1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

SectionI Useof EnglishDirections:Foreachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies1lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprograms,workhardtoorganizethem,andcontinueworkingtokeepthem_2_andactive.Whentheworkiswelldone,a3ofaccidentfreeoperationsisestablished4timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum.Successfulsafetyprogramsmay5_greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby_6rulesorregulations.7othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.But,therearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained.Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalone,safety8.Thefewertheinjury9,thebettertheworkman'sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat10orataloss.[AJ at [BJ m [CJ on [DJ with[AJ alive [BJ vivid [CJ mobile [DJ diverseregulation [BJ climate [CJ circumstance [DJ where [BJ how [CJ what [DJ unlessalter [BJ differ [CJ shift [DJ distinguish6.[AJ constituting [BJ aggravating[CJ observing [DJjustifyingSome [BJ Many [CJ Even [DJ Still8.[AJ comesoff [BJ turnsup [CJ paysoff [DJ holdsupclaims [BJ reports [CJ declarations [DJ [AJ anadvantage[BJ abenefit [CJ aninterest [DJ SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(40points)Text1It'saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldbumdownthehouse.Luckily,ifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisaster,asuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkingliablefortheircustomers'misfortunes.Feelingthreatened,compamesrespondedbywritingeverlongerwammglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Today,stepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight-surprise!-falloff.Thelabelonachild'sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoy"doesnotenableusertofly".Whileseofteneandnecessary-thedangersofg,forexample-andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulations,itisn'tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt.Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbefore,somecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendants,especiallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn'thavechangedanything.InMay,JulieNimmons,presidentofSchuttSportsinIllinois,successfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet."We'rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzed,buthelmetsaren'tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuries,"saysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegame,notthehelmet,wasthereasonfortheathlete'sinjury.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute-agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight-issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones."Importantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialities,"saysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitsway,theinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability.Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened?[AJCustomersmightberelievedoftheirdisastersthroughlawsuits.[BJInjuredcustomerscouldexpectprotectionfromthelegalsystem.[CJCompanieswouldavoidbeingsuedbyprovidingnewwarnings.[DJJuriestendedtofindfaultwiththecompensationscompaniespromised.Manufacturersasmentionedinthepassagetendto[AJsatisfycustomersbywritinglongwarningsonproducts.[BJbecomehonestindescribingtheinadequaciesoftheirproducts.[CJmakethebestuseoflabelstoavoidlegalliability.[DJfeelobligedtoviewcustomers'safetyastheirfirstconcern.ThecaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat [AJsomeinjuryclaimswerenolongersupportedbylaw.[BJhelmetswerenotdesignedtopreventinjuries.[CJproductlabelswouldeventuallybediscarded.[DJsomesportsgamesmightlosepopularitywithathletes.Theauthor'sattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe[AJbiased[BJindifferent[CJpuzzling[DJobjective

----Text2InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusiness,mostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.Morerecently,astheWebprovedtobemorethanafashion,companieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusinesstobusinesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey'relookingfor.Nonetheless,manycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability."Businessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesupplier,"sayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany'sprivateintranet.AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.Untilrecently,Internetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiesto"pull"customersintosites.Inthepastyear,however,softwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestodirectlyouttoconsumers,transmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.Mostnotably,thePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers'computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany'sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsales,productofferings,orotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.Oncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvited,thedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That'saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestoexamplesofVirtualVineyards,Amazon.corn,andotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivity,hospitality,andsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefall,whichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge.WelearnfromthebeginningofthepassagethatWebbusiness hasbeenstrivingtoexpandendedtofollowafancifulfashion.triedbutinvaintocontrolthemarket.hasbeenboomingforoneyearorso.Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketing,theauthorimpliesthat thetechnologyispopularwithmanyWebusers.businesseshavefaithinthereliabilityofonlinetransactions.thereisaradicalchangeinstrategy.itisaccessiblelimitedlytoestablishedpartners.IntheviewofNetpurists, thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture.moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb.theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasthetelevisionset.thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat pushinginformationontheWebisessentialtoIeractivity,hospitalityandsecurityareimportanttoonlinecustomers.leadingcompaniesbegantotaketheonlineplungedecadesago.settingupshopsinsiliconisindependentofthecostofcomputingpower.Text3Aninvisibleborderdividesthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomonthebehalfofstudents'careerprospectsandthosearguingforcomputersintheclassroomforbroaderreasonsofradicaleducationalreform.Veryfewwritersonthesubjecthaveexploredthisdistinction-indeed,contradiction-whichgoestotheheartofwhatiswrongwiththecampaigntoputcomputersintheclassroom.Aneducationthataimsatgettingastudentacertainkindofjobisatechnicaleducation,justifiedforreasonsradicallydifferentfromwhyeducationisuniversallyrequiredbylaw.Itisnotsimplytoraiseeveryone'sjobprospectsthatallchildrenarelegallyrequiredtoattendschoolintotheirteens.Rather,wehaveacertainconceptionoftheAmericancitizen,acharacterwhoisincompleteifheandhappinessareaffectedbythingsoutsideofhimself.Butthiswasnotalwaysthecase;beforeitwaslegallyrequiredforallchildrentoattendschooluntilacertainage,itwaswidelyacceptedthatsomewerejustnotequippedbynaturetopursuethiskindofeducation.Withoptimismcharacteristicofallindustrializedcountries,wecametoacceptthateveryoneisfittobeeducated. Computer-educationadvocatesforsakethisoptimisticnotionforapessimismthatbetraystheirotherwisecheeryoutlook.Bankingontheconfusionbetweeneducationalandvocationalreasonsforbringingcomputersintoschools,computeredadvocatesoftenofgraduatesovertheireducationalachievement.Therearesomegoodargumentsforatechnicaleducationgiventherightkindofstudent.Manyschoolsintroducetheconceptofprofessionaltrainingearlyoninordertomakesurechildrenareproperlyequippedfortheprofessionstheywanttojoin.Itis,however,presumptuoustoinsistthattherewillonlybesomanyjobsforsomanyscientists,somanybusinessmen,somanyaccountants.Besides,thisisunlikelytoproducetheneedednumberofeverykindofprofessionalinacountryaslargeasoursandwheretheeconomyisspreadoversomanystatesandinvolvessomanyinternationalcorporations.But,forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosmcewell-developedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobandnot.Ofcourse,thebasicsofusinganycomputerthesedaysareverysimple.Itdoesnottakealifelongtopickupvarioussoftwareprograms.Ifonewantedtobecomeacomputerengineer,thatis,fcourse,anyt.Basicrskillstake-ateverylongest-aemonthstolearn.Inanycase,basiccomputerskillsareonlycomplementarytothehostofrealskillsthatarenecessarytobecominganykindofprofessional.Itshouldbeobserved,ofcourse,thatnoschool,vocationalornot,ishelpedbyaconfusionoveritspurpose.Thersetrushtoputsinemi__farreaching[BJdubiouslyorientedselfcontradictoryradicallyreformatoryThebeliefthateducationisindispensabletoallchildren isindicativeofapessimismindisguise.cameintobeingalongwiththearrivalofcomputers.isdeeplyrootedinthemindsofcomputer-edadvocates.originatedfromtheoptimisticattitudeofindustrializedcountries.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatintheauthor'scountrytheEuropeanmodelofprofessionaltrainingis dependentuponthestartingageofcandidates.worthtryinginvarioussocialsections.oflittlepracticalvalue.attractivetoeverykindofprofessional.shouldbe____includedasanauxiliarycourseinschool.highlightedinacquisitionofprofessionalqualifications.masteredthroughalife-longcourse.equallyemphasizedbyanyschool,vocationalorotherwise.Text4WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheep,PresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumans,heorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperiment-althoughnoonehadproposedtodoso-andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup-theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommission(NBAC)-hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaper,andatameetingon17May,membersagreedonanearfinaldraftoftheirrecommendations.NBACwillaskthatClinton's90daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitely,andpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtheonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells-routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestion,however,whethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning.prefacetotherecommendations,discussedatthe17Maymeeting,Shapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbe"morallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning."Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled.NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos(theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth)forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo'slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywouldappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislation,butinaphoneinterview,hesaidthisissuewasstill"upintheair".Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat federalfundshavebeenusedinaprojecttoclonehumans.theWhiteHouserespondedstronglytothenewsofcloning.NBACwasauthorizedtocontrolthemisuseofcloningtechnique.theWhiteHousehasgotthepanel'srecommendationsoncloning.Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat thebanonfederalfundsforhumancloningshouldbemadealaw.thecloningofhumanDNAisnottobeputundermorecontrol.itiscriminaltouseprivatefundingforhumancloning.itwouldbeagainstethicalvaluestocloneahumanbeing.NBACwillleavetheissueofembryoresearchundiscussedbecauseembryoresearchisjustacurrentdevelopmentofcloning.thehealthofthechildisnotthemainconcernofembryoresearch.anembryo'slifewillnotbeendangeredinembryoresearch.theissueisexplicitlystatedandsettledinthelaw.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat someNBACmembershesitatetobanhumancloningcompletely.alawbanninghumancloningistobepassedinnotime.privatelyfundedresearcherswillrespondpositivelytoNBAC'sappeal.theissueofhumancloningwillsoonbesettled.TextsScience,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsitpreparesthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.SirIsaacNewtonsupposedlydiscoveredgravitythroughthefallofanapple.Appleshadbeenfallinginmanyplacesforcenturiesandthousandsofpeoplehadseenthemfall.ButNewtonforyearshadbeencuriousaboutthecauseoftheorbitalmotionofthemoonandplanets.Whatkepttheminplace?Whydidn'ttheyfalloutofthesky?Thefactthattheapplefelldowntowardtheearthandnotupintothetreeansweredthequestionhehadbeenaskinghimselfaboutthoselargerfruitsoftheheavens,themoonandtheplanets.Howmanymenwouldhaveconsideredthepossibilityofanapplefallingupintothetree?Newtondidbecausehewasnottryingtopredictanything.Hewasjustwondering.Hismindwasreadyfortheunpredictable.Unpredictabilityispartoftheessentialnatureofresearch.Ifyoudon'thaveunpredictablethings,youdon'thaveresearch.Scientiststendtoforgetthiswhenwritingtheircutanddriedreportsforthetechnicaljournals,buthistoryisfilledwithexamplesofit.Intalkingtosomescientists,particularlyyoungerones,youmightgathertheimpressionthattheyfindthe"scientificmethod"asubstituteforimaginativethought.I'veattendedresearchconferenceswhereascientisthasbeenaskedwhathethinksabouttheadvisabilityofcontinuingacertainexperiment.Thescientisthasfrowned,lookedatthegraphs,andsaid,"thedataarestillinconclusive.""Weknowthat,"themenfromthebudgetofficehavesaid,"butwhatdoyouthink?Isitworthwhilegoingon?Whatdoyouthinkwemightexpect?"Thescientisthasbeenshockedathavingevenbeenaskedtospeculate.Whatthisamountsto,ofcourse,isthatthescientisthasbecomethevictimofhisownwritings.Hehasputforwardunquestionedclaimssoconsistentlythathenotonlybelievesthemhimself,buthasconvincedindustrialandbusinessmanagementthattheyaretrue.Ifexperimentsareplannedandcarriedoutaccordingtoplanasfaithfullyasthereportsinthesciencejournalsindicate,thenitisperfectlylogicalformanagementtoexpectresearchtoproduceresultsmeasurableindollarsandcents.Itisentirelyreasonableforauditorstobelievethatscientistswhoknowexactlywheretheyaregoingandhowtheywillgetthereshouldnotbedistractedbythenecessityofkeepingoneeyeonthecashregisterwhiletheothereyeisonthemicroscope.Nor,ifregularityandconformitytoastandardpatternareasdesirabletothescientistasthewritingofhispaperswouldappeartoreflect,ismanagementtobeblamedfordiscriminatingagainstthe"oddballs"amongresearchersinfavorofmoreconventionalthinkerswho"workwellwiththeteam".TheauthorwantstoprovewiththeexampleoflsaacNewtonthat [AJinquiringmindsaremoreimportantthanscientificexperiments[BJscienceadvanceswhenfruitfulresearchesareconducted[CJscientistsseldomforgettheessentialnatureofresearch[DJunpredictabilityweighslessthanpredictioninscientificresearchTheauthorassertsthatscientists [AJshouldn'treplace"scientificmethod"withimaginativethought[BJshouldn'tneglecttospeculateonunpredictablethings[CJshouldwritemoreconcisereportsfortechnicaljournals[DJshouldbeconfidentabouttheirresearchfindingsItseemsthatsomeyoungscientists[AJhaveakeeninterestinprediction[BJoftenspeculateonthefuture[CJthinkhighlyofcreativethinking[DJstickto"scientificmethod"Theauthorimpliesthattheresultsofscientificresearch [AJmaynotbeasprofitableastheyareexpected[BJcanbemeasuredindollarsandcents[CJrelyonconformitytoastandardpattern[DJaremostlyunderestimatedbymanagementPartBDirections:translatetheunderlinedsentencesintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.(15points))Whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modempracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistoryastheattempttorecreateandexplainthesignificanteventsofthepast.Caughtinthewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenerationofhistoriansdeterminesanewwhatissignificantforitinthepast.Inthissearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;itisalsofrequentlypartialorpartisan.Theironyofthehistorian'scraftisthatitspractitionersalwaysknowthattheireffortsarebutcontributionstoanunendingprocess.)Interestinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectualdisciplineandmorefrominternalquarrelsamonghistoriansthemselves.Whilehistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquestionsandprovidingSocialsciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesratherthantheimperativesofthecontemporaryworld.33)Duringthistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologiesdesignedtointerpretthenewformsofevidenceinthehistoricalstudy.isatermthatremainsinherentlyambiguousinthehistoricalprofession.34)Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistor