英汉互译第四讲

AComparativeStudyofEnglish&Chinese

Lecture06

ASyntacticPerspectiveContentsContrastinSentenceStyle

3ContrastinSyntacticalUnit

5ContrastinHierarchybetweenClauses

4ContrastinInformationFocus

2Contrastinsyntacticstructure

11.ContrastinsyntacticstructureChinese：

“Block”or“Bamboo”shape汉语句子往往是句子较短,结构紧凑,好似“万倾碧波层层推进”

left-branching(“左分支”结构)

“Endweight”：重要信息放在后面。“Lionhead”(“狮子头”:头大尾小)“Tree”or“Grapefruit”shape英语句子如“老树参天,枝杈横生”,句子长,插入成分多,形成复杂嵌套结构.right-branching(“右分支”结构)“Frontweight”：主要信息放在主句中，放在句首。前重后轻。“Peacocktail”(“孔雀尾”

：头小尾大)English:Chinese：(逆线性延伸)

open-beginning

(首开放性) close-ending

(尾封闭性)English：(顺线性延伸)

close-beginning

(首封闭性) open-ending

(尾开放性)1.1PatternofSyntacticextension对。不对。他不对。我认为他不对。我告诉过你我认为他不对。我明明告诉过你我认为他不对。我开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对。我昨天开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对。Example:(句首开放性/左分支)Heisreading.Heisreadingabook.HeisreadingabookwrittenbyMarkTwain.HeisreadingabookwrittenbyMarkTwaininthereading-room.HeisreadingabookwrittenbyMarkTwaininthereading-roomonthesecondfloorofourlibrary.HeisreadingabookwrittenbyMarkTwaininthereading-roomonthesecondfloorofourlibrarywhichhasjustopened.Example:(句尾开放性/右分支)1.2DifferenceinSyntacticstructure

English:S=NP+VP主谓结构Chinese:1)S=NP+VP主谓结构2)Topic+Comment主题—评述句(1)那件事我已经办好了。(2)吃,武汉很方便。(3)我头疼。(4)张三去了美国,我觉得很奇怪。(5)信封里装不下这些照片。(6)今天风和日丽。（动作承受者作话题）（动词作话题）（双话题）（从句作话题）地点作话题时间作话题1.2DifferenceinSyntacticstructure3)Zero-subjectstructure(1)

要制造飞机就要考虑空气阻力问题。(2)在海拔3000米高空采集到了这种空气样本。(3)违反法律，就必须收到法律的惩罚。(4)只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。(5)为什么总是把这些麻烦事推给我呢?(6)希望一切问题迎刃而解。(7)活到老,学到老。(8)有很多问题亟待解决。(9)突然出现一只狗，几乎把她吓糊涂了。(10)至于环保，还存在不少问题。（科学性）（客观性）（公正性）（不满语气）（不满语气）（省略“我们”）（谚语或表达哲理的句子）（存在，出现或消失）（存在，出现或消失）（存在，出现或消失）2.ContrastinInformationstructureTranslatethetwosentencesandcomparetheirstructures?Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.中国共产党中央委员会委员、中央政治局委员、中央政治局常务委员会委员、中华人民共和国国务院总理周恩来同志于1976年1月8日不幸逝世。

Warm-upTranslatethetwosentencesandcomparetheirstructures?凡是有钱的单身汉，总是想要位太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。January8,1976sawthedeathofZhouEnlai,premieroftheStateCouncilofP.R.C,memberoftheStandingCommitteeofthepoliticalBureauoftheCentralCommitteeofC.P.C,memberofthecentralCommitteeofC.P.C.Warm-up2.ContrastinInformationStructureEnglishS:Frontweight.Judgmentandconclusionusuallyappearinthebeginningpartofasentence,factsanddescriptionsintherearpart.Chinese:endweightusuallyfromcausetoeffect,fromhypothesistoreasoning,fromfactstoconclusion,chronicandlogicaldevelopment.Philosophy2.ContrastinInformationstructureExample-1CauseandresultEnglishChineseHeeventuallygotthatdecentjob,asheshowedastrongsenseofresponsibilityaswellasteamspiritduringtheinterview.

在面试中他表现出了强烈的责任感和合作精神,因此最后得到了那份好工作。English：Result→causeChinese:Cause→resultExample-2CauseandresultEnglishChinese伪军士气低落，纷纷哗变、倒戈、傀儡政府内部分崩离析。

Desertionsanddefectionsarerifeamongthepuppettroopsasaresultoflowmorale,andthepuppetregimeistornbyinternalstrife.Chinese：Cause→ResultEnglish:Result→CauseExample-3:ConclusionandanalysisWebelievethatitisrightandnecessarythatpeoplewithdifferentpoliticalandsocialsystemsshouldlivesidebyside—notjustinapassivewaybutasactivefriends.我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处，不仅仅是消极共处，而是要积极地友好相处，这是正确而必要的。Chinese： Analysis→ConclusionEnglish: Conclusion→AnalysisExample-4ConclusionandAnalysisEnglishChinese这一丑闻对正在力争赢得大选的工党来说，无疑是一件尴尬的事。ThescandalwillundoubtedlybeanembarrassmenttotheLaborPartywhichistryinghardtowintheelection.English：Conclusion→analysisChinese:Analysis→conclusionExample-5AssumptionandpremiseEnglishChineseThepeopleofasmallcountrycancertainlydefeataggressionbyabigcountry,ifonlytheydaretoriseinstruggle,daretotakeuparmsandgraspintheirownhandsthedestinyoftheirowncountry.小国人民敢于起来斗争,敢于拿起武器,掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能够战胜大国的侵略。English：Assumption→premiseChinese:Premise→Assumption①ThevisitgivesmetheopportunitywhichIhavelongsought,toseeformyselftheachievementsoftheChinesepeople.

②IamheartenedbytheassurancewhichyourGovernmenthasrepeatedlygiventhatthearrangementsforHongKongcontainedintheAgreementarenotmeasuresofexpediency.

Exercises:1.UseYourknowledgeoffrontweightandendweighttocommentonthefollowingtranslation.这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就，这是我向往已久的。贵国政府一再表示，协议中有关香港的安排不是权宜之计，这种保证使我感到鼓舞。Exercises:③Thecyber-securityconference

hasdrawnwidemediaattentionbecauseChinahasgrownquicklytobecomethecountrywiththebiggestInternetpopulationin2009andconsequentlyexperiencedfrequentcasesofcyberattacks,analystssaid.

④Hiscaseisreallyseriousbecauseheissufferingfromhighfeverandcontinuousconvulsions.分析家说,由于中国快速发展,在2009年已成为拥有最多网民的国家,又由于经常发生网络攻击的案例,因此这次的网络安全会议受到了广大媒体的关注。病人发高烧，抽搐不止，的确很危险。Exercises:⑤Thegovernmentisdeterminedtokeepupthepressurewhateverthecostitwillpayintheend.⑥TherearemanywonderfulstoriestotellabouttheplacesIvisitedandthepeopleImet.⑦

当今一些经济大案，立案查处，成绩卓然，群众拍手称快。不论付出什么代价，政府决心继续施加压力。我访问了一些地方，遇到了不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢！Nowadays,thepublicareclappingtheirhandsinapplauseforthegreatachievementswehavemadeinplacingcasesonfileforinvestigationandprosecutionconnectingsomeseriouseconomiccases.Exercises:2.CompletetheEnglishversionofthegivenChinesesentenceaccordingtotheknowledgeoffrontweightandendweight.1)你穿上这件毛衣真漂亮。

inthissweater.2)自改革开放以来,中国发生了巨大的变化._______________________________sinceitadoptedthepolicyofreformandopeningtotheoutsideworldin1979。3)无论付出什么样的代价，他决定坚持自己的信念。______________________________whateverpricehepays.YoulooksobeautifulGreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChinaHeisdeterminedtoholdhisownbeliefExercises:4.这一带我不熟悉，天黑以后继续进行寻访，不会有什么收效。______________________________________________________sinceIamnotfamiliarwiththisarea.5.不幸的是,这个问题只要一提出来,双方就剑拔弩张。____________________________________________assoonasthisissueisbroughtup.6.MaNuo,22,hasbecomeaninstantcelebritybysayingthat“I'drathercryinaBMWthanlaughonabicycle."7.Atleast47peoplehavebeenkilledand45othersremainmissinginfloodsthathavehitnortheastChina'sJilinProvincesinceJuly24.TherewaslittlehopeofcontinuingmyinquiriesafterdarktoanyusefulpurposeItisunfortunatethatthereshouldbehotfeelingsonbothsidesExercises:4.这一带我不熟悉，天黑以后继续进行寻访，不会有什么收效。______________________________________________________sinceIamnotfamiliarwiththisarea.5.不幸的是,这个问题只要一提出来,双方就剑拔弩张。____________________________________________assoonasthisissueisbroughtup.6.有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎。_____________________________________.7.如果人类贪欲不止,世界和平则无望。___________________________________________________.TherewaslittlehopeofcontinuingmyinquiriesafterdarktoanyusefulpurposeItisunfortunatethatthereshouldbehotfeelingsonbothsidesItisagreatpleasuretomeetfriendsfromafar.Theworldpeaceisoutofthequestiononlyifthereconsistentlyexistsinsatiablegreedinhuman.Exercises:8.MaNuo,22,hasbecomeaninstantcelebritybysayingthat“I'drathercryinaBMWthanlaughonabicycle."9.Atleast47peoplehavebeenkilledand45othersremainmissinginfloodsthathavehitnortheastChina'sJilinProvincesinceJuly24.10.TheChinesegovernmentsaidrisksrelatedtoborrowingbylocalgovernment-backedinvestmentunitsare"controllable"andwouldnotcausesystemicdamagetotheeconomy,asitworkedoutdetailedmeasurestocleanupfinancingofthesevehiclesonThursday.Exercises:11.LuxurybrandmakersarestrugglingtofindtherightsalesstrategyinChinaafterthecountrywasnamedthesecondlargestmarketinthesector.12.LiTuchun,founderofleadingChinesedairybeverageproducer"Taizinai"or"PrinceDairy",wasarrestedforillegallycollectingpublicfunds.13.FloodwaterssurgedintoPakistan’sheartlandandswalloweddozensofvillagesTuesday,addingtoaweekofdestructionthathasalreadyravaged(肆虐)themountainousnorthwestandkilled1,500people.3-1Hypotaxis

VsParataxis(形合VS义合)

Englishisrule-governed,whileChineseisman-governed.-----byWangLiPhilosophy1.EnglishFrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedforms

(曲折)toexpressgrammaticalrelationships.2.ChineseRelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords（前置词，连词）,auxiliaryverbs助动词,andchangesinwordsordertoexpresssyntacticrelation,ratherthaninflectedforms.Emphasisonlogicalandchronicrelation.3-1HypotaxisVsParataxis(形合VS义合)①Englishphrasesneedtousepreps:of,about,to,onetc②Clausesneedtouseconjs:and,or,which,whereetc.③Beforenouns:a/the;its/his/her④non-finiteverbs:to,onPhilosophyPercentageofconjs,preps&articlesamong100mostfrequentlyusedwordsconjunctionsprepositionsarticlesEnglish13%15%3%Chinese2%6%03-1HypotaxisVsParataxis(形合VS义合)Inflections:

AffixationEnglish：Pre-fix，suffix；Chinese：noGenderEnglish：-ess，hero/heroin;Chinese:noNumberEnglish:s/es,irregularforms;Chinese:们CaseEnglish:nominativecase主格,theobjectivecase宾格,thepossessivecase

所有格Chinese:particle---的(possessive)TenseEnglish：2/3tenses;Chinese：particles—了，3-1HypotaxisVsParataxis(形合VS义合)VoiceEnglish：be+participle;Chinese：受、被etcAspectEnglish：perfect&progressive,biningwithtenseandmood.

Chinese：particle—着、了;正DegreeofcomparisonEnglish:er,est;Chinese:adverb---较PersonEnglish:I,you,he,she,it；Chinese:我、你、他3-1HypotaxisVsParataxis(形合VS义合)Examples-1(O.Jespersen)1)Hemovedastonishinglyfast.2)Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.3)Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.4)Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.5)Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.6)Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.7)Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastonishedus.8)Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.9)Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.10)Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.English:Thesamemeaningisexpressedbychangeofwordform,wordclass,andwordorder.Chinese:nochangeofwordform;itishardtohavesomanysentencesexpressingthesamemeaning.3-1-2conjunctions:explicitVsimplicitChineseSinceheisdishonest,Idon’ttrusthim.Thelungsofthechildrenwhosemothersaresmokersarenotdevelopingasfastasthoseofthelungsofthechildrenwhosemotherarenon-smokersandare,infact,7%lessthanthoseofthelatter.Isn’titanendlessviciouscycleiftheuniversitycontinuesthiskindof“baby-feeding”?这个人不老实,我不信任他。母亲吸烟的孩子,他们的肺发育没有达到应该达到的速度,其发育程度实际上比母亲不吸烟的孩子低7%。大学再来进行这样的“育婴”，岂不是一个没完没了的恶性循环。Q:HowaretheconjunctionsinEnglishdealtwithinChinese?3-1-2Exercise(proverbs)Chinese人不犯我,我不犯人。

不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？

问遍千家成行家。种瓜得瓜种豆得豆。上梁不正下梁歪。明知山有虎，再向虎山行。Wewillnotattackunlessweareattacked.Ifyouhavenevertastedthebitternessofgall,howcanyouknowthesweetnessofhoney?Learnfromnumerousadvisors,andyouwillbecomeamaster.Youwillharvestwhatyouhavesown.Iftheupperbeamisnotstraight,theloweroneswillgoaslant.Onegoesintothemountainthoughheisfullyawarehewillbehauntedbytigers.3-1-3PrepositionsVsverbsChineseThoseagainstthesuggestion,pleaseraiseyourhands.

Throughtheforest,theyfoundthesmallvillage.Whoisthemanwithglass.Sheisatthesewingmachine.Heinvitedmetohishouseforlunch.Ibarreledstraightaheadacrosstheharborandoutoverthesea.ThecametoEnglandbehindus.Marywassocleverthatshewassoonaheadoftheothergirls.Whoisondutytoday?HehasgonetoShanghaionbusiness.①②③Prepasattribute/adverbial属性/状语Be+Prep+Noun⑤⑥V+Prep(purpose/direction)⑦⑧Prepwithcomparativemeaning⑨⑩Prepositionalphrase3-1-4ComplexSVsrun-onS(复杂句Vs流水句)HeboaststhataslaveisfreethemomenthisfeettouchBritishsoilandhesellsthechildrenofthepooratsixyearsofagetoworkunderthelashinthefactoriesforsixteenhoursaday.他吹嘘说,任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由,而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活,每天十六小时,受尽鞭打责骂。Q:English：Numberofclause,conjunctions,prepsandinfiniteverbs?Chinese：Numberofsentences,conjunctionsandcommas?ExerciseEnglishChineseChildrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithinbuiltpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmelltelevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。

DiscussionEnglishSentenceChineseSentenceNo.ofclauses?

4Tense?

simpletense(3s)+futureperfect(1s)RelationbetweenS?

tense,comma,andNo.ofsentences？

4RelationbetweenS?

First3sparallelwitheachother;the4thSshowstheresult

EnglishChineseBecauseofthisEnglishbackgroundofcivilconflict,English–speakingAmerica,wheretherewerenoreligiouswar,assuch,isoftendescribedasalandofrefugetowhichmenandwomencameinordertoenjoythereligiousandpoliticalfreedomdeniedthemintheirhomeland.因为英国存在着内战,在这种背景下,美洲这个没有发行横过宗教战争,又是讲英语的大陆,常常被描写成流亡的乐土。ExerciseDiscussionEnglishSentenceChineseSentenceNo.ofwords?

48structurewords?

16percentageofthetotal?

1/3No.ofwords？

48Structurewords?

EnglishChinese知己知彼,百战不殆;不知彼而知己,一胜一负;不知比不知己,每战必殆。Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.Youwillwinonebattleandloseonebattleifyouknowyourselfbutleaveyourselfinthedarkabouttheenemy.Youwillloseeverybattleifyouleaveboththeenemyandyourselfinthedark.Exercise3-2.LongSVsShortS(长句VS短句)English:Meaningisexpressedthroughstructures.Chinese:Meaningisexpressedthroughwords,withdifferentmeaningsexpressedthroughdifferentsentences.

PhilosophyExampleEnglishChineseInterestinhistoricalmethodshadarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.

人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。

DiscussionEnglishSentenceChineseSentenceThewholesentenceisformby:arise(verb)+lessthrough...andmorefrom(adverbial)Thewholesentenceconsistsof3shortsentencesS1---“产生兴趣”S2+S3---产生兴趣的2个原因DiscussionEachclauseinEnglishistranslatedasonesentenceinChineseReorderingthesentencesaccordingtheconventionalorderofChinese，eg.In①,Stateyourproblembeforerequest.In②,movethestructure像……一样beforetheverb.3-3.Contrastinvoice:PassiveVsActiveInEnglish：Passivevoiceiscommonlyused，esp.inESTInChinese:Passivevoiceisexpressedby“由”，“被”etc,butlesscommon.PhilosophyExample-1EnglishChineseAnditisimaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbynomeansbecomparedwiththeseprocesses,andthattheyhavetoberequiredbyasortofspecialtraining.

许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。

Discussion-1EnglishSentenceChineseSentenceNo.ofpassivevoice:3isimaginedbecomparedberequired

No.ofactivevoice:3认为相比掌握

Example-2EnglishChinese①Inthedevelopmentofsocialeconomy，theculturetraditionmustbekept.②Theeconomicdevelopmentisdecidedtogreatextentbyscienceandtechnology.①在社会经济发展过程中，文化传统必须(被)保持。②经济的发展在很大程度上是(由)科学技术决定的。

Discussion-2EnglishSentenceChineseSentencePassivevoiceActivevoiceExample-3EnglishChineseItmustbepointedoutthat...Itmustbeadmittedthat...Itisimaginedthat...Itcannotbedeniedthat...Itwillbeseenfromthisthat...Itshouldberealizedthat...Itis(always)stressedthat...Itmaybesaidwithoutfearofexaggerationthat...必须指出……

必须承认……

人们认为……

不可否认……

由此可知……

必须认识到……

人们(总是)强调……

可以毫不夸张地说……

4-1.SubordinatesVsParatactic(从属VS并列)English:Subordinateclausesrelatestothemainclausethroughconjunctions

sotomakethewholesentenceintoaunity.Chinese:Onesentenceisusuallybrokenintoseveralshortones,withlooserstructurebetweenoneanother.PhilosophyExampleEnglishChineseOnthewholesuchaconclusioncanbedrawnwithacertaindegreeofconfidencebutonlyifthechildcanbeassumedtohavehadthesameattitudetowardsthetestastheotherwithwhomheiscompared,andonlyifhewasnotpunishedbylackofrelevantinformationwhichtheypossessed.

总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

DiscussionEnglishSentenceChineseSentenceThewholesentenceisformby:“butonlyif”clause“andonlyif”clause首先提纲挈领：但是必须具备两个条件……

ExampleEnglishChinese①CanyouansweraquestionwhichIwanttoaskandwhichispuzzlingme?②Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned，orderly，systematic，anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.

①我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗?

②社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象一样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。

5-1.VarietyVsRepetition(变化VS重复)InEnglish：Varietyinrealizedthroughsubstitutionwithwordsofsimilarwords.InChinese:Varietyisoflessimportance，insteadthesamewordjustappearagain.PhilosophyExampleEnglishChinese1)Youshouldhelphersinceyouhavepromisedtodoso.

2)Hehatedfailure;hehadconquereditallhislife,risenaboveit,anddespiseditinothers.

1)你既然答应了要帮助她就应当帮助她。2)他讨厌失败，他人生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。

Example-1EnglishChineseThemonkey’smostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageofnine,themonkeyhadlearnedtosoloonthevehicle.

这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。

Discussion-1EnglishSentenceChineseSentenceFindoutthealternativesforthefollowingword:tractor“拖拉机”appearedtwice.vehicleExample-2EnglishChineseToday,theheaviestburdenonmankind’sshoulderswasthearmsrace,whichwasinexorablybringingittotheedgeofanabyss.“Itisourdutytostopandthentoreverseit,topreventitfromspreadingtospace.”(MikhaiGorbachev:Today,theheaviestburdenonmankind’sshoulderswasthearmsrace)

今天,人类最沉重的负担是军备竞赛,军备竞赛残酷地经我们带向灾难的边缘。“我们有责任制止并逆转军备竞赛，以防止军备竞赛扩散到外层空间。”

（陆振慧译）Discussion-2EnglishSentenceChineseSentenceFindoutthealternativesfor“armsrace”:Howmanytimesdoes“军备竞赛”appearinthesentence？which，it，it，it4times5-2.MorepronounsVsMoreNounsInEnglish：pronounsassubstitutionpersonalpronouns---we，you，he，theyRelativepronouns---which，thatFunctions---asconnectives；avoidrepetitionInChinese:Nounsaddmoreclaritytomeaningthanpronounsinaloosestructure.PhilosophyExampleEnglishChineseTherewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.

届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车，一旦这些汽车污染超标(或违规)，监测器就会使其停驶。

Pronounsused?2personalpronouns1relativepronounsNounsused?that---检测器they--这些汽车them---其5-3.EllipsisVscomplementInEnglishparallelstructures,nouns,verbsorpartofsyntaxwhichappearinthefirstclausemaybeomitted.PhilosophyExampleEnglishChinese①Ambitionisthemotherofdestructionaswellasofevil.②Readingexercisesone’seyes;Speaking,one’stongue;whilewriting,one’smind.①野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。

②阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。ExampleEnglishChineseWhethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.

因此，究竟是使用测试，其它种类的信息，还是在特定的情况下两者都使用，取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据，同时还取决于成本和可获得性这样的因素。

DiscussionEnglishSentenceChineseSentenceLocatetheparallelstructure?

whether...orellipsis？tousebefore“or”dependsbetween“andupon”thetwoomittedwordsaretranslated:使用取决于5-4ImpersonalsubjectVSpersonalsubject2.ComparethefollowingtwotranslationinEnglish.Whatarethedifferences?Whichversionisbetter?1)新年那天，他们参加游园活动，玩得很开心。译文1：TheyenjoyedthemselvesintheactivityofgalaonNewYear’sDay.译文2：NewYear’sDaysawthemenjoyingthemselvesintheactivityofgala.2)他在第二次世界大战中屡建奇功,晋升很快。译文1：HegotrapidbattlepromotionduringtheSecondWorldWar.译文2：TheSecondWorldWarbroughthimrapidpromotion.Warm-up5-4ImpersonalsubjectVSpersonalsubjectEnglish:Theimpersonalstructureslaystressesontheobjectivedescriptionofsomethingaboutsomebody.

Chinese:Animatesubjectsinsentences,whichlaystressesonsomebodywithsomething

PhilosophyExample-1EnglishChinese1)Whathashappenedtoyou?2)Anideasuddenlystruckme.3)Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.4)Notasoundreachedourears.(A.S.Hornby)5)Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofhim.(W.Thackeray)6)Thethickcarpetkilledthesoundofmyfootsteps.

1)你出了什么事儿啦？2)我突然想到一个主意。3)她独处时感到一种奇特的安宁。4)我们什么也没听到。5)开始变得惊恐万状。6)我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。Comparethesubjectsoftheabove6pairsofsentences?Example-2ChineseEnglish1)新县长上台以来全县情况非但没有好转，而且每况愈下。2)为了编辑出版《吴昌硕书画集》，他还走访了许多吴老的学生，和吴老的学生的学生。1)Thewholecountyhasgonetohellinsteadofpickingupwiththenewmagistrate.2)Hisinterviewalsoincludedthepainter’sstudentsandtheirstudentstogetininformationforthepublishingofWuChangshuo’sPainting.Comparethesubjectsoftheabove2pairsofsentences?ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

English:InanimateSubject+AnimateVerb

(1)

FromthemomentwesteppedintothePeople’sRepublicofChina,careandkindnesssurroundedusoneveryside.(2)

Excitementdeprivedmeofallpowerofutterance.(3)

Alarmbegantotakeentirepossessionofhim.(4)

Fridaystartedwithamorningvisittothemoderncampusofthe22,000-studentUniversityofMichiganinnearbyAnnArbor,wheretheChinesetabletennisteamjoinedstudentsinthecafeterialineforlunchandlaterplayedanexhibitionmatch.(5)Yourletterreachedmeyesterday.(6)AfilmdepictinganearthquakethatdevastatedaChinesecitymorethanthreedecadesagohasrakedin400millionYuan($58.6million)intheChinesemainlandasofSunday,thefilm'sdistributorsannouncedMonday.

ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

English:Passivevoice(1)

Notonlypolitenessbutanattitudeofreverenceisdemandedinchurch.在教堂里不仅要有礼貌,而且要有一种虔诚的态度.

(2)

Myholidayafternoonswerespentinrambleaboutthesurroundingcountry.每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的乡村。

(3)

Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.查本馆图书锐减，学生当不忘本馆书籍流通之规则及他人之需。逾期不归还者将受重罚。

ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

English:“It“Clause(weather,temperature,time,place,environmentetc.)1）Impersonalpronoun(1)

Itisfivekilometersfromtheofficetomyhome.从办公室到我家有5公里。(2)

Itoftenrainsinsummer.夏天经常下雨。(3)Itmustbedealtwithattheappropriatetime.这必须在适当的时候予以处理.ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

English:“It“Clause(weather,temperature,time,place,environmentetc.)2）Emphaticclause(1)

ItwasShanghaithatholdsthe2010WorldExpo.(2)Itwasmyfatherwhodidtheexperimentinthelabyesterdayevening.

(2)ItwasnotuntilIhadreadyourletterthatIunderstoodthetruestateofaffairs.3)Itis+adj+todosth(4)Itisnoteasytofinishtheworkintwodays.两天内完成这项工作并非易事。ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

English:Therebe;one(assubject)(1)

therearenumerousandwidespreadfairytalesandlegendsabouttheMountain.

(2)In1946,thereareastrikeparticipatedinbythreethousandworkers.(3)Onemustbeaservantbeforeonecanbeamaster.ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

Chinese:AnimateSubject+AnimateVerb

他为人和善,因而朋友很多。Hisbonhomieoftenbroughthimfriends.(7)

村上缺少干部,他们希望县里派人来帮助解决问题。Thevillageneedscadres，anditishopedthecountygovernmentwillsendsomeoneovertohelpthingsout.(8)

她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。Astrangepeacecameoverherwhenshewasalone.

ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

Chinese:有人、大家、人们、别人assubject人总是在面临考验的关头，才发现自己的专长。

Itisinthehouroftrialthatamanfindshistrueprofession

(7)

人们必须联系世界环境去认识和研究人口控制问题。Theproblemofpopulationcontrolhastoberecognizedandapproachedinaworldenvironmentalcontext.(8)

今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。Somethingshavebeensaidheretonightthatoughtnottohavebeenspoken.ImpersonalsubjectinEnglish

Chinese:withoutsubject/subjectomitted(1)很难将这本书归入哪个类型。Thisbookdefieseasyclassification.(2)

抄近路的话，要5个小时才能到那里。Theshortestcutwouldtakeusfivehourstogetthere.(3)必须保证8小时睡眠。Eighthours’sleepmustbeguaranteed.Exercises1.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttranslation?(1)Thefive-daydrunkhadlefthiswonderfulfacelookingrumpled.A.一连五天的酒醉使他漂亮的脸上都起了皱。B.他一连醉了五天，漂亮的脸上都起了皱。(