仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage2-110AIRPORTS

IFRFLIGHTENVIRONMENTAirportsVisual,Non-precision,PrecisionVisual&Non-PrecisionRunwayMarkings

VisualRunwayRunwaynumberCenterlineNon-precisionInstrumentRunwayIncludesallonVisualplus:ThresholdMarkingsAimingPointMarkings(1000ft)PrecisionRunwayMarkingsPrecisionInstrumentRunwaysIncludesallonVisual&Non-precisionplus:TouchdownZoneMarkings500ftintervalsforfirst3000ftorhalf,whicheverislessSideStripesTaxiwayMarkingsContinuousyellowcenterlinestripeHoldlineskeepaircraftclearofrunwaysSolidlineontaxiwayside:Donotcrosswithoutclearance!Dashedlineonrunwayside:“dashacrossdashedlines”ILSHoldLinetopreventinterferenceofILSsignalILScriticalareaactivewhen:CIG<800’visibility<2SMAdditionalMarkingsDemarcationBarseparatesdisplacedthresholdareafromblastpad,stopway,ortaxiwaythatprecedestherunwayClosedRunwaylargeyelloworwhiteXateachendClosedTaxiwayXsorsimplyblockedoffDisplacedThresholdBegin/endnormaloperationsfortakeoffandlandingrollout,notforlanding.WhitearrowsleadingtodisplacedthresholdBlastPad/StopwayAreasYellowchevronsMaynotbeusedfortaxi,takeoff,orlandingAtmilitarybases,thisiscalledan“Overrun”AirportSignsMandatoryInstructionSignsLocationSignsDirectionSignsDestinationSignsInformationSignsRunwayDistanceRemainingSignsAirportSignsMostairfieldsignsarestandardized.TheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO)specializedagencyoftheUnitedNationswhoseobjectiveistodevelopstandardprinciplesandtechniquesofinternationalairnavigationandtopromotedevelopmentofcivilaviation.“Blacksquare-you’rethere”RunwayIncursionAnyoccurrenceatanairportinvolvinganaircraft,vehicle,person,orobjectonthegroundthatcreatesacollisionhazardorresultsinlossofseparationwithanaircrafttakingofforintendingtotakeoff,landing,orintendingtoland.CausesofRunwayIncursionErrorsassociatedwith:ClearancesCommunicationAirportSurfaceMovementPositionalAwarenessLAHSOLAHSOLandandHoldShortOperationsIneffectatsomecontrolledairportsCouldbeat:IntersectingrunwayIntersectingtaxiwayDesignatedpointontherunwayDeterminationofavailablelandingdistance(ALD)LightingSystemsApproachLightSystemVisualGlideSlopeIndicatorsTriColorVSIRunwayLightingAirportBeaconandObstructionLightsApproachLightSystemsPurposeHelpsthepilottotransitionfrominstrumenttovisualreferencesduringtheapproachtolandingRangefromthresholdNon-precision:1400to1500feetPrecision:2400to3000feetAPPROACHLIGHTSYSTEMS

AIM2-1-1&IFH7-31ALSF-1hasred

terminatingbarsALSF-2has2

red

siderowbarsMALSR,MALSF,SSALR,ODALS,etc.havenoredbarsMaydescendto100feetaboveTDZEifanyALSinsightMustseeoneoftheothervisualreferencestocontinuebelow100feetifnoredbars,otherwiseMISSEDAPPROACH!“TheRabbit”Aseriesofbrilliantblue-whiteburstsofflashinglightsequencedtowardrunwaySequencedFlashinglights(SF)BetweenapproachlightbarsALSF-1 ALSF-2 MALSF

RunwayAlignmentIndicatorLights(RAIL)PrecedingapproachlightbarsSSALR/MALSRVisualApproachSlopeIndicatorsPurpose:Visualmeanstodetermineifyouaretoohigh,toolow,oronthecorrectglidepathTwobarVASINormallysetto3°angleSafeobstructionclearance+/-10°ofextendedcenterline,and4nmoutVisible3to5nm(day)20nm(night)VisualApproachSlopeIndicators3-barVASINearandmiddlebarfornormal3°Middleandfarbarforhighcockpitaircraft(steeperapproachpath)PulsatingApproachSlopeIndicator(PLASI)Projectsa2colorvisualapproachpathintothefinalapproachareaVisualApproachSlopeIndicatorsPrecisionApproachPathIndicator(PAPI)similartoVASIsinglerowof2or4unitlightsTri-colorVASISinglelightunitprojectinga3-colorvisualglidepathAmber

Green

RedPAPI>3.53.23degrees2.8<2.5RunwayEndIdentifierLights(REIL)HighintensitywhitestrobelightsOneoneachsideofrunwaythresholdPurpose:rapididentificationofapproachendofrunwayinlowvisibilityconditionsRunwayLightingRunwayEdgeLights(HIRL,MIRL,LIRL)1)Whiteforvisual2)Amberonlast2,000’orhalfrunway(whicheverisless)forinstrumentThresholdLightsBi-directionalinsiderunwayedgelightsGreen:Approachend

Red:DepartureendDisplacedThresholdLightsGreenoneachsideofrunway,outboardfromrunwayedgesRunwayLightingTouchdownZoneLighting(TDZL)AIM2-1-5(b):“Tworowsoftransverselightbarsdisposedsymmetricallyabouttherunwaycenterline”Steady-burningwhitelightswhichstart100ftbeyondthreshold&extendto3,000ftdowntherunwayortothemidpoint,whicheverislessRunwayLightingRunwayCenterlineLights(RCLS)50ftintervalsWhiteto3,000’remaining,thenalternatered/whiteto1,000’remaining,thenredforlast1,000’LandandHoldShortLights(LAHSO)Rowof5flushmountedflashingwhitelightsattheholdshortpointTaxiwayLightingTaxiwayLead-offLightsFlushmountedalternatinggreenandyellowlightsat50feetintervalsCurvedpathtointersectingtaxiwayTaxiwayCenterlineLightsGreenTaxiwayEdgeLightsBluePilotControlledLightingDesignedtoconserveenergyKeythemike:7:high5:medium3:lowRemainon15minafterlastactivationDetailsfoundin:AFDIAPchartslegendAirportBeaconandObstructionLightsBeacon/daylight/BCDEgroundvisibility<3smand/or ceiling<1,000’Obstructionlightscouldbeinstalledon:towersbuildingspowerlinesBrightredorhighintensitywhitelightsCouldflashonandoffDESCENTBELOWDH/MDA

14CFR91.175(c)nopilotmayoperateanaircraftbelowtheauthorizedMDAorcontinueanapproachbelowtheauthorizedDHunless—

Flightvisibilityisnotlessthanthevisibilityprescribedinthestandardinstrumentapproachbeingusedand

AircraftiscontinuouslyinapositionfromwhichadescenttoalandingontheintendedrunwaycanbemadeatanormalrateofdescentusingnormalmaneuversandRunwayenvironmentisinsightFLIGHTVISIBILITY

14CFR1.1Flightvisibilitymeanstheaverageforwardhorizontaldistance,fromthecockpitofanaircraftinflight,atwhichprominentunlightedobjectsmaybesee