英美概况 主要是美国概况

SurveyofBritainandAmerica1.ThepurposeofthecourseabasiccourseforEnglishmajors

toacquiretheknowledgeaboutthehistory,geographypolitics,education,culture,diplomacy,economy,religionandcustomsofEnglishspeakingcountriesthroughthestudyofthecourse

tohaveanunderstandingofthewholecontentsofthecourse

toprovideforyoutheessentialbackgroundknowledgeofEnglishspeakingcountries

tobroadenyourknowledgeandconstitutetheknowledgeframeofthiscourse.

TocarrycoalstoNewcastleNewcastle:aportcityinnortheasternEnglandontheRiverTyneacenterforcoalexports(givingrisetotheexpression`carrycoalstoNewcastle'meaningtodo

something

unnecessary)Don’tcarrycoalstoNewcastle.别往纽卡斯尔（英国煤都）运煤。/多此一举，徒劳无益。“Don’tmeettroublehalf-way.”不要杞人忧天。WaterlooThesiteofthebattleofWaterlooisinBelgium.滑铁卢战役的遗址在比利时。Beingcareless,thenationalfootballteammettheirWaterloointhismatch.由于疏忽大意，国家足球队在这次比赛中惨败.meetone’sWaterloo

遭受惨败,遭到毁灭性的打击Waterloo:

atownincentralBelgiumwherein1815Napoleonmethisfinaldefeat2.

afinalcrushingdefeat例句:hemethiswaterloo3.

thebattleon18June1815inwhichPrussianandBritishforcesunderBlucherandtheDukeofWellingtonroutedtheFrenchforcesunderNapoleonsettheThamesonfire

（doamazingthings)做出惊人的事来(成为杰出的人物)Heisalazydevilandkeepshistalentinanapkin,withhisabilityandalittleenergyhecouldsettheThamesonfire.他是一个懒鬼，把天资埋没了。只要发挥出他的才干，再加上一点干劲，他可以干出一番惊天动地的大事来。tohelpyouprepareforTEM-8andtheentranceexaminationsforpostgraduatestudentsIII.人文知识

(Part

III

:

General

Knowledge)

测试要求：

A)

基本了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、现状、文化传统

B)

初步具备英语文学知识

C)

初步具备英语语言知识

D)

考试时间

10分钟

题型

部分采用多选形式，选出一道最佳答案。共10题。

测试范围：

A)

英语国家社会和文化知识

B)

英语文学知识

C)

英语语言知识

2.Requirementsofteachingfamiliarizeyourselveswithgeography,history,social

conditions,religion,culturecustom,economyandpolitical

systemofEnglishspeakingcountriesbroadenyourknowledgeincreasebackgroundknowledge.beabletoexpoundatopicbothinwritingandspeech.beabletoskimthebooksaboutAmericaandBritain.remembertherelevantnamesofpersonsandplaces,the

historicaleventsbeabletoexpressyourviewaboutcertainhistoricalevents

andpoliticalsystems.PartOneGeographyChapterIAGeneralIntroductiontoPhysicalGeographyKeyPoints:1.GeographicalfeaturesoftheUnitedStates2.Riversandlakes3.America'sclimateandfactorsthatinfluenceits

climate4.Naturalresources5.Territory6.Geographicalregionsandtheircharacteristics

WhatistheUnitedStatesofAmerica?Itisagrandland.Itisagreatpeople.Anditisagroupofwonderfulbeliefs.Itisauniquecountry.TherecanneverbeanotherUnitedStatesbecausethiscombinationofland,peoples,andidealswillneverbeduplicated.Youareblessedtobelivinginthelandofthefree.Itisindeedacountryofdreamscometrue.ThroughouttheworldotherpeopleslooktotheexampleandleadershipoftheUnitedStates.Itisviewedasafabulousnationofopportunity.Heretheunionofenergeticindividuals,richenvironment,andgreatidealshavebroughtforthagrandsociety.

Asanationourcountryisyoung.Ourgovernmentislessthantwohundredyearsold.Othercountrieshavehistoriesandtraditionsgoingbackthousandsofyears.WhyhastheUnitedStatescometosucheminenceinsuchashortperiod?Oursisthefourthlargestcountryintheworld.Ithasthesecondlargestamountofarableland（可耕土地）.Itisarichcountryoftremendousresources.Theexcellentsoilshavemadepossiblerecordcropsinmanydifferentstates.Itsforestsofferawealthofwoodproducts.Itsriversandlakesprovideabundantwaterandwaterpower.Beforethedevelopmentofrailroadhighways,ourstreamswerethemostimportantmeans

oftransportation.Americaalsocontainsagreatstorehouseofundergroundmineralsimportanttoindustrialdevelopment.Itsdepositsofcoal,iron,copper,uranium(铀）,zinc（锌）,sulfur（硫）,andphosphates（磷酸盐）,amongmanyotheroreandchemicals,helpmaketheUnitedStatesaworldleaderinmanufacturing.

AlongthecoastsoftheUnitedStates,therearemanyfineharbors.Passengerships,fleetsoffreighters,andfishingboastsallusetheharbors.

Weareafortunatepeople.Mostoftheresourcesweneedarefoundwithinourownboundaries.

Americaisalandofvariedclimatesfromthesub-tropicalclimateoftheFloridaKeys佛罗里达群岛tothecoolPacificNorthwest,wehavemanykindsof

weather.Inthiscountryalmostanycropwillgrowsomewhere.

Thecombinationofclimate,landfeatures,resources,andhumanneedshavehelpedbuildthenation.

Alsothankstopeopleandgeography,theUnitedStatesistheworld’sleaderinagriculture.

TheAmericanpeople,theirideas,andtheirfree-enterprisessystem,combinedwiththeresourcesoftheland,havebroughtaboutanationaleconomylikenoneotheronearth.1.Name:UnitedStatesofAmericaUSATheUnitedStatestheStatesAmerica旧称花旗国2.TypeofGovernment：

federalrepublic联邦共和制

自由民主制

strong

democratictradition

3.ChiefofState:

president4.HeadofGovernment:

president5.Commander-in–chief:

president6.GeographicalLocation：ThecontinentalUnitedStatesliesincentralNorthAmericawithCanadatoitsnorth,MexicoandtheGulfofMexicotoitssouth,theAtlanticOceantoitseast,andthePacificOceantoitswest.ThetwoneweststatesAlaskaandHawaiiareseparatedfromthecontinentalUnitedStates:AlaskabordersonnorthwesternCanada,andHawaiiliesinthecentralPacificSizeTotal:9,372,614

km²

（rank4th

）water:4.87%

aboutone-halfthesizeofRussia;aboutthree-tenthsthesizeofAfrica;aboutone-halfthesizeofSouthAmerica(orslightlylargerthanBrazil);slightlysmallerthanChina;abouttwoandone-halftimesthesizeofWesternEurope2,575kilometersfromnorthtosouth4,500kilometersfromeasttowest.thefourthlargestcountryintheworldinsizeAlaska:thelargestinareaRhodeIsland：thesmallest

onthemainlandTexasisthelargeststate

8.Landboundaries:

total:12,248kmbordercountries:Canada8,893km(including2,477kmwith

Alaska),Cuba29km(USNavalBaseatGuantanamoBay),

Mexico3,326kmnote:GuantanamoNavalBaseisleasedbytheUSandthus

remainspartofCuba

9.Coastline:

19,924km10.Population:

300million11.

Density:

32/km²（rank140th）12.Terrain（地形）:

vastcentralplain,mountainsinwest,hillsandlow

mountains

ineast;ruggedmountainsandbroadriver

valleysinAlaska;rugged,volcanictopographyinHawaii13.Elevation（海拔）extremes:

thelowestpoint:DeathValley-86m

TheDeathValleydesertinCaliforniaisoneofthehottest

desertintheworld.thehighestpoint:MountMcKinley6,194minthemiddleofAlaska14.Landuse:

arableland:19%permanentpastures:25%

forestsandwoodland:30%other:26%(1993)15.Population:300million--Agestructure:0-14years:22%(male29,952,220;female28,560,357)15-64years:66%(male88,113,895;female89,399,501)65yearsandover:12%(male14,088,571;female

20,197,212)(July1998)--Populationgrowthrate:0.87%(1998)--Birthrate:14.4births/1,000population(1998)--Deathrate:8.8deaths/1,000population(1998)--Netmigrationrate:3migrant(s)/1,000population(1998)--Sexratio（性别比）:

atbirth:1.05male(s)/femaleunder15years:1.05male(s)/female15-64years:0.99male(s)/female65yearsandover:0.7male(s)/female(1998est.)--Infantmortalityrate（婴儿死亡率）:6.44deaths/1,000livebirths(1998)--Lifeexpectancy（预期寿命）atbirth:totalpopulation:76.13yearsmale:72.85yearsfemale:79.58years(1998)--Totalfertilityrate(人口出生率）:2.07childrenborn/woman(1998)

--Nationality:

noun:American(s)

adjective:American--Ethnicgroups:white83.4%,black12.4%,Asian3.3%,

Amerindian（美洲印第安人）0.8%(1992)--Religions:Protestant(新教徒）

56%,RomanCatholic（天主教徒）28%,Jewish2%,

other4%,none10%(1989)--Languages:English,Spanish(spokenbyasizable

minority)--Literacy（读写能力）:

definition:age15andovercanreadandwrite

totalpopulation:97%

male:97%

female:97%(1979est.)

16.NationalFlag:starsandstripes/theStarsandthe

Stripes

13equalhorizontalstripesofredalternatingwithwhite,withabluerectangleinthecantonbearing50small,white,five-pointedstarsarrangedinnineoffsethorizontalrowsofsixstarsalternatingwithrowsoffivestars.

ratiooflengthandwidth:19∶10

redsymbolizespowerandcourage强大和勇气，

whitesymbolizespurityandinnocence纯洁和清白，

bluevigilance,persistence,dauntlessnessandjustice

蓝色象征警惕、坚韧不拔和正义。13

stripesrepresenttheoriginalThirteenColoniesthatrebelledagainsttheBritishCrownandbecamethefirststatesintheUnion.

50

starsrepresentthe50states

17.NationalEmblem(国徽）Baldeagle:AmericannationalbirdSymbolism:strength,courage,freedomandimmortalityBluerectangle:Nationalflag:Topcrown:13whitestars:theearliest13coloniesOliverbranch:peaceArrow:militarypowerYellowribbon:EPluribusUnum

（拉丁文：合众为一，1776年─）

InGodWeTrust（英文：我们信仰上帝，1956年

─

现在）盾形图案的白头海雕（baldeagle）。白头海雕是美国的国鸟，它是力量、勇气、自由和不朽的象征。盾面上半部为蓝色横长方形，下半部为红、白相间的竖条，其寓意同国旗。鹰之上的顶冠象征在世界的主权国家中又诞生一个新的独立国家——美利坚合众国；顶冠内有１３颗白色五角星，代表美国最初的13个州。鹰的两爪分别抓着橄榄枝和箭，象征和平和武力。鹰嘴叼着的黄色绶带上用拉丁文写着“合众为一”，意为美利坚合众国由很多州组成，是一个完整的国家。18.NationalAnthem：《星条旗永不落》（“thestar-spangledbanner”曾译《星条旗》歌），歌词是一位名叫弗朗西斯·斯科特·基的美国律师在英美战争时，透过战场上的硝烟看到星条旗经过英军炮轰后仍在要塞上空高高飘扬时感慨万分而即景写下的。曲谱是“进行曲之王”苏萨的著名代表作。《星条旗永不落》于1931年被美国国会正式定为国歌。

Oh,saycanyouseebythedawn'searlylightWhatsoproudlywehailedatthetwilight'slastgleaming?Whosebroadstripesandbrightstars,throughtheperilousfightO'ertherampartswewatchedweresogallantlystreaming?Andtherocket'sredglare,thebombsburstinginair,Gaveproofthroughthenightthatourflagwasstillthere.Oh,saydoesthatstar-spangledbanneryetwaveO'erthelandofthefreeandthehomeofthebrave?19.NationalFlower：rose，象征着美丽、芬芳(fragrant)、热忱(ardour)和爱情。20.NationalStone：Sapphire(蓝宝石)21.NationalBird：白头海雕（秃鹰)白头雕外观美丽、性情凶猛，头上有丰满的羽毛，它的最大特点是两头白，即白头白尾，代表着勇猛、力量和胜利。22.NationalMotto:EPluribusUnum(合众为一，1776年

─

）

InGodWeTrust（英文：我们信仰上帝，1956年

─

现在23.NickName:

UncleSam

nicknameandcartoon

imageusedtopersonifytheU.S.

government.

ItisderivedfromtheinitialsU.S.andwasfirstpopularizedonsupplycontainers供应军队牛肉的桶上

duringtheWarof1812.ThefirstvisualrepresentationorcaricatureofanUncleSamfigure,attiredinstarsandstripes,appearedinpoliticalcartoonsin1832.

ThecharactercametobeseenasashrewdYankee,possiblyafterthecharacterBrotherJonathanintheplay

TheContrast(1787)byRoyallTyler.Inthe20thcenturyUncleSamhasusuallybeendepictedwithashortbeard,highhat,andtailedcoat.In1961theU.S.Congressadoptedthefigureasanationalsymbol.1961年美国国会通过决议，正式承认“山姆大叔”为美国的象征。传说1812年英美战争期间，美国纽约特罗伊城商人山姆·威尔逊（1766.9.13--1854.7.31）在供应军队牛肉的桶上写有“u.s.”，表示这是美国的财产。这恰与他的昵称“山姆大叔”(“UncleSam”)的缩写(“u.s.”)相同，于是人们便戏称这些带有“u.s.”标记的物资都是“山姆大叔”的。后来，“山姆大叔”就逐渐成了美国的绰号。十九世纪三十年代，美国的漫画家又将“山姆大叔”画成一个头戴星条高帽、蓄着山羊胡须的白发瘦高老人。Yankee：AnativeorinhabitantofNewEngland.AnativeorinhabitantofanorthernU.S.state,especiallyaUnionsoldierduringtheCivilWar.AnativeorinhabitantoftheUnitedStates.

24.NationalDay：July4th(IndependenceDay1776）Declaredindependence:July4,1776

admiteditsindependence:September3,178325.Capital:WashingtonD.C.

26.GDP（PPP）(2006)

Total:13.05billiondollars（rank1st）

perperson:43555dollars（rank3rd）

ThefeaturesofthetopographyoftheUS：

Themiddleishighandthetwosidesarelow.(中间高，两侧低)

B.Thesouthandnortharehighandthemiddleislow(南北高，中间低)C.Thetwosidesarehighandthemiddleislow(两侧高，中间低)D.Thesouthandthenortharelowandthemiddleishigh.(南北低，中间高)

1.ThreegeographicaldivisionsHowistheAmericanterritoryonthecontinentdivided?

threeparts:theeasternpart,thewesternpartandthegreatcentralplaininbetween.2)Whatarethefeaturesofthethreedivisions?(1)

theeasternpartthehighlandsformedbytheAppalachianRange.AppalachianRange:

Thesize:onesixthofthenationalterritoryonthecontinentthelength:1200milesfromnorthMainetocentralAlabamatheaveragealtitude:800metersabovesealeveltheaveragewidth:notmorethan300miles

lieintheeasternpartofthecountry

runslightlyfromthenortheasttosouthwest.differentnamesforthem:

theGreenMountainstheWhiteMountainstheCatskills

theBlueRidgemountainstheGreatSmokiesproductiveagriculturalandindustrialcenters.goodtransportationanabundanceofrawmaterialsvalleysoftheAppalachianHighlands:highlydeveloped

industrialregions.RipVanWinklebyWashingtonIrving:AmericanwriterrememberedforthestoriesRipVanWinkleandTheLegendofSleepyHollow,containedinTheSketchBook(1819-1820).RipVanWinkleissetinthegreatAppalachianmountainsAppalachianSpring

《阿巴拉契亚山脉的春天》:

amusicalcompositionwrittenorusedforballetFallLine(瀑布线):Alineconnectingthewaterfallsofnearlyparallelriversthatmarksadropinlandlevel.

(2)

thewesternparthighplateauandmountainsformedbytheCordillerarangethewholeareaholdsonethirdofthecountry’sterritoryon

thecontinentTheRockyMountains

the

backbone

oftheNorthAmericancontinent

lieinthe

westernpart

ofthecountry

runslightly

fromthenorthwesttosoutheast.

alsoknownasthe

ContinentalDivide:

TheyseparatethemajorriversystemsoftheU.S.TheriversthatdescendfromtheeasternslopesoftheRockiesflowintotheMississippiandtheGulfofMexico.ThosethatbeginonthewesternslopesoftheRockiesflowtothePacificOceanandtheGulfofCaliforniaCascaderange:amountainrangeinthenorthwesternUnitedStatesextendingthroughWashingtonandOregonandnorthernCalifornia;apartoftheCoastRangeSierraNevada:AmountainrangeofeasternCaliforniaextendingabout644km(400mi)betweentheSacramentoandSanJoaquinvalleysandtheNevadaborder.MountWhitney,4,420.7m(14,494ft),isthehighestelevation.

(3)

thegreatcentralplain

ItoccupiesonesecondofAmerica’slandmassonthe

continentItstretchesfromtheGreatLakesinthenorthtotheGulf

ofMexicointhesouth1200milesinlength,300milesinwidthMuchoftheareaisusedforcattleandwheatranching.

2.Rivers:1)TheThreeMajorRiverSystems(1)thesystemofGulfMajorrivers:TheMississippiRiver:oftencalledthe

“FatherofWaters”or'oldmanriver'thelongestandthemostimportantriverinthesystemoftheGulf.Themainstreamoftheriver：3779km

long,(6262kmincludingtheMissouriRiver)Ithasadrainageareaof

3,225,000

squarekmTwolargesttributaries:theMissouriandtheOhiotheMissouri：3,725kilometers/thelongestriverintheUnitedStates

arisesin

MontanaandflowssoutheastwardtobecomeatributaryoftheMississippiatSaintLouis

theOhio:about

1,500kilometers

long.

called'theAmericanRuhr'(aftertheRuhrRiverinGermany)(2)thesystemoftheAtlantic

RockyMountainsformthemostimportantcontinentaldivideinNorthAmerica,separatingthesystemoftheAtlanticandthesystemofthePacifictheHudsonRiver:520kmlong,oneofthemainarteriesforinlandwaterwaytraffic.ItislinkedbycanalswiththefiveGreatLakes.DelawareRiver:formstheboundaryofPennsylvanianandNewJerseyPotomacRiver:

about459km(285mi)alongtheVirginia-MarylandbordertoChesapeakeBay.

(3)SystemofPacificTwomajorrivers:theColumbiaRiver

ariverrisinginsoutheastBritishColumbia,Canadaabout1,947km(1,210mi)

theColoradoRiver

ariverrisingintheRockyMountainsabout2,333km(1,450mi)

2)InternationalRiverstheRioGrandeRiverItrisesinthesouthernRockyMountainsandflowstotheGulfofMexico.Itisabout3,200kilometerslongandformsanaturalboundarybetweenMexicoandtheUnitedStates.

theSt.LawrenceRiver：

formspartoftheboundarybetweenCanadaandtheU.S.A.TheColumbiaRiver：

risesinCanadaandflowsthroughWashingtonState

theColoradoRiver:ariverinTexas;flowssoutheastintotheGulfofMexico3.LakestheGreatLakes：themostimportantlakesintheUnitedStates:

LakeSuperior,LakeMichigan,

LakeHuron,

LakeOntario,LakeErie

LakeSuperior：thelargestfreshwaterlakeintheworldLakeMichigan

theonlyoneentirelyintheU.S.

acompletesystemofwaterways.

theeconomiclifelineoftheMidwest.

providingcheaptransportationformaterials

suchasironore,coalandgrain.Theupperlakesregion:alandofgreatnaturalwealth,thelowerlakesregion:alandofindustries.ThecheapandeasytransportationbetweenthesetworegionsisofgreatimportancetheNiagara[nai'ægərə]

Falls:

locatedontheU.S.A.andCanadianboundarybetweenLakeErieandLakeOntario.thewidth:1240meters.thedrop:average49meters.

4.Benefitsofthetopography

TheUnitedStatesis

avariedlandofforests,

deserts,mountains,plateausandfertileplains.

Thelongandirregularseacoastsprovidemany

excellentharbors.

Themountainsare

richinmineralresources.

Thefertilegentlyrollingplainsare

easytocultivate.

AlargenetworkoflakesandtheAtlanticandGulfriverslinkstheinteriorofthecountrywiththecoastalcities.Manyswiftriversprovide

goodsourcesof

hydroelectricpower.3.Climate

1)

Sixtypesofclimate(1)ahumidcontinentalclimate

inthenortheasternpartofthecounty(NewEngland)summers:longerandhotterinthesouthwinters:colderinthenorth.plentyofrainfallandalonggrowingseason.(2)ahumidsubtropical（亚热带)climate

inthesoutheasternpartofthecountry.summers:hotandwintersmild.anadequateamountofrainfall

Inthelatersummerandearlyautumnhurricane

sometimesblowinfromtheAtlanticcausingheavy

damage.However,theclimateofthesouthisgenerally

favorable,especiallyforagriculture.

(3)thecontinentalsteppeclimate（大陆草原型气候）oftheGreatPlains(4)thecontinentaldesertclimate（大陆沙漠型气候）oftheintermountainregion.Theamountofrainfalldecreasesuntilthereisalmostnone

atallinthedesertsofNevada,ArizonaandsoutheasternCalifornia.(5)amaritimeclimate（海洋性气候）

likethatofBritainThePacificnorthwest(6)aMediterraneanclimate（地中海型气候）thesouthernpartofthePacificcoastinCaliforniawarm,drysummersandmoistwinters.2)

Factorsthatinfluencetheclimate(1)ThelargebodiesofwateroftheAtlanticandPacificOceans,theGulfofMexicoandtheGreatlakes

themostimportantforcesthatinfluencethe

climateintheUnitedStates.supplymuchofthewatervaporthatfallsasrain

andthushelpkeeptemperaturesmoderateinthe

regionsborderingthem.(2)Oceancurrentsinfluencetheclimateoverwideregions.

ThesoutheasterncoastiswarmedbytheGulfStream.NewEnglandiscooledbythewatersoftheLabradorCurrent拉布拉多洋流.ThecoolCaliforniaCurrentmoderatesclimatesallalongthesouthernpartofthewestcoast.TheJapanCurrentwarmsSouthernAlaskaandthenorthernpartofthewestcoast.(3)ThewesternmountainrangeshaveanimportanteffectontheclimateoftheFarWest.TheSierraNevadaandCascademountainranges

preventwesterlywindsfrombringingmoisturetotheintermountainregionofthewest.TheInteriorPlainsoftheMidwestareexposedto

both

thecoldnorthernwinds

fromCanadaand

thetropicalwinds

fromtheGulfofMexico.ThesewindsexplaintheextremesoftemperaturethatoccurintheMidwestregion.50centimeterRain-FallLine(50厘米降雨线):

Oneofthemostimportantgeographicboundariesinthe

UnitedStatesisthe50-centimeterrainfallline,whichruns

northandsouthalmostthroughthemiddleofthecountry.

Anytravelerchancestocrossthisinvisiblelinewill

become

awareofdifferenceintheatmosphere.

Eastoftheline,farmingisrelativelyeasyandthe

populationisrelativelylarge;westoftheline,onecanfind

man-made

irrigationsystems,dry-farming,grazingand

fewerpeople.Climate:

mostlytemperate,tropical

inHawaiiandFloridaandarcticinAlaska,semiarid(雨量非常少)inthegreatplainswestoftheMississippiRiver

arid

intheGreatBasinofthesouthwest;

lowwintertemperatures

inthenorthwestareameliorated(tomakebetter)occasionallyinJanuaryandFebruarybywarmchinookwinds(awarmdrywindblowingdowntheeasternslopesoftheRockies)fromtheeasternslopesoftheRockyMountains

4.NaturalResourcesTheUnitedStatesisrichinnaturalresourcesindeposits,forests,waterpower,etc：

coal,copper,lead,molybdenum,phosphates,uranium,bauxite,gold,iron,mercury,nickel,potash,silver,tungsten,zinc,petroleum,naturalgas,timberOnefourthofthecountry’sterritoryiscoveredwithforests.Thetotalwaterpowerresources:130billionwatts5.TerritoryTherapidexpansionofAmericanterritory:200yearsago:13statesalongtheAtlanticinanarrowstrip.1783:

theareatotheMississippiRiverbecamepartofAmericaintheTreatyofParisbetweenBritainandtheU.S.

1803:purchasedthevastareaofLouisianafromNapoleon.-------territorywasdoubled1891:Floridabecamepartofthecountry’sterritory.1845-1846MexicanWar:Halfoftheentireterritoryof

Mexicowasannexed---944825squaremiles1867:AlaskawaspurchasedfromRussia.Morethan1.5millionsquarekm.

atlessthan2centsanacre.1899:HawaiianIslandfellintotheU.S.’control

Apartfromthe50states,therearesomeoverseascolonies.

InLatinAmerica:PuertoRico(波多黎各):Aself-governingislandcommonwealthoftheUnitedStatesintheCaribbeanSeaeastofHispaniola（海地岛）.DiscoveredbyColumbusin1493,itwascolonizedbytheSpanishinthe16thcenturyandcededtotheUnitedStatesin1898aftertheSpanish-American

War.Commonwealthstatuswasproclaimedin1952andhasbeenupheldbyvariousplebiscitessincethe1960's.SanJuanisthecapitalandthelargestcity.Population,3,522,037.theVirginIslands(维尔京群岛):AgroupofislandsinthelesserAntillesinthe

WestIndies,

discoveredbyColumbusin1493.Before1917theU.S.Virginislandswereheldbythe

DanishandcalledtheDanishWest.Indiesbutthename

waschangedwhentheUnited

States

acquired

themby

purchase.

InthePacific:MidwayIsland(中途岛):anatoll（珊瑚礁）intheHawaiianIslandssome1300milenorthwestof

Honolulu

siteofanimportantUnitedStatesnavalbaseWakeIsland(威克岛):AnislandofthewesternPacificOceanbetweenHawaiiandGuam.AnnexedbytheUnitedStatesin1898,itwasacommercial

airbaseandlateramilitarybase.

WakeIslandwasheldbytheJapanesefrom1941to1945.Guam(关岛):Anunincorporatedterritory(未合并领土)oftheUnitedStates,thelargestandmostsoutherlyoftheMarianaIslandsinthewesternPacificOcean.

discoveredbyMagellanin1521,theislandwascededby

SpaintotheUnitedStatesin1898.

JohnsonIsland(詹斯顿岛):HowlandIsland（豪兰岛）anuninhabitedcoralislandlocatedjustnorthoftheequatorinthecentralPacificOcean,about3,100kmsouthwestofHonolulu.liesalmosthalfwaybetweenHawaiiandAustraliaanunincorporated,unorganizedterritoryoftheUnitedStates.groupedasoneoftheUnitedStatesMinorOutlyingIslands.coversamere1.84km²(455acres),with6.4kmof

coastline

JarvisIsland（贾维斯岛）:Oneofthedominions(领土）

oftheUnitedStatesinSouthPacificOcean4.5squarekilometresdiscoveredbytheBritishin1821andclaimedsovereigntyoveritin1889.

occupiedbytheUnitedStatesandclaimedsovereigntyoveritin1935nowareservationofwildanimalsandplants

BakerIsland;AmericanSamoaBakerIsland（贝克岛）:

anuninhabitedatoll（珊瑚环礁）locatedjustnorthoftheequatorinthecentralPacificOceanabout3,100km

southwestof

Honolulu.

AmericanSamoa（美属萨摩亚）：Samoa:AnislandgroupofthesouthernPacificOceaneast-northeastofFiji,dividedbetweenAmericanSamoaandWesternSamoa.TheislandswereoriginallypopulatedbyPolynesiansperhapsasearlyas1000B.C.andwerefirstsightedbyEuropeanexplorersin1722.Dualadministrationofthearchipelagowasestablishedbytreatyin1899.ChapterIIPopulationPopulation,RaceandEthnicGroups1.CharacteristicsoftheAmericanpopulation2.Threewavesofimmigration3.Fourgreatpopulationmovements4.RacerelationsintheU.S.5.BlackpeopleandtheCivilRightsMovement7.SocialandeconomicconditionsoftheIndiansintheU.S.8.WhiteethnicsintheU.S.I.CharacteristicsoftheAmericanpopulationImmigrationAmerica—aNationofImmigrants

Everyhumanbeing,whohaseverlivedintheUnitedStates,hasbeenanimmigrantor

thedescendantsofone.EventheAmericanIndianslefttheirhomesinAsiathousands