2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:thefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(lOpoints)Peoplehavespeculatedforcenturiesaboutafuturewithoutwork.Todayisnodifferent,withacademics,witers,andact1v1stsonceagam1thattechnologyisreplacinghumanworkers.Someimaginethatthecomingwork-freeworldwillbedefinedby2:Afewwealthypeoplewillownallthecapital,andthemasseswillstruggleinanimpoverishedwasteland.Adifferentandnotmutuallyexclusive3holdsthatthefuturewillbeawastelandofadifferentsort,one4bypurposelessness:Withoutjobstogivetheirlives5,peoplewillsimplybecomelazyanddepressed.6,today'sunemployeddon'tseemtobehavingagreattime.OneGalluppollfoundthat20depression,doubletheratefor7Americans.Also,someresearchsuggeststhatthe8forrisingratesofmortality,mental-healthproblems,andaddiction9poorly-educated,middle-agedpeopleisashortageofwell-paidjobs.Perhapsthisiswhymany10theagonizingdullnessofajoblessfuture.Butitdoesn't11followfromfindingslikethesethataworldwithoutworkwouldbefilledwithunease.Suchvisionsarebasedonthe12ofbeingbuiltontheconceptofemployment.Inthe13ofwork,asocietydesignedwithotherendsinmindcould14strikinglydifferentToday,the15ofworkmaybeabitoverblown."Manyjobsareboring,degrading,unhealihy,andawasteofhumanpotential,"saysJohnDanaher,alecturerattheNationalUniversityofIrelandinGalway.days,becauseleisuretimeisrelatively16formostworkers,peopleusetheirfreetimetocounterbalancetheintellectualandemotional17oftheirjobs."WhenIcomehomefromahardday'swork,Ioftenfeel 18 Danahersays,adding,"InaworldinwhichIdon'thavetowork,Imightfeelratherdifferent"—perhapsdifferentenoughtothrowhimself 19 ahobbyorapassionprojectwiththeintensityusuallyreservedfor 20 matters.[A]boasting [B]denying[A]inequality [B]instability [C]unreliability [D]uncertainty[A]policy [D]prediction[A]characterized[B]divided [C]balanced [D]measured[A]wisdom [C]glory [D]freedom[A]Instead [B]Indeed [C]Thus [D]Nevertheless[A]rich [B]urban [D]educated[A]explanation [B]requirement [C]compensation [D]substitute[A]under[A]leavebehind

alongside

setaside[A]statistically [B]occasionally[C]necessarily [A]chances [B]downsides

face

course[C]exclude [A]model [C]virtue[B]lengthy [D]scarce[A]demands standards [C]qualities threats[A]ignored [B]tired [C]confused [D]starved[A]off [B]against [C]behind [D]into[A]technological[B]professional[C]educational [D]interpersonalSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1EverySaturdaymorning,at9am,morethan50,000runnerssetofftorun5kmaroundtheirlocalPark.TheParkrunPhenomenonbeganwithadozenfriendsandhasinsPired400eventsintheUKandmoreabroad.Eventsarefree,staffedbythousandsofvolunteers.RunnersrangefromfouryearsoldtograndParents;theirtimesrangefromAndrewBaddeley'sworldrecord13minutes48secondsuPtoanhour.wasannouncedthattheGamesofthe30thOlymPiadwouldbeinthatthegreatlegacyoftheGameswouldbetoleveranationofsPortloversawayfromtheircouches.ThePoPulationwouldbefitter,healthierandProducemorewinners.IthasnothaPPened.Thenumberofto2012-butthegeneralPoPulationwasgrowingfaster.Worse,thenumbersarenowfallingatanacceleratingrate.TheoPPositionclaimsPrimaryschoolPuPilsdoingatleasttwohoursofsPortaweekhavenearlyhalved.Obesityhasrisenamongadultsandchildren.OfficialretrosPectionscontinueastowhyLondon2012failedto"insPireageneration."ThesuccessofParkrunoffersanswers.Parkunisnotaracebutatimetrial:YouronlycomPetitoristheclock.Theethoswelcomesanybody.ThereisasmuchjoyoveraPuffed-outfirst-timerbeingclaPPedoverthelineasthereisabouttoPtalentshining.TheOlymPicbidders,bycontrast,wantedtogetmorePeoPledoingsPortandtoProducemoreeliteathletes.ThedualaimwasmixeduP:ThestressonsuccessovertakingPartwasintimidatingfornewcomers.Indeed,thereissomethingalittleabsurdinthestategettinginvolvedinthePlanningofsuchafundamentally"grassroots"concePtascommunitysPortsinProvidingcommongoods—makingsurethereissPaceforPlayingfieldsandtheactivitiesinschools.ButsuccessivegovernmentshavePresidedoversellinggreensPaces,squeezingmoneyfromlocalauthoritiesanddecliningattentiononsPortineducation.Insteadofwordy,worthystrategies,futuregovernmentsneedtodomoretoProvidetheconditionsforsPorttothrive.Oratleastnotmakethemworse.AccordingtoParagraph1,ParkruncreatedmanyjobsstrengthenedcommunitytiesbecomeanofficialfestivalTherstsypic"legacy"hasfailedto .boostpopulationgrowthpromotesportparticipationethesincreasesporthoursinschoolsParkrunisdifferentfromOlympicgamesinthatit .aimsatdiscoveringtalentsfocusesonmasscompetitiondoesnotemphasizeelitismdoesnotattractfirst-timersWithregardtomasssports,theauthorholdsthatgovernmentsshould .organize"grassroots"sportseventssuperviselocalsportsassociationsincreasefundsforsportsclubsinvestinpublicsportsfacilitiesThesetowhatKgovernmentshavedonerss .tolerantcriticaluncertamText2focusonchildren'suseofscreens,it'seasyforparentstoforgetabouttheirownscreenuse."Techisdesignedtoreallysuckyouin,"saysJennyRadeskyinherstudyofdigitalplay,"anddigitalproductsaretheretopromoteithardtodisengage,andleadstoalotofbleed-overintothefamilyroutine."bygivingmother-childpairsafood-testingexercise.Shefoundthatmotherswhouseddevicesduringtheexercisestarted20percentfewerverbaland39percentfewernonverbalinteractionswiththeirchildren.Duringaseparateobservation,shesawbelookingattheiremailswhilethechildrenwouldbemakingexcitedbidsfortheirattention.lookatparents'facestotrytounderstandtheirworld,andifthosefacesareblankandunresponsive-astheyoftenarewhenabsorbedinadevice—itcanbeextremelydisconcertingforthechildren.Radeskycitesthe"stillfaceexperiment"devisedbydevelopmentalpsychologistEdTronickinthe1970s.Init,amotherisaskedtointeractwithherchildinanormalwaybeforeputtingonablankexpressionandnotgivingthemanyvisualsocialfeedback:Thechild"Parentsdon'thavetobeexquisitelypresentatalltimes,butthereneedstobeaandsensitivetoachild'sverbalornonverbalexpressionsofanemotionalneed,"saysRadesky.Ontheotherhand,Tronickhimselfisconcernedthattheworriesaboutkids'useofscreensarebornoutofan"oppressiveideologythatdemandsthatparentsshouldalwaysbeinteracting"withtheirchildren:"It'sbasedonasomewhatfantasised,verywhite,veryupper-middle-classideologythatsaysifyou'refailingtoexposeyourchildto30,000wordsyouareneglectingthem."Tronickbelievestoit—particularlyifitgivesparentstimetohaveashower,dohouseworkorsimplyhaveabreakfromtheirchild.Parents,hesays,cangetalotoutofusingtheirfeelhappier,whichletsthembemoreavailabletotheirchildtherestofthetime.AccordingtoJennyRadesky,digitalproductsaredesignedtosimplifyroutinemattersabsorbuserattentionbetterinterpersonalrelationsincreaseworkefficiencysgeshowsthateofdevicestaffiesawaybabies'appetitessattentionslowsdownbabies'verbaldevelopmentreducesmother-childcommunicationRadeskycitesthe"stillfaceexperiment"toshowthat .itiseasyforchildrentogetusedtoblankexpressionsverbalexpressionsareunnecessaryforemotionalexchangechildrenareinsensitivetochangesintheirparents'moodparentsdtorespondtoslTheoppressiveideologymentionedbyTronickrequiresparentsto .protectkidsfromexposuretowildfantasiesteachtheirkidsatleast30,000wordsayearensureconstantinteractionwiththeirchildrenremainconcernedaboutkids'useofscreensAccordingtoTronick,kids'useofscreensmay .givetheirparentssomefreetimemaketheirparentsmorecreativehelpthembecomemoreattentiveText3Today,widespreadsocialpressuretoimmediatelygotocollegeinconjunctionwithincreasinglyhighexpectationsinafast-movingworldoftencausesstudentstocompletelyoverlookthepossibilityoftakingagapyear.Afterall,ifeveryoneyouknowisgoingtocollegeinthefall,itseemssillytostaybackayear,doesn'tit?Andaftergoingtoschoolfor12years,itdoesn'tfeelnaturaltospendayeardoingsomethingthatisn'tacademic.Butwhilethismaybetrue,it'snotagoodenoughreasontocondemngapyears.There'salwaysaconstantfearoffallingbehindeveryoneelseonthesociallyperpetuated"racetothefinishline,"whetherthatbetowardgraduateschool,it.StudiesfromtheUnitedStatesandAustraliashowthatstudentswhotakeagapyeararegenerallybetterpreparedforandperformbetterincollegethanthosewhodonot.Ratherthanpullingstudentsback,agapyearpushesthemaheadbypreparingthemforindependence,newresponsibilitiesandenvironmentalchanges—allthingsthatfirst-yearstudentsoftenstrugglewiththemost.Gapyearexperiencescanlessentheblowwhenitcomestoadjustingtocollegeandbeingthrownintoabrandnewenvironment,makingiteasiertofocusonacademicsandactivitiesratherthanacclimationblunders.Ifyou'renotconvincedoftheinherentvalueintakingayearofftoexploreinterests,thenconsideritsfinancialimpactonfutureacademicchoices.AccordingtotheNationalCenterforEducationStatistics,nearly80percentofcollegestudentsendupchangingtheirmajorsatleastonce.Thisisn'tsurprising,consideringthebasicschoolcurriculumleavesstudentswithapoorunderstandingofthevastacademicpossibilitiesthatawaitthemincollege.Manystudentsfindthemselveslistingonemajorontheircollegeapplications,butswitchingtoanotheraftertakingIt'snotnecessarilyabadthing,butdependingontheschool,itcanbecostlytomakeupcreditsafterswitchingtoolateinthegame.AtBostonCollege,forexample,youwouldhavetocompleteanextrayearwereyoutoswitchtothenursingschoolfromanotherdepartment.Takingagapyeartofigurethingsoutinitiallycanhelppreventstressandsavemoneylateron.Oneofthereasonsforhigh-schoolgraduatesnottakingagapyearisthat .theythinkitacademicallymisleadingtheyhavealotoffuntoexpectincollegeitfeelsstrangetododifferentlyfromothersitseemsworthlesstotakeoff-campuscoursestheUSandAustraliaimplythattakingagapyearhelps .keepstudentsfrombeingunrealisticlowerrisksinchoosingcareersefreshmenslburdensrelievefreshmenofpressuresTheword"acclimation"(Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto .adaptationmotlvat10ncompetitionyearmaysavemoneyforstudentsbyhelpingthem .avoidacademicfailuresestablishlong-termgoalsswitchtoanothercollegedecideontherightmajorThemostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbeInFavoroftheGapYearTheABCsoftheGapYearBackTheGapYear:ADilemmaText4Thoughoftenviewedasaproblemforwesternstates,thegrowingfrequencyofisanationalconcernbecauseofitsimpactonfederaltaxdollars,saysProfessorMaxMoritz,aspecialistinfireecologyandmanagement.In2015,theUSForestServiceforthefirsttimespentmorethanhalfofits$5.5billionannualbudgetfightingfires-nearlydoublethepercentageitspentonsuchefiforts20yearsago.Ineffect,fewerfederalfundstodayaregoingtowardsthework-suchasforestconservation,watershedandculturalresourcesmanagement,andinfrastructureupkeep—thataffectthelivesofallAmericans.Anothernationwideconcerniswhetherpublicfundsfromotheragenciesaregoingintoconstructioninfire-pronedistricts.AsMoritzputsit,howoftenarebuildinghomesthatarelikelytobelosttoawildfire?ahugeproblemfromapublicexpenditureperspectiveforthehesays."Weneedtotakeamagnifyingglasstothat.Like,'Waitaminute,isthisOK?'Dowewantinsteadtoredirectthosefundstoconcentrateonlower-hazardpartsofthelandscape?"SuchaviewwouldrequireacorrespondingshiftinthewayUSsocietytodayviewsfire,researcherssay.Foronething,conversationsaboutwildfiresneedtobemoreinclusive.Overthepastdecade,thefocushasbeenonclimatechange—howthewarmingoftheEarthfromgree呻ousegasesisleadingtoconditionsthatworsenfires.Whileclimateisakeyelement,Moritzsays,itshouldn'tcomeattheexpenseoftherestoftheequation."Thehumansystemsandthelandscapesweliveonarelinked,andtheinteractionsgobothways,"hesays.Failingtorecognizethat,henotes,leadsto"anoverlysimplifiedviewofwhatthesolutionsmightbe.Ourperceptionoftheproblemandofwhatthesolutionisbecomesverylimited."Atthesametime,peoplecontinuetotreatfireasaneventthatneedstobewhollycontrolledandunleashedonlyoutofnecessity,saysProfessorBalchattheUniversityofColorado.Butacknowledgingfire'sinevitablepresenceinhumanlifeisanattitudecrucialtodevelopingthelaws,policies,andpracticesthatmakeitassafeaspossible,shesays.ourselvesfromlivingwithfire,"Balchsays."Itisreallyimportanttounderstandandtryandteaseoutwhatisthehumanconnectionwithfiretoday.".managementeffortsconsumedarecord-highpercentageofbudgetseverelydamagedtheecologyofwesternstatescausedahugeriseofinfrastructureexpenditureMoritzcallsfortheuseof"amagnifyingglass"to .raisemorefundsforfire-proneareasavoidtheredirectionoffederalmoneyfindwildfire-freepartsofthelandscapeguaranteesaferspendingofpublicfundsWhileadmittingthatclimateisakeyelement,Moritznotesthat .publicdebateshavenotsettledyetfire-fightingconditionsareimprovingotherfactorsshouldnotbeoverlookedashiftintheviewoffirehastakenplaceTheoverlysimplifiedviewMoritzmentionsisaresultoffailingto .discoverthefundamentalmakeupofnatureexplorethemechanismofthehumansystemsmaximizetheroleoflandscapeinhumanlifeunderstandtheinterrelat10nsofmanandnatureProfessorBalchpointsoutthatfireissomethingmanshould .doawaywithcometotermswith[D]keepawayfromPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(IOpoints)ThedeclineinAmericanmanufacturingisacommonrefrain,particularlyfromDonaldTrump."Wedon'tmakeanythinganymore,"hetoldFoxNews,whiledefendinghisownmade-in-Mexicoclothingline.Withoutquestion,manufacturinghastakenasignificanthitduringrecentshockscouldhitmanufacturing.Butthereisalsoadifferentwaytolookatthedata.Acrossthecountry,factoryownersarenowgrapplingwithanewchallenge:Insteadofhavingtoomanyworkers,theymayendupwithtoofew.Despitetradecompetitionandoutsourcing,AmericanmanufacturingstillneedstoreplacetensofMillennialsmaynotbethatinterestedinthemwithsimilarorbetterpay.Forfactoryowners,italladdsuptostiffcompetitionforworkers—andupwardpressureonwages."They'rehardertofindandtheyhavejoboffers,"saysJayDunwell,presidentofWolverineCoilSpring,afamily-ownedfirm,"Theymaybecoming[intotheworkforce],butthey'vebeenpluckedbyotherindustriesthatarealsodoingaswellasmanufacturing."Mr.Dunwellhasbegunbringinghighschooljuniorstothefactorysotheycangetexposedtoitsculture.AtRoManManufacturing,amakerofelectricaltransformersandweldingequipmentthathisfathercofoundedin1980,RobertRothkeepsacloseeyeonthethisyear.Mr.Rothhasthreecommunity-collegestudentsenrolledinawork-placementprogram,withastartingwageof$13anhourthatrisesto$17aftertwoyears.Ataworktableinsidethetransformerplant,youngJasonStenquistlookstoassembleandthearrivaloftwovisitors.It'shisfirstweekonthejob.Askedabouthischoiceofcareer,hesaysathighschoolheconsideredmedicalschoolbeforeswitchingtoelectricalengineering."Iloveworkingwithtools.Ilovecreating,"hesays.Buttowinovertheseyoungworkers,manufacturershavetoclearanothermajorhurdle:parents,wholivedthroughtheworstUSeconomicdownturnsincetheGreatDepression,tellingthemtoavoidthefactory.Millennials"remembertheirfatherandmotherbothwerelaidoff.TheyblameitonthemanufacturingofTheRightPlace,abusinessdevelopmentagencyforwesternMichigan.from17millionin1970to12millionin2015.Whentherecoverybegan,workershortagesfirstappearedinthehigh-skilledtrades.Nowshortagesareappearingatthemid-skilllevels."Thegapisbetweenthejobsthattakenoskillsandthosethatrequirealotofskill,"saysRobSpohr,abusinessprofessoratMontcalmCommunityCollege."There'reenoughpeopletofillthejobsatMcDonaldsandotherplaceswhereyoudon'tneedtohavemuchskill.It'sthatgapinbetween,andthat'swheretheproblemIS."JulieParksofGrandRapidsCommunityCollegepointstoanotherkeytoluringMillennialsintomanufacturing:awork/lifebalance.Whiletheirparentswerecontenttoworklonghours,youngpeoplevalueflexibility."Overtimeisnotattractivetothisgeneration.Theyreallywanttolivetheirlives,"shesays.[A[A]saysthatheswitchedtoelectricalengineeringbecausehelovesworkingwithtools.JayDunwell [B]pointsoutthatthereareenoughpeopletofillthejobsthatdon'tneedmuchskill.JasonStenquist [C]pointsoutthattheUSdoesn'tmanufactureanythinganymore.BirgitKlohs hisworkers.RobSpohr [E]saysthatforfactoryowners,workersarehardertofindofstiffcompetition.JulieParks [G]saysthatthemanufacturingrecessionistoblameforthelay-offoftheyoungpeople'sparents.SectionIII TranslationDirectionsTranslatethefollowingtextintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Mydreamhasalwaysbeentoworksomewhereinanareabetweenfashionandpublishing.Twoyearsbeforegraduatingfromsecondaryschool,ItookasewinganddesigncoursethinkingthatIwouldmoveontoafashiondesigncourse.However,duringthatcourseIrealizedIwasnotgoodenoughinthisareatocompetewithothercreativepersonalitiesinthefuture,soIdecidedthatitwasnottherightpathforme.BeforeapplyingforuniversityItoldeveryonethatIwouldstudyjournalism,becausewritingwas,andstillis,oneofmyfavouriteactivities.But,tobehonest,Isaidit,becauseIthoughtthatfashionandme