新题型冲刺英语二徐家棚

CustomandThroughouttheworld’shistory,themostcommonformofauthorityhasbeentraditional.Traditionalauthority,whichisbasedoncustom,isthehallmarkofpreliterategroups.Inthesesocieties,customdictatesbasicrelationships.Genderrelationsinpreliterategroupsarealsobasedontraditionalauthority.Thedivisionsbetweenmenandwomenarebasedonthepast,withcustomdeterminingthatagulfshouldbemaintainedbetweenthem.Customalsodictatesthespecifiesoftheirrelationships.ChangeofWhentraditionalsocietychanges,traditionalauthorityisEveninindustrialandpostindustrialsocieties,however,traditionalauthoritynevertotallydiesout.ChallengestoThistraditionalauthority,unquestionedinmostplacesintheworld,hasnotgonecompleychallenged,however.JustasforthewidowofSpainandPortugal,mattersarenolongerasclear-cutastheyoncewere,andsomeWesternsocietiesdebatetherightofparentstohittheirkids.asspecifiedinthewrittenconstitution,notformhisorherreputationor AgoodcaseinpointisSweden:ithasevenpassedlawsthatforbidspanking,andSwedenauthoritiesarrestparentswholayahandontheirchildren.Forexample,insmallvillagesinsouthernSpainandinalargepartofPortugal,widowsareexpectedtowearonlyblackuntiltheyremarry---whichgenerallymeansthattheywearblackfortherestoftheirlives.Theforceofatraditionissostrongthatifawidowweretoviolatethedresscode,shewouldcreateascandal.Parentalauthorityprovidesanexcellentexample.Parentsexerciseauthorityovertheirchildrenbecausetheyhavealwayshadsuchauthority.Fromgenerationspast,weinherittheideathatparentsarenotonlyresponsibleforprovidingtheirchildrenwithfood,shelter,anddiscipline,butalsotheyhavetherighttochoosetheirhldrndoctorsandschool,andteachthemreligionandmorality.Forexample,becauseofbirthaparticularindividual esthechief,king,orqueen.Asfarasmembersofthatsocietyareconcerned,thisistherightwaytodeterminearulerbecause“htisthewayithasalwaysbeendone”Asasocietyindustrializes,forexample,newsonlifeopenup,andnolongerdoestraditionalauthoritygounchallenged.Thus,incontemporarysouthernSpainandpartsofPortugal,youcanseeoldwomendressedinblackfromheadtotoe,andyouimmediayknowtheirmaritalstatus.Youngerwidows,however,arelikelytobeindistinguishablefromotherwomen.ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast.“Hooray!Atlast!”wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert’sappointmentintheTimes,callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.”AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Theserecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythanofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert’sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto“amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization.”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra’srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica’soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract. (A)seemstobe