中国殡葬文化与现代殡葬业

中国殡葬文化与现代殡葬业

SpeechonChinaFuneralCultureandModernFuneralIndustry【殡葬改革】001Case首先，简要地描述一下中国的殡葬文化。Firstofall,IwillbrieflyintroduceChina’sfuneralculture.【一、中国的殡葬文化】

I.China’sFuneralCulture【殡葬改革】002Case中国的生死文化和殡葬文化主要受儒家文化影响，儒家的代表人物是孔夫子，他和他的继承者在两千多年里把这些文化写进了《礼记》、《仪礼》、《祭仪》、《家礼》、《唐律》、《大明律》、《大清律例》等典籍中。TheChineseattitudetowardslifeanddeathaswellasfuneralculturearemainlyaffectedbyConfucianism,whichisrepresentedbyConfuciuswho,alongwithhissuccessorsovertwothousandyears,hasintegratedtheseculturesintoclassicworkssuchasBookofRites,Etiquette,Ceremony,FamilyRites,LawoftheTangDynasty,LawoftheMingDynastyandLawoftheQingDynasty.

【生死观念】ConceptofLifeandDeath【殡葬改革】003Case随着宗教的渗透，除了本土的道教外，佛教、天主教、伊斯兰教等外来宗教关于殡葬的观念也在一定程度上影响了中国人的殡葬行为。Withthereligiousinfluence,inadditiontothenativeTaoism,foreignreligionslikeBuddhism,CatholicismandIslamismhavealsoaffectedthefuneralbehaviorsofChinesepeoplewiththeirownfuneralconceptstosomeextent.

【生死观念】ConceptofLifeandDeath【殡葬改革】004Case中国传统的观念是：“灵魂不死，期待再生”。笃信传统的人认为人死后另有一个世界，修行好的人会进天堂，而做了坏事的人会下地狱。ThetraditionalChinesephilosophyis:“Ifthespiritisnotdead,regenerationispossible.”Intheopinionofthosefirmlybelievingintradition,afterdeath,thegoodwillgotoheavenwhilethebadwilldescendtohell.

【生死观念】ConceptofLifeandDeath【殡葬改革】005Case为了期冀再生能投胎做人，而非做牛做马，传统文化告诫人们生前要“积德”，要少犯错误，多做好事。Traditionalculturewarnspeopleto“accumulatevirtues”whileliving,inotherwords,todomoregooddeedsandmakelessmistakes,hopefullytorealizeareincarnationnextlifeinsteadofbeingaslave.

【生死观念】ConceptofLifeandDeath【殡葬改革】006Case为了避免死去的人在阴间（死人的世界）受苦，同时企盼死者保佑阳间（活人的世界）亲人的安康，人们非常重视对死者的殡葬。Inordertoavoidthesoulofthedeceasedsufferingin“Yin”World(theworldofthedead),andexpectthedeceasedtoprotectthewellnessoftheirbelovedin“Yang”World(theworldoftheliving),peopleattachgreatimportancetothefuneralofthedeceased.

【重殓厚葬】

LavishFuneral【殡葬改革】007Case只要有能力，人们总是要“事死如生”、“重殓厚葬”。封建帝王和殷实人家的葬事都是极尽奢华的，比如今天我们可以看到的秦始皇陵和明十三陵。Peoplewillalwayscontributeanythingaffordabletomakealavishfuneralbyequippingacompletesetofnecessitiesforthedeceased.Forimperialandwealthyfamilies,funeralaffairswereextravagant,suchastheMausoleumofQingShiHuang(thefirstemperorofQin)andMingTombswecanseetoday.

【重殓厚葬】LavishFuneral【殡葬改革】008Case中国崇尚孝道，民间传颂的“二十四孝”中就有“卖身葬父”、“闻雷泣墓”等很多孝子治丧的故事。InChina,peoplerespectfilialduty.Among“24StoriesofFilialPiety”popularamongordinarypeople,therearesuchmovingstoriesas“Dutifulsonsoldhimselftoburyhisfarther”and“Filialsonwentweepingathismother’stombonhearingthethunder”.

【重殓厚葬】LavishFuneral【殡葬改革】009Case中国传统的殡葬制度中最重要的是“五服”制度，它对服丧的时限、装束等依照眷属的亲等规定了五个等级的内容，比如规定子为父母守孝需要三年时间，期间要穿着一种未经仔细缝制的粗麻布衣，这个等级称作“斩衰”。AccordingtothetraditionalChinesefuneralsystem,themostimportantpartisthe“FiveClothes”(thepronunciationof“clothes”inChineseisthesameas“mourning”)system,whichrequiresfivelevelsforspecificbehaviorsincludingmourningdurationandclothingbasedonthedegreeofkinship.Forinstance,asonhastomournforhisparentsforthreeyears,duringwhichtimehemustwearakindofcoarsecottonclothes.Thisleveliscalled“Zhǎn

Cuī”.

【殡葬制度】FuneralSystem五服（WUFU）斩衰（ZHANCUI）齐衰（QICUI）大功（DAGONG）小功（XIAOGONG）缌麻（SIMA）【殡葬改革】010Case很多制度通过不同时期编撰的典籍传承下来，又通过朝廷和官宦的示范，成为社会普遍遵守的殡葬规范。Manysystemsarepasseddownthroughclassicbookscompiledindifferenthistorictimesandgraduallybecomefuneralstandardscommonlyrespectedbythesocietyviademonstrationofthecourtandofficials.

【殡葬制度】FuneralSystem【殡葬改革】011Case中国人一般都希望用土葬的形式安葬遗体，称之为“入土为安”。因此土葬是中国人的主流葬法。Generally,Chinesepeoplehopetoburythedeceasedintheformofinhumation,whichmeans“burialbringspeacetothedeceased”.SoinhumationisthemainburialforminChina.

【葬式葬法】BurialForms【殡葬改革】012Case受文化、地理、经济等影响，中国不同地区有更多的安葬形式，如火葬、水葬、天葬、树葬、野葬、塔葬、悬棺葬、瓮棺葬等，但是并不具典型意义，在总数中所占的比重极小。Influencedbyculture,geographyandeconomy,Chinahasvariousburialformsindifferentareas,suchascremation,waterburial,skyburial,treeburial,wildburial,pagodaburial,hanging-coffinburialandurnburial.However,mostoftheseformsarenottypicalandaccountforaverysmallproportion.

【葬式葬法】BurialForms【殡葬改革】013Case目前中国在城市以及交通便利人口密度高的地区推行火葬，在政府指定的区域允许土葬遗体。在推行火葬的城市大多有提供骨灰安葬坟地的公墓。CurrentlyinChina,cremationisencouragedincitiesanddensely-populatedareaswithconvenienttransportationwhileinhumationispermittedonlyinplacesdesignatedbythegovernment.Incitiesadvocatingcremation,therearepubliccemeteriestoburytheashes.

【葬式葬法】BurialForms【殡葬改革】014Case接下来，介绍中国殡葬服务的形式与内容。Next,I’dliketointroducetheformsandcontentsofChina’sfuneralservices.

【二、中国的殡葬服务】II.China’sFuneralServices【殡葬改革】015Case在很长的时期里，殡葬活动都是在宗族、邻里的范围内互助进行的。民间有专为婚礼和葬礼提供抬轿与抬棺以及配套服务的“红白杠”，但它不是一个商业机构。Overalongperiodoftime,funeralactivitieswereconductedbymeansofmutualhelpwithinclanandneighborhood.Anon-commercialorganizationnamed“Red&WhiteBar”wasaccordinglysetup,dedicatedtocarryingthesedanchairorcoffinandothersupportingserviceswhentherewasaweddingorfuneral.

【殡葬互助】MutualHelp【殡葬改革】016Case现代城市形成后，联合移民的同乡组织与联合商户的同业公会为已经失去宗族联系的城市居民提供殡葬帮助，比如提供免费的棺材和墓地。Withmoderncitiesestablished,fellowsocietiesunitingimmigrantsandtradeassociationsunitingmerchantsprovidefuneralassistanceforurbanpeoplewhohavelostcontactwiththeirclans,suchasofferingfreecoffinsandgraveyards.

【殡葬互助】MutualHelp【殡葬改革】017Case随着商埠开放和外国人的进入，中国的一些沿海沿江城市开始出现公墓和殡仪馆。20世纪初，适应现代城市生活格局的有别于传统的新式殡葬开始流行。AscommercialportsopenedtotheoutsideandforeignerscametoChina,cemeteriesandfuneralhomesemergedincitiesalongthecoastorrivers.Intheearly20thcentury,adaptabletothelifepatterninmoderncities,newburialformsbegantoprevail.

【商业出现】EmergenceofCommerce【殡葬改革】018Case许多原来从事贳器店（器具租赁店铺）、寄柩所（寄存棺柩的场所）、运柩所等与殡葬有关的经营者转向公墓和殡仪馆经营。20世纪中叶在上海，曾出现过100多家公墓和30多家殡仪馆。Manymerchantsformerlyengagedinfuneraloperationssuchasequipmentrental,coffinstorageandcoffincarryingstartedtoruncemeteriesandfuneralhomes.Inmid-20thcenturyinShanghai,thereusedtobemorethan100cemeteriesand30funeralhomes.

【商业出现】EmergenceofCommerce【殡葬改革】019Case1924年在上海开办的万国殡仪馆，当时是名人殡葬的场所，它的遗体防腐技术和现代的殡殓仪式在更多的殡仪馆内得到了效仿和传播。InternationalFuneralParlor,whichwassetupin1924,wasthefuneralsiteforcelebrities.Itsembalmingtechnologyandfuneralriteswereimitatedandspreadbymorefuneralhomes.

【商业出现】EmergenceofCommerce【殡葬改革】020Case如果有兴趣的话，可以在中国参观上海殡葬博物馆，那里可以看到中国一个大城市的殡葬发展轨迹。Ifyouareinterested,youmightvisitShanghaiFuneralMuseuminChina,whereyoucanhavealookatthedevelopmenttrackoffuneralandintermentinabigcityofChina.

【商业出现】EmergenceofCommerce【殡葬改革】021Case20世纪60年代在中国广泛开展的推行火葬的行动，刺激了火化场与殡仪馆的建设，中国现存的由政府经营的殡仪馆（火化场）大多是那个时期建成的。Cremation,whichwaswidelyconductedinChinainthe1960s,boostedthedevelopmentofcrematoriumsandfuneralhomes.Theexistingfuneralhomes(crematoriums)runbythegovernmentinChinaweremostlybuiltatthattime.

【官方机构】OfficialInstitutions【殡葬改革】022Case目前中国每年约有900多万死者，其中的50%强在殡仪馆进行火化。在中国2,000多个县级城市中约有75%建立了由政府主办的可以进行火化的殡仪馆，目前殡仪馆的总数为1,729个。Atpresent,approximatelyover9millionpeopledieeveryyearinChina,and4.5millionofthem(exceeding50%)arecrematedatfuneralhomes.Ofmorethan2,000county-levelcitiesinChina,about80%havesetupfuneralhomessponsoredbythegovernment,wherecremationcanbeconducted.Currently,thetotalnumberoffuneralhomesis1,729.

【官方机构】OfficialInstitutions【殡葬改革】023Case几乎每个城市都只有1个殡仪馆，特大城市的城区会有2至3个殡仪馆，比如上海、北京。多数殡仪馆每年接受1,000—3,000宗业务，大型的殡仪馆则每年多至10,000—20,000宗业务。Generally,eachcityhasonlyonefuneralhome,butanextrabigcitymayhavetwoorthreeintheurbanarea,e.g.ShanghaiandBeijing.Thenumberoffuneralactivitiesconductedbymostfuneralhomesrangesfrom1,000to3,000ayear,andforalarge-scaledfuneralhome,itrangesfrom10,000to20,000.

【官方机构】OfficialInstitutions【殡葬改革】024Case政府对殡仪馆赋予对居民提供公益服务的责任，也投入资金进行建设。很多殡仪馆近些年经过改造，设施有了很大的改善。Thegovernmentgivesfuneralhomestheresponsibilityofprovidingtheresidentswithpublicservicesaswellasinvestsintheirconstruction.Aftertherenovationscarriedoutinrecentyears,thefacilitiesofmanyfuneralhomeshavebeengreatlyimproved.

【官方机构】OfficialInstitutions【殡葬改革】025Case随着殡葬需求的增多，上个世纪80年代起公墓在很多城市开办出来，迄今已有1,500多个公墓。有些公墓已经具有较大的规模和较高的水准。公墓只有少数是官方独办，大多公墓都有民间资本的注入。Withtheincreasingdemandforfuneralandinterment,currently1,266cemeterieshavebeensetupinmanycitessincethe1980s.Someofthecemeteriesareofarelativelylargescaleandhighlevel.Onlyafewarerunsolelybythegovernmentandmostofthemarefundedbyprivatecapital.

【殡葬业态】SituationoftheFuneralIndustry【殡葬改革】026Case在农村，多数乡镇、村庄为农民设置了公益性公墓，它是专为本行政区域内的农民提供安葬遗体或骨灰墓地的场所，属于非盈利性的殡葬服务，因此它的价格大大低于经营性的公墓。

【殡葬业态】SituationoftheFuneralIndustryInthecountryside,mosttownshipsandvillagessetsocialwelfarecemeteriesforfarmerswithintheiradministrativeareas.Andthepublicwelfarecemeteryprovidesburialplacesforthefarmers'remainsorashes.Becauseitbelongstothenon-profitfuneralservice,thepriceofwhichismuchlowerthanthatofthecommercialcemeteries.【殡葬改革】027Case城市中非官方经营的殡葬用品商店、代理服务机构和殡仪服务站也陆续出现，形成了与殡仪馆服务前端与后端相配合的殡葬服务供应链。Thefuneralsuppliesshops,serviceagenciesandfuneralservicestations,whichareprivatebusinessinnature,havecomeintobeingoneafteranother,formingasupplychainoffuneralservicesthatmatcheswiththepre-andafter-servicesoffuneralhomes.

【殡葬业态】SituationoftheFuneralIndustry【殡葬改革】028Case中国的殡仪馆通常能够提供遗体运送、遗体冷藏保存、遗体火化、殡葬仪式、丧事咨询等服务，提供棺材、骨灰盒、鲜花、寿衣等殡葬商品。ThefuneralhomesinChinagenerallyprovideservicesofremainstransport,coldstorage,cremation,funeralceremonyandfuneralconsultation,etc.andsupplyfuneralcommoditiessuchascoffins,cinerarycaskets,flowersandshrouds.

【服务内容】ServiceItems【殡葬改革】029Case中国的公墓通常能够提供墓地和坟墓的建造与日常维护，有些公墓开始提供葬礼服务以及更多的葬后服务。一些具有个性、艺术特点的要求如特别的墓碑和人像雕塑，许多公墓也能满足。Ingeneral,China’scemeteriesoffergraveyardsaswellasservicesofbuildingandmaintaininggraves.Somecemeterieshavebeguntocarryoutfuneralceremoniesandprovidemoreafter-burialservices.Manycemeteriescansatisfysomecharacteristicandartisticrequirements,forexample,specialgravestonesandportraitsculptures.

【服务内容】ServiceItems【殡葬改革】030Case有些公墓还有室内寄存场所和壁葬设施供客户选择，占地面积很小的墓地也是被政府鼓励的。由于消耗较少的土地和材料，费用也比较低。Somecemeteriesprovidedepositariesandwallburialfacilitiesforclientstochoosefrom.Selectionofsmallgraveyardsisencouragedbythegovernment,andduetothelimitedconsumptionoflandandmaterials,thecostisquitelow.

【服务内容】ServiceItems【殡葬改革】031Case在中国，一个家庭要为去世的亲人办理殡葬，首先要到警署办理户籍注销并取得死亡证明。殡仪馆在火化遗体时是要家属出具死亡证明的。InChina,ifafamilyneedstohandlethefuneralandintermentforthedepartedrelative,theyshouldfirsthavetheregisteredresidencecancelledatthepolicestationandobtainthedeathcertificate.Thefamilymembersarerequiredtoshowthedeathcertificatebeforethefuneralhomecrematestheremains.

【殡葬流程】FuneralProcedures【殡葬改革】032Case在城市里，有超过半数的死者是在医院死亡的，许多医院设有陈放遗体的太平间，但是有较多的家属还是希望殡仪馆将遗体运至殡仪馆保存。因此，多数的城市殡仪馆在24小时内能够响应接运遗体的服务请求。Incities,morethanhalfofthedeparteddieinhospitals.Manyhospitalsarenotequippedwithreposingroomswheretheremainscanbelaid,butmostfamilymembersprefertohavetheremainscarriedtofuneralhomesforstorage.Therefore,funeralhomesinmostcitiescanrespondtotherequestofpickinguptheremainswithin24hours.

【殡仪流程】FuneralProcedures【殡葬改革】033Case并不是所有的殡仪馆都能进行药物注射防腐的，尽管已对较多的从业人员进行了培训和资格认定，但是很多殡仪馆仍不具备防腐的能力，他们主要依靠遗体冷藏冰箱保存遗体。Notallfuneralhomeshavetheabilitytoembalmtheremainsbyinjection.Thoughmanypractitionersaretrainedandcertified,alotoffuneralhomesareunabletoembalmtheremains.Theypreservetheremainsmainlybykeepingtheminrefrigerators.

【殡葬流程】FuneralProcedures【殡葬改革】034Case但是先进的殡仪馆却有很好的防腐与整容技术，能够对缺损的遗体进行整形或塑型，进行能满足遗体长途运输要求的药物防腐。However,advancedfuneralhomesareequippedwithexcellentembalmingandface-liftingtechnologytoreshapeorplasticallyshapethedefectedremainsandembalmthem,whichcanmeettherequirementforlong-distancetransport.

【殡葬流程】FuneralProcedures【殡葬改革】035Case殡仪馆会为家属策划和组织一场殡殓仪式，通常称之为“追悼会”。追悼会的主要仪程是：主持人介绍与会人员、宣布仪式开始、向死者致哀和鞠躬、单位或家庭的代表致悼词、家属致答谢辞、瞻仰遗体并献花、与会人员慰问家属、仪式结束。Thefuneralhomewillplanandorganizeafuneralriteforthefamilymembers,generallycalled“memorialceremony”.Theprocessmainlyincludes:thehostintroducestheparticipantsandannouncestheopeningoftheceremony;payingrespectsandbowingtothedeceased;therepresentativeofthefamilyortheunitwherethedeceasedusedtoworkgivingamemorialspeech;afamilymemberdeliveringaspeechtoexpresstheirthanks;payingrespectstotheremainsandpresentingflowers;theparticipantsextendingtheirregardstothefamilymembers;theceremonycomingtoanend.

【殡葬流程】FuneralProcedures【殡葬改革】036Case追悼会场的布置有比较固定的格局，大多是会场前方悬挂遗像，两侧垂挂挽联，上方悬挂写有沉痛哀悼某人的横幅。会场前半部正中位置停放遗体，遗体四周围有鲜花。会场两侧依次排放与会人员敬送的花圈或花篮。Thearrangementofthememorialceremonyhallhasarelativelyfixedpattern.Inmostoccasions,theportraitofthedeadpersonishungatthefront,theelegiaccoupletonthetwosidesandthehorizontalscrollmourningthedeadatthetop.Inthemiddlefrontofthehalfarelaidtheremains,withfreshflowersaround.Onbothsidesofthehallareplacedthewreathsandflowerbasketsgivenbytheparticipants.

【殡葬流程】FuneralProcedures【殡葬改革】037Case与会人员都站立在会场的后半部，依次是发言席、至亲席、眷属席、挚友席、同事邻里席。仪式后瞻仰遗体的时候，至亲一行先行，然后站立在遗体一侧，接受其他人员的慰问。Theparticipantsstandatthebackofthehallandnexttothemarethespeakers,closerelatives,familymembers,intimatefriends,colleaguesandneighborsinsuccession.Whenpayingrespectstotheremainsaftertheceremony,thecloserelativestaketheleadandthenstandbythesideoftheremains,receivingthecondolencesfromotherpeople.

【殡葬流程】FuneralProcedures【殡葬改革】038Case仪式结束后，遗体就送往焚烧间进行火化，其残存的骨灰有的短期寄存在殡仪馆，有的进入公墓安葬。Aftertheceremony,theremainsarecarriedtotheburningroomforcremation.Somepeopledeposittheremainingashesatthefuneralhomeandsomeburythematthecemetery.

【殡葬流程】FuneralProcedures【殡葬改革】039Case公墓出售的坟墓有些是事先建造好的成品墓，有的是按墓主要求专门设计建造的定制墓。在中国墓地的面积是有限制的，葬遗体的墓地可以有占地4平方米，而葬骨灰的墓只允许1平方米。Someofthegravessoldatthecemeteryarefinishedonesandsomearecustomizedonesthatarespeciallydesigneduponrequestofthegraveowners.InChina,theareaofthegraveyardisrestricted:thegraveyardburyingtheremainsmayoccupy4squaremetersandthegraveyardburyingtheashesisonlypermittedtocover1squaremeter.

【殡葬流程】FuneralProcedures【殡葬改革】040Case葬礼之后，公墓要负责坟墓和墓区的维护。每年4月5日是清明节，这是一个法定假日，全家人会聚集起来到公墓祭扫自己的亲人。这一天会有数十万甚至上百万人口以及大量的车辆流动，中国人把它看作是一个“感恩节”。公墓也会在这期间举行各种服务客户的活动。Afterthefuneral,thecemeterytakesresponsibilityforthemaintenanceofthegraveandthegraveyard.April5eachyearisTomb-sweepingDay,whichisalegalholiday.Thewholefamilywillgettogethertopayrespectstothedeceasedatthecemetery.Thisday,hundredsofthousandsorevenmillionsofpeopleaswellaslargequantitiesofvehicleswillbeflowingontheway.Chinesepeopleregarditas“ThanksgivingDay”,duringwhichtimethecemeterywillorganizevariousactivitiestoserveitsclients.

【殡葬流程】FuneralProcedures【殡葬改革】041Case近些年殡仪馆响应政府关注民生的号召，同时也是针对社会的批评，推出了低价的服务套餐和低价的商品，充分尊重客户的知情权和选择权，还对困难的群体提供免费的服务。Theseyears,toanswerthecallofthegovernmenttopayattentiontothepeople’slivelihoodandrespondtothecriticismofsociety,funeralhomeshaveofferedcheapservicepackagesandcommodities,fullyrespectedtheclients’rightstoknowandtochoose,andprovidedfreeservicesforthegroupofpeoplewithdifficulties.

【经营变革】ChangeofBusiness【殡葬改革】042Case服务也变得更加周全和贴心，有些殡仪馆以全程陪同服务替代了以前的柜台式服务，各种个性化的服务要求可以得到充分的满足，殡仪馆人员甚至可以带上笔记本电脑上门（到家里）办理殡葬业务。Theserviceshavebecomemorethoroughandconsiderate.Somefuneralhomesofferwhole-processservicestoreplacetheformercounterservices.Differentindividualizedservicerequirementscanbefullysatisfied.Thestaffmembersoffuneralhomescanevenbringtheirnotebookcomputerstohandlefuneralbusinessinclients’homes.

【经营变革】ChangeofBusiness【殡葬改革】043Case经营的内容也日益丰富，有些殡仪馆自身还经营鲜花、奏乐、餐饮、仪仗和代理租车、摄影、公墓等相关业务。很多其他领域的经营项目也逐渐移植到殡仪馆，如用视频制作的“人生小电影”、利用互联网的殡殓仪式转播、饭店式服务的“守灵”服务等。Thecontentsofbusinessareincreasinglyrich.Somefuneralhomesdobusinessinfreshflowers,playingmusic,catering,andmarchingband,aswellasactasagentsforvehiclerental,photographingandcemeteries.Manybusinessitemsseeninotherfieldshavegraduallybeentransformedintofuneralhomes,forexample,the“lifemovie”producedwiththevideotechnology,broadcastingfuneralritesontheinternet,andkeepingavigilovertheremains,whichisthehotel-typeservice.

【经营变革】ChangeofBusiness【殡葬改革】044Case服务的标准化建设日益受到重视。许多殡仪馆和公墓引进先进的标准管理体系，通过了ISO-9000和ISO-14000国际认证，国家民政部近期也发布了7个殡葬服务标准，在全国行业中推荐执行。Thestandardizationdevelopmentofservicesisattachedgreaterimportanceto.ManyfuneralhomesandcemeterieshaveintroducedtheadvancedstandardcontrolsystemsandareISO-9000andISO-14000certified.RecentlytheMinistryofCivilAffairshaspublishedsevenstandardsforfuneralservices,whicharerecommendedforexecutioninthefuneralindustrynationwide.

【经营变革】ChangeofBusiness【殡葬改革】045Case最后，对未来的殡葬服务做一些展望。Finally,I’dliketopresentyousomeprospectsforfuturefuneralservices.

【三、殡葬服务业的未来】III.TheProspectofFuneralServices【殡葬改革】046Case中国的殡葬服务市场将日益开放，由于有新的成员的加入，原有的政府主导的经营格局将会发生变化，投资和经营的主体将会呈现多元化的现象，殡葬市场将会重新分割，服务资源也会重新整合。China’sfuneralservicemarketwillbeincreasinglyopen.Withnewmembersenteringintothemarket,thebusinessstructureoriginallydominatedbythegovernmentwillundergochanges,thesubjectsofinvestmentandoperationwillbediversified,thefuneralmarketwillbere-segmented,andtheserviceresourceswillbere-integrated.

【经营格局】BusinessStructure【殡葬改革】047Case现有的很多殡仪馆将会回归到提供殡葬基本服务的非营利的状态，由政府承担必要的运营经费；另一些殡仪馆则按照市场规律拓展业务，进而形成跨区域的殡葬经营集团。Manyoftheexistingfuneralhomeswillreturntothenon-profitstatus,inwhichthebasicfuneralservicesareprovided,andthegovernmentwillbearthenecessaryoperatingcost;otherfuneralhomeswillexpandtheirbusinessinaccordancewiththemarketlaw,thusformingcross-regionalfuneralbusinessgroup.

【经营格局】BusinessStructure【殡葬改革】048Case已经出现的大量小型服务机构将会催生更多的小规模殡仪馆，每个殡仪馆的服务规模趋向合理，就像现在的美国、加拿大和欧洲各国，每个城市会有数十个殡仪馆。Thelargeamountsofsmall-scaledservicesthathavealreadycomeintobeingwillhastentheappearanceofmoresmallfuneralhomes.Theservicesofferedbyeachfuneralhomewilltendtobereasonable,andjustlikethepresentsituationsinAmerica,CanadaandEuropeancountries,eachcitywillhavedozensoffuneralhomes.

【经营格局】BusinessStructure【殡葬改革】049Case中国有个思想家叫于光远，他提出了“殡、葬、传”，认为殡葬行业在“殡葬”服务以外还应提供对逝者的“传承”服务，就是要通过多种形式让活着的人铭记并发扬逝者的精神。ChinahasathinkercalledYuGuangyuan,whoputsforwardanideaof“funeral,intermentandinheritance”,thinkingthatapartfrom“funeralandinterment”services,thefuneralindustryshouldprovideservicesto“inherit”thedeceased,thatis,togetthepeoplealivetorememberandcarryforwardthespiritofthedeceased.

【文化殡葬】CulturalFuneral【殡葬改革】050Case于是很多富有文化内涵的活动形式被创造出来，“生命事迹墙”、“人生纪念册”、“传记文学”、“花篮文学”、“墓碑文学”、“时光邮局”等，将会被更多的人所接受，从而形成新的殡葬服务内容。Asaresult,manyactivitiesfullofculturalconnotationarecreated.“Lifestorywall”,“lifeautographbook”,“biographicalliterature”,“flowerbasketliterature”,“gravestoneliterature”,“timepostoffice”andthelikewillbeacceptedbymorepeopleandbecomenewcontentsoffuneralservices.

【文化殡葬】CulturalFuneral【殡葬改革】051Case随着支付能力的提升，人们追求有更浓的文化韵味和更美的艺术表现，殡仪、葬礼、用品、墓地等将告别单调、粗陋，走向静雅、精致和精美。Withtheenhancementofpaymentcapacity,peoplearebeginningtopursuestrongerculturalcharmandprettierartisticexpression.Funeralservices,funeralrites,suppliesandgraveyardswillsaygoodbyetomonotonyandcoarsenessandmovetowardstranquility,elegance,delicacyandexquisiteness.

【文化殡葬】CulturalFuneral【殡葬改革】052Case随着电子化、信息化、网络化的发展，基于高速数字网络技术的殡葬增值服务会被更多的开发出来，通过实时在线的3G或者4G手机，服务机构或许可以推出多媒体的逝者生平浏览、电话会议形式的告别追悼仪式、远程网上祭扫和具有“永恒无限空间”的网上纪念公墓等。Withthegrowthofelectronization,informatizationandnetworking,morevalue-addedfuneralservicesbasedonhi-speeddigitalnetworktechnologywillbe