefact.hestoleyourmoney.Idon’tknowthathestoleyourmoney.Hesaidthathewashiredbythecompany.Idon'tknowif(whether)hewillattendthemeeting.(Willyouattendthemeeting?)Heforgotwhatyouhadtoldhim.Canyoutellmewhomshemarried?(whomdidshemarry?)that,if,whether不充当任何成分(who,whoever,whom,whomever,which,whichever,what,whatever,whose)事实或真理Hetoldmetheearthtravelsaroundthesun.为保持句子平衡,that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替,而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。宾语从句Hemadeitquiteclearthathepreferredtolivehere.IwillmakeitknowNtoallthatyourarealiar.whether可与or;ornot;orno连用,而if不可以Doyouknowwhether(orno)heisathomeornot?其它从句同位语从句；主语从句；表语从句ThatOwenshouldhavemarriedhiscousinisnotatallsurprising.Whathesaidiswrong.Howyoudoitisnoneofmybusiness.Thefactisthathedidn'tgotothedinnerparty.WhetheryoudoitiswhatwEareworryingabout.Idon'tknowifhewillattendthemeeting.HaveyouheardthenewsthatMaryisgoingtomarryTom?Haveyouheardthenewsthatthecitygovernmentissuedyesterday?名词性从句1.在含有主语从句的复合句中,为保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语从句置于句末.that引导的宾语从句也常用it代替,而将真正的宾语从句置于主句句末。这常常出现在主句有形容词或分词作宾语补足语的情况下。It'swell-knownthatwaterisindispensabletolife.(形式主语)Hemadeitquiteclearthathepreferredtolivehere.2.从属连词whether和if都作“是否…”解,但if不可引导主语从句和表语从句。whether可与or(not)连用,而if不可以。Idon'tknowwhether(if)sheisathome.Whethershecomesornotmakesnodifference.3.that和what引导名词性从句的区别:that在从句中不充当成分,而what在从句中充当一定的成分,如主语、表语、宾语等。that可省略(引导主语从句不可省），what则不可省。ThatChinahasbecomeaworldpowerisknowntoall.Healwaysmeanswhathesays.Shesuggested(that)hedoitatonce.5.同位语从句大多由从属连词that引导,常跟在下列名词后面,如fact,idea,opinion,news,hope,belief等,that不可省。同位语从句一般用来解释说明这些名词的具体含义和内容。Wearefamiliarwiththeideathatallmatterconsistsofatoms.Thenewsthatweareinvitedtotheconferenceisveryencouraging.定语从句引导定语从句的关联词包括:(1)关系代词:that,which,whose,who,whom,as;(2)关系副词:when,where,why。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都充当一定的句法成分,关系代词在句中充当动词的宾语时,一般可省去。关系代词的选用比较复杂,它受下列条件的制约:(1)先行词是指人还是指物;(2)关系代词在从句中的句法功能;(3)定语从句是限定性的还是非限定性的。定语从句关系代词的选用情况见下表:先行词在从句中的句法功能用于限定性或非限定性定语从句只用于限定性定语从句指人或指物指人

指物主语whowhichthat宾语whomwhichthat定语whose

whose(ofwhich)Iknowthatheisamanwho(that)meanswhatbesays.Thegentlemanwhom(that)shemetaddressedherwithcourtesy(礼貌)。Thewatchwhich(that)waslosthasbeenfound.Hereisthematerialwhich(that)youneed.You'retheonlyonewhoseadvicehemightlistento.关系副词的选用相对来说较简单。如先行词为表示时间的名词,如time,day等,则用when;如先行词为表示地点的名词,如place,house,area等,则用where;如先行词为reason,则用why。I'llneverforgetthemountainvillagewhere(inwhich)Ispentmychildhood.I'llneverforgetthemountainvillageyoutoldmewhenIwasyoung.Idon'tknowthereasonwhy(forwhich)hedidthat.定语从句1.当先行词是all,something,nothing等不定代词时;或先行词前有first,last,only,few,much,some,any,no等修饰时;或先行词前有形容词最高级修时,既是人又是物时；或为避免重复，一般只用that而不用which来引导定语从句;I'veexplainedeverything(that)Icantoyou.Thisisthemostbeautifulcampus(that)I'veeverbeento.2.定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句,限定性定语从句与主句关系紧密,为句中不可缺少的部分,如去掉,主句意思不完整。非限定性定语从句与主句关系松散,如去掉,主句内容仍完整。在书面语中,非限定性定语从句一般被逗句隔开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导。引导非限定性定语从句的关系词不可省略。Hisspeech,whichboredeveryone,wentonandon.Thegeneral'sdaughter,whosenameisAnn,gavemeasweetsmile.3.先行词也可以是整个句子。这时,一般用which或as来引导定语从句。which在从句中可充当主语、宾语等,as在从句中一般只充当主语。which与as引导此类定语从句的区别在于:which只能置于句中或句末,而as的位置比较灵活,可置于句中、句末,又可置于句首。Waterconsistsofhydrogenandoxygen,which(as)isknowntoall.Hewasawardedagoldmedal,whichthewholefamilyconsideredagreathonor.Ashadbeenexpected,hefinishedfirstindecathlon(十项全能)atthatOlympicGames.定语从句4.关系代词在定语从句中有时也做介词的宾语。如果介词被置于关系代词前,一般只用介词+which或介词+whom,而不用介词+that来此导定语从句。如果介词被置于从句句末,则可用that代替which或whom,且that这时可省去。(先行词作介词宾语时，要注意关系词的处理方法)Thisistheringonwhichshespent1,000dollars.Oneofmycolleagueswhom(that)youarefamiliarwithwillcometoday.。Howistheman(that,whom)youarelookingafter?(at)Such;so;as;thesame…as….Sheissoprettyagirlasyoucanfindonmagazinecovers.副词性从句(即状语从句)三、状语从句在复合句中,起状语作用的从句称作状语从句。根据语义,状语从句分为:

时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状误从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、方式状语从句。状语从句可放在句首或句末。如状语从句位于主语前,一般用逗号将其与主句隔开。状语从句(一)时间状语从句Whenyoucrossamainroad,youmustbeverycareful.Untilwelearnthefacts,wecan'tdoanythingaboutit.[提示]1.when,as,while引导时间状语从句时都可以表示主句的动作与从句的动作同时发生,即同时性。它们的区别在于:when和as引导的状语从句中的动作既可以是延续性的,也可以是非延续性的,即瞬时性的;while引导的状语从句中的动作只能是延续的动作或状态。当主句和从句中的动作均为延续动作时,一般用while,而不用when或as。当表示两个同时发展、变化的情况时,一般用as,作“随着…”解。Whenshecomes,Ishalltellhertowaitforyou.Asshegotolder,shegotwiser.WhilePeterwasreading,hiswifewascooking.2.有些副词和一些表示时间的名词词组也可用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句。如instantly,immediately,directly,theday,everytime,theminute,thesecond,themoment等。Immediatelyhearrived,hestarteddescribinguswhathadhappened.Thedayhereturnedhome,hisgrandpawasalradydead.状语从句(二)条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if,unless,as(so)longas,onlyif(只要)。Ifyoudon'tcomeontime,we'llstartoutwithoutyou.As(so)longasyoukeepontrying,you'llcertainlysucceed.[提示]除了以上提到的从属连词外,还有其它的一些词或词组也可引导条件状语从句。如:providingthat,provided,supposingthat,supposethat,onconditionthat,incase等。Provided(that)hewinsthesupportoftheminoritygroups,hewillbeabletowintheelectrion.Iwillgoprovidingthatmyexpensesarepaid.要是我的费用有人代付我就去Supposingheisnotathome,whatthen?假如他不在家,那怎么办?Youcanusethebicycleonconditionthatyoureturnittomorrow.只要你明天归还,自行车你可以拿去用。Incaseshecomesback,letmeknowimmediately.假使她回来了,立刻告诉我Taketheraincoatincaseitrains.带着雨衣,以防下雨。状语从句(三)原因状语从句引导原因状语从句从句的从属连词有:becasue,since,as,now(that),inthat,consideringthat等。Sincethespeakercan'tcome,we'llhavetocancelthemeeting.Consideringhe'sonlybeenlearningEnglishayearhespeaksitverywell.考虑到他只学了一年英语,他讲得算是很流利了。Wedidn'tknowwhattodoaswewerejustvisitingthere.我们不知道该怎么办,因为当时我们仅仅在那里作访问。Sinceitissohot,let'sgoswimming.既然天气这么热,我们去游泳吧。[提示]inthat和now(that)的用法:inthat引导的从句对主句进行解释和说明,意思是:在…方面,在于…;因为。now(that)表示既然。Theoryisvaluableinthatitcanprovideadirectionforpractice.理论所以有价值,就在于它能给实践指出方向。Now(that)theweatherhasimproved,let'sgooutforapicnic.既然天气已转好,我们就出去野餐吧。状语从句(四)让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的从属连词有:though,although,evenif(eventhough),as,nomatter…despitethefactthat,inspiteofthefactthat,while。Tomalwaysenjoysswimming,eventhoughtheweatherisrough.Despitethefactthatthereexistsnationaldifferences,certainfunnysituationshaveauniversalappeal.Tiredashewas,hesatuplate.他虽然疲倦,可仍然很晚才睡。Nomatterhowtheyslanderus,wewillnevergivein.不管他们怎样诽谤我们,我们决不让步。WhileIlikethecolorofthehat,Idonotlikeitsshape.虽然我喜欢这顶帽子的颜色,但我不喜欢它的形状。[提示]一些疑问词在词尾加上ever后,也可引导让步状语从句,相当于nomatter+疑问词。这些词包括:whatever,wherever,whenever,whoever,however。Whateverhesays,don'tbelevehim.Whoeveryouare,youmustobeythetrafficregulations.状语从句(五)目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有:sothat,inorderthat,lest,incase,forfearthat。Theyclimbedtothetopofthebuildinginorderthattheycouldgetabird's-eyeviewofthecity.AskhertohurryupwiththeseletterssothatIcansignthem.Takeanumbrellaincaseitrains.Wedarenotplayjokesonhimlestheshouldbecomeangry.我们不敢开他玩笑生怕他动气。[提示]sothat和inorderthat的区别:sothat更常用,inorderthat更正式。sothat引导的从句一般置于句末,而inorderthat引导的从句既可置于句首,又可置于句末。Inorderthatthegrassandflowerscouldbloomagain,itwasnecessarythattherocksshouldberemoved.Shegotupearlysothatshecouldcatchthefirstbus.状语从句(六)结果状语从句结果状语从句一般由下列连词引导:sothat,so…that,such…that。Heoverslept,(so)thathewaslateforwork.Theygotsuchafrightthattheydroppedthebagandranaway.[提示]1.so…that和such…that的区别。so后接形容词或副词,such后接名词。Itwassocoldthatwehadtocancelthegame.It'ssuchagoodchancethatwemustn'tmissit.2.sothat既可引导目的状语从句,也可引导结果状语从句。sothat引导目的状语从句时,一般从句动词前会出现can(could),may(might),shall(should),而sothat引导的结果状语从句表示客观事实,不会出现上述词语。引导结果状语从句的sothat前常有逗号,表示强调。sothat引导的目的状语可置于句首,而sothat引导的结果状语从句只能置于句末。Heleftearlysothathecouldcatchthetrain.他早早动身,以便能赶上车。(目的)Heleftearly,sothathecaughtthetrain.他早早动身,赶上了火车。(结果)状语从句(七)方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as,asif(though),theway,how。Hemadesomechangesasyouhadsuggested.Shewasbehavingasif(though)shehadn'tgrownup.从句练习1.Itwasnotsuchagoodmeal____________shehadexpected.A.asB.whatC.thanD.like2.____________Iadmitthattheproblemsaredifficult,Idon'tagreethattheycan'tbesolved.A.SupposeB.BecauseC.WhileD.Untilm3.____________littleyoumaylikeit,oldagecomestomostofus.A.SoB.SinceC.HoweverD.Despite（Hewenttoworkdespitehisillness.）4.Shedidn'tbreakthebadnewstohermother____________thatshemightbreakdown.A.soB.forfearC.inorderD.because5.I'dliketowarnyou____________wassaidheremustbekeptsecret.A.whateverB.thatC.whomD.which从句练习6.Idon'tcare____________.A.ifornothewillwinB.whetherorifhewillwinC.whetherhewillnotwinD.whetherhewillwinorlose7.Shewaslateagain,____________wasannoying.A.whatB.whoC.thatD.which8.T