北师大高中英语 Unit 单词课文讲解笔记

Warm-up&Lesson11.Listentopeopletalkingaboutextremesportsandadventureholidays.(P21)(1)extreme①adj.极端的，极其的②adj.远离中心的，末端的③n．[C]极端﹡Sometimesheeatstoomuchandsometimesheeatsnothing.﹡Hegoesfromoneextremetotheother.extremelyadv.极端地，极其，非常extremityn．极限，极度，末端，尽头gotoextremes走极端intheextreme极其，非常extremecrisis极端严重的危机extremeemotion极端强烈的情感extremejoy极其快乐anextremecase一起极端案件extrememeasures极端措施(2)adventuren．奇遇，冒险的经历◆venture与adventure①venture“冒险”，既可作名词，又可作动词，多指冒生命危险或重大的经济风险。②adventure只用作名词，所冒之险一般只是刺激性强，并无多大危险，用作复数时，意为“冒险故事”。(l)Theheatinthedesertis___________.A．extremeB．fierceC．crudeD．bare(2)Every____hasthepossibilityofmakingorlosingmoney.A.eventB.ventureC.adventureDexpectation2．Explore:aforest，adesert，anotherplanet(P21)探索：一片森林、一片沙漠、另一颗行星★desert(1)n．沙漠，不毛之地(2)vt.遗弃，抛弃(3)vt.背弃，离开desertern．逃兵，开小差的人desertedadj.无人居住的，被抛弃的1.Thebaby'smotherwassostonythatshe____himsoonaftergivingbirth.A．designedB．desiredC．desertedD．demanded31)optionaladj.可选择的，非强制的1）optionn．[U]选择，选择权，选择自由；[C]（供）选择的事物atone'soption随意2）havenooptionbuttodosth.不得不做某事(1)Hehadnooptionbut____．A.goB.goingC.goneD.togo(2)Sandycoulddonothingbut____tohisteacherthathewaswrong.A.admitB.admittedC.admittingD.toadmit注意：在句型nooptionbuttodosth.或nothingbut/excepttodosth．中，如果前面有实义动词do的某一种形式，介词but或except后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语。4．Justimagine．(P22)试想一下。imaginevt想象，设想n．想象……doingsth.想象做某事imagine+sb．doingsth．想象某人做某事that/wh-从句想象……sb．/sth．tobe+n．/adj.想象某人／某物是…imaginationn.想象力，想象出来的东西，幻想imaginativeadj.有想象力的，幻想的imaginableadj.可想象的，想象得到的imaginaryadj.想象出来的(l)-Doyouthinkwe'llhavegoodweather?-Iimagine____．A．itB．thatC．soD．to(2)Idon'tsupposeanyoneiswillingtogotherealone______？A．doIB．don'tIC．dotheyD．arethey注意：当主语为第一人称，imagine后接的宾语从句为否定意义时，要否定的是主句的谓语动词，即否定转移。其他有类似用法的动词有：think，believe,suppose,expect等。Idon'tthinkitisagoodidea.5.Thefoodcookingonthefiresmellsgreatandwhileyouarehavingahotcupoftea,yourelaxandwatchthesungodown.(P22)烤在火上的食物散发着诱人的香味，你喝着一杯热茶，轻松地欣赏着日落。1）godown（船）下沉，（价格）下跌，（温度等）下降，（洪水等）下落goagainst违反，对……不利goaway离开，走开goback回去goby过去，（时间）逝去goinfor从事，喜好gooff离去，去世，爆炸goout出去，熄灭gothrough通过，经历，仔细看goup上升，上涨gowith与……协调、搭配gowithout没有……也行goover检查，复习(1)Wouldyouplease____thisformformetoseeifI'vefilleditinrightAtakeoffB．lookafterC．giveupD．goover(2)-Didn'tyouhaveagoodtimeattheparty?-OfcourseIdid.Asamatteroffact,Ihadsuchfunthattimeseemedto___soquickly.A．gobyB．goawayC．gooutD．goover6.Hikingtripscanbeuncomfortableandevendangerous.(P22)徒步旅行可能并不舒服，甚至还很危险。can是情态动词，在本句中表示“有时会，时而可能”。1)ItisusuallywarminmyhometowninMarch,butit____berathercoldsometimes.A.mustB.canC.shouldD.would7.Theyknowallthebestroutesandbestplacestocamp.(P22)他们熟知所有的最佳路线和最好的宿营地。★route①n．路线，路程②vt.（经由专门的路线）输送，运送routineadj.例行的，常规的；n．例行公事，惯例，惯常的程序(2)本句中的tocamp是动词不定式，充当places的定语。(l)-Heisamanwithmanyexperiences．-Yes,inthe___ofhislonglife,hehasexperiencedmanychanges．A．courseB．routeC．wayD．routine(2)-Wouldyouliketojoinusplayingbasketball．Tom?-I'dliketo,butIhavealotofhomework______A．todoB．doC．betodoD．doing注意：使用动词不定式充当定语时应注意的几个问题当作定语的动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式动作的承受者时，可用主动语态todo形式和被动语态tobedone形式，但含义不同。﹡Haveyouanythingtosend?你有什么东西要寄吗？（tosend的动作执行者是you。）﹡Haveyouanythingtobesent?你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（tobesent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someoneelse。）②当动词不定式既有逻辑主语又有逻辑宾语时，该不定式只能用主动形式todo。﹡Iwillbuyyouabooktoread.我要给你买本书读。（toread的逻辑主语，即动作的发出者是you，toread的逻辑宾语是abook。）作定语的动词不定式中的动词如果是不及物动词，或者动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式动作的地点、工具等，动词不定式后面必须有相应的介词。﹡Heislookingforaroomtolivein．﹡Thereisnothingtotalkabout．8.Andourporterscarryyourluggage,whichmeansthatyoucansimplyenjoytheexperience.(P22)我们的搬运工则会帮你搬运行李，这样你就可以尽情地享受旅行了。该句是含有which引导的定语从句的复合句。which代指ourporterscarryyourluggage。定语从句中又含有由that引导的宾语从句youcansimplyenjoytheexperience★mean(1)vt.（指字、句等）表示，意指，意味着(2)vt，图谋，计划，意欲，企图(3)vt.有……征兆，可能造成……(4)vt.指定，预定（某人或某物供……之用）(5)vt.对……重要，对……有价值(6)meanwellbysb．对……怀有善意meaninglessadj.无意义的，无目的的meaninglyadv.有意义地，故意地(1)TheScienceMuseum,_______wevisitedduringarecenttriptoBritain,isoneofLondon'sA．whichB．whatC．thatD．where（2）-Thatwouldmean____alotoflabour.-Really?Idon'tmean.____anylabour.A.waste；towasteB．towaste；wastingC．wasting,towasteD．towaste：wastemeaningn．意义，含义，企图；adj.意味深长的mean后接动名词和动词不定式意义不一样，后接动名词表示“意味着……”，接动词不定式表示“打算……，意欲……”。类似用法的单词或短语很多，stoptodosth.停止、中断正在做的事后去做另一件事stopdoingsth.停止做某事forgettodosth.忘记要去做某事（未做）forgetdoingsth．忘记做过某事（已做）remembertodosth．记得去做某事（未做）rememberdoingsth．记得做过某事（已做）regrettodosth.遗憾要做某事（未做）regretdoingsth．遗憾做过某事（已做）trytodosth．努力、企图做某事trydoingsth.试验、试着做某事goontodosth．做了一件事后，接着做另一件事goondoingsth．继续做原来做的事beafraidtodosth．不敢去做某事（是主观上的原因不去做）beafraidofdoingsth.担心出现做某事的状况或结果9.AccommodationisincomfortablehotelsinBeijingandLhasa,hostelsonthehikingtrip,andone-ortwo-persontentsforcamping.(P22)在北京和拉萨，食宿在舒适的饭店，旅途中住旅店，宿营地则配有单、双人帐篷。(1)[U]住所，住处，停留处(2)住宿，膳宿（常用复数）(3)[C，U]和解rentedaccommodation租的住处furnishedaccommodation有家具的住处makeaccommodationsfor为……提供膳宿reach/cometo/arriveatanaccommodation达成和解1）I'11make_______foryouduringyourjourneytomyhometown.A．accommodatingB．dinnerC．accommodateD．accommodations10.Forpeoplewhoprefertospendsometimeonthecoast,wecanorganiseyourtravelandaccommodationtoo.(P22)如果你更喜欢在海边停留些日子，我们也可以为你安排旅行和住宿。prefer宁愿，较喜欢，愿意sth．n．/doingto+n．/doingprefer+todosth./doingsth,todosth.ratherthandosth.sb.todosth.wouldliketodowouldlikesb.todofeellikedoingfeellikeone'sdoingprefertodo/doing(would/should)prefersb.todowouldratherdowouldrathersb.did/haddonewouldratherdo...thando...宁愿做……而不愿做……woulddo...ratherthando...1)I____visitingtemplestogoingtothebeach.A．ampreferringB．ampreferredC．preferD．amtoprefer11.Thehikecosts￡2,500includingallflightsandaccommodation．(P22)旅行费用为2，500英镑，包括所有机票费和住宿费。(1)costvt需付费，价钱为，使丧失；n.价格，成本，代价▼ata/thecostof费用为……，以……为代价atallcosts/atanycost不惜任何代价，无论如何◆cost，spend，take与pay四者都有“花费”之意，区别主要在搭配上。①spend：主语（人）+spend+宾语（时间、金钱）+(in)doingsth．；主语（人）+spend+宾语（时间、金钱）+onsth.。②cost:主语（事或物）+cost+宾语（人+时间／金钱）（无被动式）。③take：主语（it作形式主语）+take+宾语（人+时间）+todosth．；主语（物）+take+宾语（时间）+todo。④pay:主语（人）+pay+宾语（金钱）+forsth．。(2)includingprep．包括，包含includedadj.包括的，包含的includevt．包括，包含◆contain与include①contain指某种容器“装有，容纳”某物，宾语作为组成部分被“包含”或“容纳”在内。②include是“包括，包含”的意思，强调宾语是整体的一部分或要素。(1)Theseshoeslookverygood.Iwonder____．A．howmuchcosttheyareB．howmuchdotheycostC．howmuchtheycostD．howmucharetheycost(2)–Mum,Idislikethevegetables.-Helpyourselftothem,dear.They____alotofvitaminC．A.includeB.holdC.takeD.contain(3)Everyone,____,showedgreatinterestwhenImentionedyouwouldgoforahikewithus.A.includethreelittlegirlsB.threelittlegirlsincludeC.includingthreelittlegirlsD.includedthreelittlegirls12．Maximumgroupsizeis15people．(P22)每组最多15人。maximumn．(pl.maxima/maximums)最大，最多，最大限度；adj.最大的，最多的maximum的反义词是minimum。1)What'sthe______amountofwineyouareallowedtotakethroughcustomsduty-free?A.bigB.minimumC．greatD．maximum13.Howdothetouristsdifferfromlocalpeople?(P23)游客与当地人怎么不同？differvi不一致，不同﹡Opinionsonthesubjectdiffergreatly．differfrom...与……不同differin...在……方面不同differwithsb．on/about/oversth．在……方面与某人持不同意见bedifferentfrom...与不同tellthedifferencebetweenAandB区分A与B的不同之处makeadifference有影响，有差异makenodifference没有影响1)Leavesarefoundonallkindsoftrees,buttheydiffergreatly____sizeandshape.A．onB．fromC．byD．in14.Fromthatmomenttheystartedtofeelanxiousandtheysleptbadlythatnight．(P23)从那时起，他们开始感到担心，并且那天晚上他们睡得很不好。★anxiousadj.(1)不安的，（非正式）渴望的beanxiousabout/for...为……担心beanxioustodosth．/forsth．渴望做某事beanxiousthat...渴望……(2)使人焦虑或担心的anxiouslyadv.焦虑地，急切地anxietyn．焦虑，渴望，热望◆eager与anxious＊eager强调对成功的渴望，含有积极的意义；anxious强调“担心，忧虑”，对结果表示不安。(1)Mymotheralwaysgetsabitifwedon'tarrivewhenwesaywewill.AanxiousB．ashamedC．weakD．patient(2)Whenwesaidweweregoingtothezoo,littleJeanwas_____togowithus.A．anxietyB．anxiouslyC．anxiousD．anxiousnessLesson2&Lesson31.Peopledoextremesportsinordertofeelexcited.(P24)人们做极限运动是为了感到兴奋。★inorderto为了◆inordertodo作目的状语比todo语气更强烈。若把动词不定式的逻辑主语表达出来，可构成inorderforsb．todo结构。其否定形式为inordernottodo◆inorderto与soasto两者意义相同，皆引导目的状语，但其位置值得注意：inorderto可放在句首，也可放在句中，而soasto只能放在句中。[译]为了赶上第一班公共汽车，我早早地起床。[误]Soastocatchthefirstbus,Igotupearly.[正]Igotupearlysoastocatchthefirstbus.=IgotupearlysothatIcouldcatchthefirstbus.=InordertocatchthefirstbusIgotupearly.=IgotupearlyinorderthatIcouldcatchthefirstbus.(1)_____thiscake,you'llneed2eggs,175gsugarand175gflour.A．HavingmadeB．MakeC．TomakeD．Making(2)Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately______intimeforChristmas.A.inordertohavereceivedB.inordertoreceiveC.soastobereceivedD．soasbereceiving2Snowboardinghassimilaritieswithsurfing．(P24)单板滑雪与冲浪有相似之处。1)similarity(1)n．[C]类似点，相似点(2)n．[U]类似性，相似性similaradj.相似的similarlyadv.相似地，同样地，相同地besimilarto与……相似3．Icediverswalkupsidedownundertheice．(P24)冰下潜水运动员在冰下倒着走。1)upsidedown(1)倒置，颠倒(2)乱七八糟，东倒西歪wrongsideout(指衣服、帽子等)里面朝外的（1）AlthoughMarywearsfashionableclothes,everythinginherroomis____.A.inorderB.upsidedownC.wrongsideoutD.outoforders4．Ican’tstandslowsports．(P24)我不能忍受慢速运动。1）standvt经受，承受，忍受standdoingsth.容忍做某事standsth.承受，忍受某事／某物▲bear,endure,tolerate与stand(1)bear通常表示忍受一件沉重的、困难的事情，但侧重忍受的能力，不太强调其态度。bear的宾语如果是人或事物，后面有时加with，如果宾语是抽象的概念，则通常不加with,bear多用于否定句或疑问句。(2)endure强调默默地、无怨言地忍受，但不屈服，多用于否定句，常和can，could,beableto连用。(3)tolerate主要指容忍与自己的愿望相反的事情。人之所以能tolerate，常常是由于不太关心某事，是为了求得安宁、平静。(4)stand“忍耐，忍受，顶住”，在口语中，stand常被用来表示bear或endure的意思。(1)Ican'tstand_______withmyhusbandanymore.Hegets____everyday.A．live：drinkB．living；drinkClive：drunkD．living；drunk(2)Modernplasticscan____veryhighandverylowtemperatures.A．standB．suitC．passD．make5.WhenIturnedupformyfirstjumplwassonervousthatItriedtobackout,butmyfriendspersuadedmetogothroughwithit．(P25)当我第一次出现在蹦极现场时，我很紧张，企图退出，但是我的朋友们说服我跳了下去。本句为but连接的并列句，且在第一个分句中又含有when引导的时间状语从句和so…that…引导的结果状语从句。(1)gothroughwith照承诺（或计划）去做，将……进行到底▲gothroughwith与gothroughgothroughwith主要指完成（或做完）艰难或令人不快的事。gothrough主要指经历（或遭受）磨难或痛苦的事。(2)turnup出现，调大音量，把……向上翻turnaround转身turnagainst背叛turndown拒绝，调低turnoff关掉turnout关掉，熄灭，证明是，开除turnto求助于，翻到turnadeafearto不理会turnover翻，翻身，翻转，打翻(1)-ThewomanbiologisthadstayedinAfricastudyingwildanimalsfor13yearsbeforeshereturned.-Oh,dear!She____alotofdifficulties!‘A．maygothroughB．mightgothroughC.oughttohavegonethroughD.musthavegonethrough(2)She'shavingalotoftroublewiththenewcomputer,butshedoesn'tknowwhomto____.A．turntoB．lookforC.dealwithD.talkabout(3)-Whatareyoureading,Tom?-I'mnotreallyreading,just____thepages.A.turningoffB.turningaroundC.turningoverD.turningup6．Butit'sworthwaitingfor．(P25)但这值得等待。worthadj.等值的，值钱的beworth+n．（常指价值）beworth+doing值得做……◆worth,worthy与worthwhile(l)worth只能作表语，后常接名词或动名词。(2)worthy作定语时指“有地位的，有价值的”；作表语时，常用beworthyof+n./beworthytobedone/beworthyofbeingdone结构。(3)worthwhile可以作定语或表语，作定语时指“值得花时间（或花钱、努力等）去做的”；作表语时，常用it作形式主语，构成Itisworthwhiledoingsth．/todosth．结构。这本书值得一读。Thebookisworthreading.=Thebookisworthyofbeingread.=Thebookisworthytoberead.=Itisworthwhilereadingthebook.=Itisworthwhiletoreadthebook.(1)Itisworthconsideringwhatmakesconveniencefoodssopopular,and____betteronesofyourown.A.introducesB.tointroduceC.introducingD.introduced(2)Itisnot____todiscusstheplanagainandagain.A．worthB．worthyC.worthwhileD.worthywhile7.It'sdifficulttogetacrosshowexcitingitis!(P25)很难让人理解它有多么令人兴奋！getacross使理解（某事）(1)Asateacher，youmust____whatyouteachtoyourstudents.AgetinB．getaroundC.getacrossD.getthrough8.TheEmperorwasimpressedbyhimandtheybecamefriends．(P26)他给皇帝留下了深刻的印象，两个人成了朋友。impressvt．给予强烈印象，使留下深刻印象，使铭记，使意识到be(deeply/strongly)impressedby对……印象深刻impresssb．withsth．/sb．以……给某人留下深刻的印象impresssth．/itselfon/uponsth．使铭记某物；某物给……留下深刻印象impresssth．on/uponsb．使某人意识到某物（的重要性或严重性等）impressionn．印象，感想，想法，看法impressiveadj.令人赞叹的，令人钦佩的impressionableadj.（人，尤指年轻人）易受影响的makeanimpression(on/uponsb．)（给某人）留下印象makenoimpression没有效果，不起作用(be)undertheimpressionthat...以为……，（通常指）误认为……(1)ThespeechbythemayorofShanghaibeforethefinalvotingforEXP02010isstronglyimpressed____mymemory.A．toB．overC．byD．on(2)Hiswordsarestronglyimpressed____mymemory,whichistosayIamdeeplyimpressed____them.A.with;onB.with;byC.on;byD.at;with(3)I'msurethebeautyof____naturetherewillmake____excellentimpressionuponyou.A.the;anB.／;theCthe;／D./;an9.Marco,inturn,wasamazedbyhowbeautifulandpowerfulChinawasP26马可同时也被中国的美丽和强大所震撼。(1)inturn轮流，依次，逐个地，反过来◆关于turn(顺序)的常用结构taketurnstodosth．／(at)doingsth.轮流做某事it'sone'sturntodosth．轮到某人做某事waitone'sturntodosth.等候轮到某人做某事takeone'sturn依次，轮到某人byturns轮流，依次(2)amazevt.使惊愕（惊奇）amazedadj.吃惊的，惊奇的amazingadj.令人惊异的amazementn．惊奇，惊异(1)Peopletrytoavoidpublictransportationdelaysbyusingtheirowncars,andthis____createsfurtherproblems.A．inshortB．incaseC．indoubtD．inturn(2)Thenewswasso____thatallofuswere_____atit.A.amazing;amazedB.amazed;amazingC.amazing;amazingD.amazed;amazed10.Hewasalsoconfusedbytheblackstonespeopleusedtoburnforfuel.(P26)他也不明白为什么人们用黑色的石头作燃料。confusevt.(1)把（某人）弄糊涂，使迷惑，使为难(2)使（某物）模糊不清，使混淆confuseAwithB把A与B混淆confusetheissue/matter/argument搅乱问题／事情／争论confusesb．弄乱某人，使某人困惑confusingadj.莫名其妙的，难以理解的confusedadj.糊涂的，迷乱的，混杂的confusionn．困惑，混乱beconfusedabout对……感到困惑／迷惑create/leadtoconfusion造成混乱oconfusion使……陷于混乱(1)I______youwithyoursisterA.encounteredB.confusedC.bewilderedD.puzzled(2)Iwasso________abouttoday'shistorylesson.Ididn'tunderstandathing.A．amazedB．neglectedC．confusedD．amused11.Notlongafterhisreturn,alocalwarbrokeoutnearhistown．(P26)他回国后不久，一场区域性的战争在他家乡附近爆发了。1)breakout(故争、火灾等)爆发，（疾病）突然发生2)breakout为不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态，同样用法的还有takeplace,comeabout,dieout等。breakoff(使)折断，突然停止（讲话等）breakinto破门而入，闯入breakawayfrom挣脱，摆脱，脱离breakup分解（物理变化），破裂1）Abigfire____inthehotellastnight,butallthepeople____escapefromit.Abrokeout：couldB.brokeout;wereabletoC.wasbrokenout:couldD.wasbrokenout;wereableto12．ButMarcoalwaysstoodbyhistales．(P26)但是马可总是信守他所讲的每一个故事。★standby(1)遵守，坚持(2)站在一旁，袖手旁观(3)忠于（某人），支持，站在……一边(4)在一旁随时准备行动1)Agoodfriendisonewhowill______youwhenyouareintrouble.A．standforB．standbyC．standuptoD．standupwith13.Hewenttoacitywhereironwasproducedinhugequantities.(P27)他去了一个大批量生产铁的城市★quantityn.(1)[U]量，大小，重量(2)[U，C]数目，数量（尤指巨大的）★quantitiesofaquantityof...许多的……，大量的……inquantity大量地‘quantitativeadj.数量的，量的，定量的qualityn．质，质量，品质，特性，品种●quantitiesof作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。1）Withmoreforestsbeingdestroyed,hugequantitiesofgoodearth_____eachyear.A.iswashingawayB．isbeingwashedawayCarewashingawayD.arebeingwashedawayLesson4&CC1.Onhisway,hereceivedamessagefromtheNorwegianexplorerRoaldAmundsen...(P28)在途中，他收到一条来自挪威探险家罗尔德·阿蒙森的信息……onone'sway在途中onone'swayto在去……的路上（可引申为“即将，就要……”▼inaway从某种程度上intheway挡道alltheway-路上bytheway顺便提一下onone'swayto中的介词to，后跟副词时应省略。如：onone'swayhome在某人回家的路上。2bothteamsorganisedfoodbasesinpreparationfortheirjourneysthenextyear.(P28)……两队人都建立了食物基地，为他们下一年的旅程做准备。★preparationn．准备，预备，配制品inpreparation在准备中makepreparationsfor为……做准备preparevt.准备，预备，筹备，配制，调制；vi．准备prepareone'slessons准备功课be(well)preparedfor/todosth．对某事／做某事有（充分的）准备prepareameal做饭prepareforanexam为考试做准备prepareforanattack准备应对攻击(1)Mother___supperwhenIcamein.A.ispreparingforB.preparedC.ispreparingD.waspreparing(2)Themid-termexamiscoming;thestudentsarebusy____theexam．A.preparingB.preparingforC.toprepareD.topreparefor3.Thencamethetotaldarknessofthepolarwinter.(P28)接着，漆黑的极地冬天开始了。这是一个倒装句，主语是thetotaldarknessofthepolarwinter，谓语动词为came。倒装的原因是句子的主语太长，为了保持句子平衡而把谓语动词came直接置于主语之前，这种倒装称为完全倒装。◆使用倒装句的几种情况：(1)为了平衡句子的结构，常常将地点状语放在句首，以引起一个倒装句。﹡Underthattreesitsabeautifulgirl.(2)在以here，there，then，now，out，in，up，down，away，ahead等副词开头的句子中，常使用完全倒装。但是如果句子的主语是代词，则句子不倒装。＊Theregoesthemonitor．＊Herecomesthebus．＊Nowcomesyourturn．＊Outherushed.(3)therebe句型也属于完全倒装句。﹡Therearemanybeautifulparksinourcity▲当否定副词（如never，hardly等）放在句首时，句子要部分倒装。﹡NeverbeforehaveIseensuchamovingfilm.=Ihaveneverseensuchamovingfilmbefore.(1)Atthefootofthemountain____avillage.A.lyingB.liesC.liedD.laid(2)Onthewall______twolargepictures.A.hangsB.hangC.hangedD.hanging(3)“Never______tohurtyourfeelingswhilelwasexpressingmyselfinthediscussion.”explainedJim.A.IexpectedB.expectedIC.hadIexpectedD.didIexpect4.First,histwosledgesbrokedown,andthenthehorsesbegantohaveseriousdifficultieswiththesnowandthecold.(P28)先是他的两个雪橇坏了，后来马匹开始应付不了大雪和严寒的天气。1)breakdown(1)（因机械、电力等故障）停止运转，失灵，失效，坏了(2)失败，崩溃，瓦解，垮了(3)(指某人的健康状况）变得恶劣，垮掉(4)感情失去控制(5)中止，停顿(6)猛击某物使其毁坏(7)使某物瓦解，镇压，克服，破坏某物(8)使分解（为）(1)Thetelephonesystem____suddenlywhilehewascallinghismother.A．brokedownB．brokeoutC．brokeupD．brokein(2)-HowaboutyourjourneytoMountEmei?-EverythingwaswonderfulexceptthatourcarA.sloweddownBbrokedownC．gotdownD．putdown(3)Watercanbe______intohydrogenandoxygen.A.brokedownB.brokendownCbrokenupD．brokeup5.TheywereshockedwhentheysawtheNorwegianflag.(P28)当他们看到挪威国旗时，他们感到很震惊。1)shock(1)vt.震惊，惊骇shocksb.使某人震惊beshockedby/at被……震惊Itshockssb.todosth.做某事使某人震惊(2)vt.（通常用被动）使受电击(3)n．[C，U]（重击、碰撞、爆炸等引起的）剧烈震动(4)n．[C，U]激动，震惊，惊愕，令人震惊的事shockedadj.惊愕的，（感到）震惊的shockingadj.可怕的，令人震惊的，令人气愤的，非常糟糕的(1)Thenewsofhisdeathcameas____tousall.A．shockB．shocksC．shockingD．shocked(2)Everybodygot____whentheyheardthe____story.A．shocked：shockedB．shocking；shockingC．shocked；shockingD．shocking；shocked6.Scottwrotesadlyinhisdiary:“Well,wehavenowlostthegoalofourambitionandmustface800milesofhardpushingandgoodbyetomostofourdreams。”(P28)斯科特在日记中痛苦地写道：“咳，我们现在已经失去了雄伟的目标，还得面对800英里的艰难跋涉——和我们的许多梦想说再见吧。”(1)goaln．①目标，目的②（足球等的）球门③进球得分get/scoreagoal得分short-termgoal短期目标long-termgoal长期目标keepagoal保持目标achieveagoal实现目标(2)ambitionn．[U]抱负，雄心，野心；[C]夙愿，期望得到的东西ambitiousadj.有抱负的，雄心勃勃的，有野心的(1)Lucyhas____allofthegoalsshesetforherselfinhighschoolandisreadyfornewchallengesatuniversity．A．acquiredB．finishedC.concludedD.achieved(2)Mybrother'splansarevery______;hewantstomasterEnglish,FrenchandSpanishbeforeheissixteen.A.arbitraryB.aggressiveC.ambitiousD.abundant7.Themenweresoonexhaustedandwererunningoutoffood．(P28)这些人很快就精疲力竭了，而且食物也快吃完了。(1)exhaustedadj.极其疲倦的①在句中作表语②在句中作定语③在句中作状语★exhausted与exhaustingexhausted和exhausting都是由动词exhaust派生出来的分词形容词，但意义完全不同。①exhausted“感到疲倦的”，过去分词表示被动意义，说明人或物处于“被……所劳累”的状态。②exhausting是现在分词形容词，表明某种行为有“令人疲倦”的特征，含有主动意义。(2)runoutof用完(sth．)runout(某物)用完runafter追求，追逐，追赶runintosb.偶然遇见某人runintosth．撞上某物◆runoutof昀主语是sb．，其后跟sth．作宾语，意思是“某人用光了某物”，不用于被动语态。◆runout的主语是sth．，其后不跟宾语，且不用于被动语态，意思是“某物用光了”。(1)Afterhisjourneyfromabroad,RichardJohnreturnedhome,___.A.exhaustingB.exhaustedC.beingexhaustedD.havingexhausted(2)Thearmyhas_grain.Theyareinaverydifficultsituation.A.runacrossB.runoutofC．runoffD．runinto(3)-Doyouthinkweshouldacceptthatoffer?-Yesweshould,forwe____suchbadluckuptillnow,andtime____out.A．havehad；isrunningB．had；isrunningC．have：hasbeenrunD．havehad;hasbeenrun8．Theweatherconditionswereterrible．(P28)天气情况异常恶劣。conditionn．状况，条件，环境，形势under...condition在……条件下incondition健康状况良好outofcondition健康不佳，情况不好onnocondition决不onconditionthat(=onlyif)只要，假如，如果conditionn.(1)[C]条件（可指生活、工作、气候等条件及提出的条件）(2)(pl)情况，环境(3)[U]状况，状态(l)Inonetypeofheartsurgery,forexample,only15percentofpatientsimprovedtheir____afterthesurgery.A.conditionB.statesC．healthesD．bodies(2)Youmayborrowthebook,______youdonotlendittoanyoneelse.A.ingoodconditionB.onconditionthatC.innoconditionD.incondition9....weareverycheerful,butwhateachmanfeelsinhisheartIcanonlyguess．(P28)……我们看上去都很愉快，但我能猜出大家心里的想法。在本句中，but连接两个并列分句。在后一个分句中，what引导宾语从句，作guess的宾语。◆回顾what引导的名词性从句连接代词what可以引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，在从句中what可以充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，意思是“什么，所……的，……的东西”。＊Whatreallymattersisthatsheworeapairofwhiteshoes.（what引导主语从句，what在从句中作matters的主语。）（what引导宾语从句，what在从句中作is的表语。）＊Whetherwayswillbefoundtostoppollutionornotisjustwhatworriesthepublic．（what引导表语从句，what在从句中作worries的主语，）＊Theyhavenoideaatallwhatheisworkingon.（what引导同位语从句，what在从句中作宾语。）(1)Somechildrenwanttochallengethemselvesbylearningalanguagedifferentfrom____theirparentsspeakathome.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.one(2)Itisuncertain_____sideeffectthemedicinewillbringabout,althoughabouttwothousandpatientshavetakenit．A.thatB.whatC.howD.whether10.However,ontheirwaybacktheyfoundtimetolookforrocksP28尽管如此，在返程途中，他们还抽时间采集岩石。1)lookfor(1)寻找或寻求（某人／某物）(2)盼望或期待（某事物）looksb．upanddown上上下下地打量某人lookaftersb./sth.照顾某人／负责某事物lookdownonsb．/sth.看不起某人／某物lookforwardtosth．/doingsth.欣然期待某事物／做某事lookon旁观lookout(forsb．/sth．)当心，小心（某人／某物）lookintosth．调查或观察某事物lookthrough仔细查看，浏览lookup向上看，查找lookaround环顾lookuptosb.赞赏或尊敬某人(1)_______!Thereisatraincoming.A.LookoutB.LookaroundC.LookforwardD.Lookon(2)Theyhave____thecase,buttheresultisstillnotknowntous．A.lookedonB.lookedupC.lookedintoD.lookedaround(3)Whenyoumeetwithanewword,youcan____inthedictionary.A.lookforitBlookintoitClookatitD．lookitup11.Later,theserocksprovedthatatonetimeinthedistantpasttheAntarcticwascoveredbyplants．(P28)后来，这些岩石证实，在远古时期，南极洲曾经被植被覆盖。1)provevt．&vi．证明，证实；Linkingv．结果是，证明是provesth.tosb．向某人证明某事prove(tobe)+n,．/adj.结果是……，证明是…．prove表示“结果是，证明是”之意时，是系动词，不用于被动语态。(1)Themachine____satisfactoryafterbeingtested．A.hasprovedB.hasbeenprovedC.hasbeenprovenD.isproved(2)Duringthelong-termcooperation,Mr,Li____asmart,honest,andtrust-worthyman.A．appearedB．madeC．turnedD．proved12.Scottandtwoofhisteammemberscarriedonandgotwithinelevenmilesofoneoftheirfoodbases。(P28)斯科特和两名队友继续前进，到达距离其中一个食物基地不足1l英里的地方。(1)carryon①继续（做某事）②参加，进行或举行carryaway拿走，使失去自制力，使入迷carrysb.backtosth.使某人回忆起某事carrysth.off赢得某物，夺走、抢走某物carryout实行，执行，进行，开展(2)withinprep.在……里面，在……内部，不超过……（时间或范围）inanhour指“1小时后”，withinanhour指“1小时内”。(l)-It'sagoodidea.Butwho'sgoingto____theplan?-IthinkTomandGeorgewill.A．setasideB．carryoutC．takeinD．getthrough(2)Itsavestimeinthekitchentohavethingsyouusealot____easyreach.A．nearB．uponC．withinD．around13.HehadfailedtowintheracetothePole,buttheextraordinarycourageshownbyCaptainScottandhismenmadethemintoheroes.(P28)尽管他输掉了奔向极地的赛跑，但斯科特上校和他的伙伴们所表现的非凡勇气足以使他们成为英雄。本句中的shownbyCaptainScottandhismen为过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰courage。f