美国文学史概述及选读复习资料

美国文学史AmericanLiteratureinthecolonicalandRevolutionary:BenjaminFranklin(本杰明.富兰克林)hilipFreneau菲利普·费瑞诺BenjaminFranklin(本杰明.富兰克林)"PoorRichard'sAlmanac"穷人查理德的年鉴(以笔名RichardSunders)“annualcollectionofproverbs“流行谚语集(Itsoonbecamethemostpopularbookofitskind,largelybecauseofFranklin'sshrewdhumor,andfirstspreadhisreputation)TheWaytoWealth(FatherAbraham’sSermon)致富之道(asthe“perfacetoPoorRichardImproved)TheAutobiography自传(18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)FoundedtheJunto,aclubforinformaldiscussionofscientific,economicandpoliticalideas.建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题.establishedAmerica'sfirstcirculatinglibrary,foundedthecollege--UniversityofPennsylvania.建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学.firstappliedtheterms"positive"and"negative"toelectricalcharges.Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,anddiplomat,hewasthemostfamousandrespectedprivatefigureofhistime.hilipFreneau菲利普·费瑞诺TheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲；TheBritishPrisonShip英国囚船；TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金银花；TheIndianBuryingGround印第安人殡葬地(1)poetandpoliticaljournalist诗人和政治方面的新闻记者(2)perhapsthemostoutstandingwriterofthepost-revolutionaryperiod.(3)hasbeencalledthe"FatherofAmericanPoetry"美国诗歌之父(4)Imaginativeandmelancholytreatmentofnatureandhumanlife,andsharpsatireagainsttheBritishtyranny19thCenturyAmericanLiteratureWashingtonIrving(华盛顿.欧文)JamesFenimoreCooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)NathanielHawthorne(纳萨尼尔.霍桑)EdgarAllanPoe（埃德加.阿伦.坡）HenryDaivedThoreau(亨利.戴维.梭罗)HermanMelville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)WaltWhiteman(沃尔特.惠特曼)TheRiseofAmericanRomanticism•OneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature,stretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar(1861-65).•ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrving'seThehSketchBook(1820)andendedwithWhitman'ssLeavesfofGrass(1855)..Romanticism的特点：frequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics,moralenthusiam,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthathenaturalworldwasasourceofcorruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。Transcendentalism:TranscendentalistsplaceemphasisontheimportanceoftheOver-soul,theindividualandNature.ThemostimportantrepresentativesareRalphWaldoEmersonandHenryDavidThoreau..WashingtonIrving(华盛顿.欧文)AHistoryofNewYork(《纽约外史》)AHistoryofNewYork纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；TheSketchBook见闻札记TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon(《见闻札记》收录了ThelegendoftheSleepyHollow《睡谷的传说》和RipVanWinkle《瑞普.凡.温克尔》等名篇,开创了美国短篇小说的传统)TheTalesofaTraveller,(《旅人述异》)TheAlhambra阿尔罕伯拉AHIstoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbus(《哥伦布的生平和航行》)thefirstgreatbelletrist第一个纯文学作家，TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon(《见闻札记》thefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。IrvingrestoredthewaningGothicromanceswhich

Poesooninfusedwithpsychologicalsubtleties。重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说，随后坡在此基础上，把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。HewasthefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家JamesFenimoreCooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)1.LeatherstockingTale皮袜子故事集,(regardas―thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic.被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品):―TheDeerslayer《杀鹿者》、―TheLastoftheMohicans《最后的莫希干人》、―ThePathfinder《探路人》、―ThePioneers《拓荒者》、―ThePrairie《大草原》,TheSpy

间谍(aboutAmericanRevolution)precaution(戒备)contribution:launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories→theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersaga开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。《拓荒者》在《草原》上《探路》，遇到《最后一个莫西干人》在《杀鹿》。NathanielHawthorne（纳萨尼尔.霍桑）Fanshawe（范肖）Twice-ToldTales（《重讲一遍的故事》）TheBlithedaleRomance（《福谷传奇》）MossesfromanOldManse（《古宅青苔》）（包括YoungGoodmanBrown《小伙子布朗》，TheCelestialRailroadTheScarletLetter(红字)TheHouseoftheSevenGables

（《带有七个尖角阁的房子》）TheMarbleFaun（《玉石人像》）ThelifeofFranklinPierceOurOldHome特点：(1)uniquegiftwasforthecreationofstronglysymbolicstorieswhichtouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature.独特才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质。⑵hisabilitytocreatevividandsymbolicimagesthatembodygreatmoralquestionsappearsstronglyinhisshortstories.短篇小说里，通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题。⑶tomakeastoryexistinitsownrightbutatthesametimeappearasamoralsymbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。EdgarAllanPoe埃德加.阿伦.坡1.showhistruetalentsasaneditor,poet,literarycritic.编辑、诗人、文学评论家。2.―TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《鄂谢府崩溃记》、―TheRaven《乌鸦》thetitlepoemofacollection,―TalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque《述异集》firstcollectionofshortstories.第一部短篇小说集。oftenusegrotesqueorfantasticevents.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小说。Firstwork<《塔默兰诗集》>HenryDavidThoreau亨利.戴维.梭罗Naturalist，transcendentalist,Writerandphilosopher,①Emerson’struestdisciple.PutintopracticemanyofEmerson’stheories爱默生最忠实的信徒，把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。②―Walden《瓦尔登湖》成名作。―CivilDisobedience《平民反抗》(论公民的不服从权利)essay随笔。非暴力不合作③教义：Iwouldnothaveanyoneadoptmymodeofliving,eachshouldfindouthisownway,nothisneighbor’sorhisparents.我不希望人们接受我的生活模式，每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式，不是邻居的，也不是他父母的。HermanMelville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)1.--Novelist,shortstorywriter,essayistandpoet.2.―MobyDick‖《白鲸》，atremendouschronicleofwhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。①Thebookissteepedinsymbolism.本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。②主人公：Ishmael，取自圣经。③在书中说：towriteamightybookyoumusthaveamightytheme.写一部宏大的著作，必须有一个宏大的主题。④故事人物：CaptainAhab.船长阿哈比；Queequeg，捕鲸人奎因奎格，wasafriendlyperson；Omoo《奥姆》,Mardi《玛迪》,White-Jacket《白外套》,BillyBudd《水手比利·巴德》,Pierre《皮埃尔》,IsraelPotter《伊斯雷尔·波特》,thePiazzaTales《广场的故事》,TheConfidence-Man《骗子》,\o"Battle-PiecesandAspectsoftheWar"Battle-PiecesandAspectsoftheWar,\o"Clarel"Clarel:APoemandPilgrimageintheHolyLand

,JohnMarrandOtherSailors(《约韩·玛尔和其他水手》)

,Timoleon(《梯摩里昂》)WaltWhitman沃尔特.惠特曼★freeverse(自由诗体)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.无固定节奏，无有规律的韵脚.2.―LeavesofGrass‖草叶集1870thefirstgenuineepicpoem.MarkedthebirthofthetrulyAmericanpoetry.美国历史上第一部真正的史诗Poem’s特点：mostofthepoemsin―LeavesofGrass‖areaboutmanandnature.关注点：Inhispoetry,hecombinedtheidealofdemocraticcommonmanandthatoftheruggedindividual诗人职责：heenvisionedthepoetasahero,asaviorandaprophet,onewholeadsthecommunitybyhisexpressionsofthetruth.表达真理的前提下，引导社会发展。他身处于超验主义与现实主义间的变革时期，著作兼并了二者的文风。惠特曼是美国文坛中最伟大的诗人之一，有自由诗之父美誉。Late19thandEarly20thCenturyAmericanLiterature(Realism)现实主义（realism）-->NewYorkreplacedBostonasthenation'sliterarycenter.纽约成为新的文化中心。达尔文主义:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.对自然主义影响极大，强调人的动物性，意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thereligious―truthswereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.强调世界的非道德性，人们没有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虚幻的，现实生活是痛苦的。Deterministic决定论，宿命的，MarkTwain(马克.吐温)HenryJames(亨利.詹姆斯)TheodoreDreiserJackLondonMarkTwain(马克.吐温)美国现实主义文学的代表作―AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn‖哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)代表作:①―AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn哈克贝里.费恩历险记,美国现实主义文学的代表作②theGildedAge70-90年代，镀金时代，贫富分化，财富积累。③TheAdventuresofTomSawyer汤姆索亚历险记，TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty(《卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙》)---frontiertaleTheInnocentsAbroad(傻子出国记)RoughingIt(淘金岁月)Travelnarratives:ATrampAbroad(流浪汉在国外)LifeontheMississippi(《密西西比河上的生涯》)FollowingtheEquator(赤道沿线)ThePrinceandthePauper(乞丐公主)HenryJames(亨利.詹姆斯)novelist小说家；Literaturetheoretician文学理论家Jamesisoneofthegreatfiguresofctransatlanticliterature.thefounderofpsychologicalrealism.

心理现实主义的开创者：2.代表作：RoderickHudson

（《罗德里克·赫德森）TheAmerican（《美国人》）DaisyMiller（《黛西·米勒》ThePortraitofaLady《一位女士的画像》TheSpoilsofPoynton《被凌辱的伯顿》TheWingsoftheDove《鸽翼》TheAmbassadors《使节》TheGoldenBowl

《金碗》Hewasoneofthethreestrongadvocatesof19thcenturyAmericanrealism,ThetwowasHowellsandMarkTwain.Hisliterarytechniqueismainlyconcernedwith“pointofview”.,TheodoreDreiser西奥多.德莱塞代表作：1.―SisterCarrie《嘉莉妹妹》(thefirstnovel,whichtracesthematerialriseofCarrieMeeberandthetragicdeclineofG.W.Hurstwood.)2.TrilogyofDesire欲望三部曲:―TheFinancier(金融家)―TheTitan（巨人）、―TheStoic（《斯多葛》）3.AnAmericanTragedy《美国悲剧》，(TheidentificationofpotencywithmoneyisattheheartofDreiser’sgreatestandmostsuccessfulnovel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。)4.PlaysoftheNaturalandSupernatural（《自然和超自然的戏剧》），AHoosierHoliday（《印第安纳节日》）TwelveMen（《十二个男人》），ABookAboutMyself（《关于我自己》），TheColorofaGreatCity（《大都会的色彩》），AGalleryofWomen（《妇女群像》）Dawn（《黎明》），TragicAmerica（《悲剧的美国》），AmericaIsWorthSaving（《美国值得拯救》）JackLondon杰克.伦敦：1.wasanAmericannovelist,journalist,andsocialactivist.2.Apioneerinthethen-burgeoningworldofcommercialmagazinefiction,3.hewasoneofthefirstfictionwriterstoobtainworldwidecelebrityandalargefortunefromhisfictionalone5.代表作：―ThePeopleoftheAbyss（《深渊里的人们》）―TheCalloftheWild（野性的呼唤）―TheSeaWolf（海狼）―MartinEden（《马丁·伊登》）(autobiographicalnovel自传体小说)―TheSonofWolf(狼子)―WhiteFang（白牙）20thCenturyAmericanLiteraturebeforeWWII1.Modernism现代主义：islooselyasynonymofanythingcontemporary.Strictly,especiallyinliterarycriticism,whichbeganinthelate19thcenturyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Theypaymoreattentiontothepsychictimethanthechronologicalone.2.现代主义的标志：T.S.Eliot’s―TheWasteLand‖,themostsignificantAmericanpoemofthetwentiethcentury,helpedtoestablishamoderntraditionofliteraturerichwithlearningandallusivethought.3.典型的迷惘一代：F.ScottFitzgerald,―TheGreatGatsby《了不起的盖茨比》novelErnestHemingway:―TheSunAlsoRises《太阳照样升起》―AFarwelltoArms《告别了，武器》WilliamFaulkner―TheSoundandtheFury《喧嚣与骚动》、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家：EugeneO’Neill:―TheEmperorJones《琼斯国王》、―AnnaChristie《安娜.克里斯蒂》、―TheHairyApe《毛猿》5,代表人物：RobertFrost罗伯特.弗洛斯特EzraPound埃兹拉.庞德F.ScottFitzgeraldF.司各特.菲茨杰拉德WilliamFaulkner威廉.福克纳ErnestHemingway厄恩斯特.海明威JohnSteinbeck约翰.斯坦贝克RobertFrost罗伯特.弗洛斯特：1.自然主义诗人（Hesawnatureasastorehouseofanalogyandsymbol.）2.hebecomeanationalbard美国民族诗人的翘首,winfourPulitzerPrizes获得了四次普利兹奖.3.―TheRoadNotTaken（未选择的路）―StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening（雪夜林间驻足）向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑4.代表作：ABoy'sWill《少年的意志》，NorthofBoston《波士顿之北》,MountainInterval《山洼》,west-runningBrook(《西去的溪流》),AFurtherrange《又一片牧场》,AMasqueofReason(《理智的假面具》),IntheClearing(《林间空地》),EzraPound埃兹拉.庞德:1.Imagism意象派的代表人物。PoundandEliotbecametheearlyleadersinrestoringtopoetrytheuseofliteraryreferenceasanimaginativeinstrument.庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。Imagismemphasizedthedirecttreatmentofanobjectorsituation.PoundendorsedthreeprincipleoftheImagism:”directtreatment”,”economyofexpression”,and”rhythm”.Work:InaStationoftheMetro<地铁站的一撇>(bestexemplifieshisImagistideal)CollectionPoemsofEzraPoundTheCantos(诗章)Theseafarer（航海者）Cathay（中国）HugeSelwynMauberlyF.ScottFitzgeraldF.司各特.菲茨杰拉德：1.F.ScottFitzgeraldF.isconsideredamemberofthe"\o"LostGeneration"LostGeneration"ofthe1920s2.

HewasanAmerican

\o"Novelist"novelist

and

\o"Shortstorywriter"shortstorywriter,whoseworksaretheparadigmaticwritingsofthe

\o"JazzAge"JazzAge.3.作品：―ThisSideofParadise《人间天堂》，thefirstnovel.―TheGreatGatsby《了不起的盖茨比》novel―TenderIstheNight《夜色温柔》novel―FlappersandPhilosophers―TalesoftheJazzAge(爵士时代的故事)―AlltheSadYoungMen(所有悲伤的年轻人的故事)―TapsatReveille―TheBeautifulandDamned(美丽与毁灭)(漂亮冤家)―TheLastTycoon(unfinished)(最后一个大亨)WilliamFaulkner威廉.福克纳作品的主题：theuniversalthemeof―theproblemsofthehumanheartinconflictwithitself人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。作品：―TheSoundandtheFury《喧嚣与骚动》成名作、―Absalom,Absalom!(《押沙龙，押沙龙！》)―GoDown,Moses（《去吧，摩西》）―GoDown,Moses―IntruderintheDust（《坟墓的闯入者》）―TheMarbleFaun(firstbook)―Knight’sGambit―Soldier’sPay(《士兵的报酬》)―Requiemfor