《国际经济学（双语）》课程教学大纲

PAGEPAGE32TeachingProgramofINTERNATIONALECONOMICSContentsTOC\o"1-3"\uⅠ.TheSchoolofInternationalEconomyandTradegivesthecourse 3Ⅱ.TheTargetoftheTeachingProgram 3Ⅲ.TeachingGoalsandRequirements 3Ⅳ.Classhoursandtheirdistribution 4Ⅴ.Examination 4Ⅵ.TeachingMaterial 4Ⅶ.MainReference 5Ⅷ.TeachingOutlineIntroduction 5Introduction 6Chapter1TheInternationalEconomics 6PART1InternationalTradeRelations 7Chapter2FoundationsofModernTradeTheory 7Chapter3InternationalEquilibrium 9Chapter4TradeModelExtensionsandApplications 11Chapter5Tariffs 16Chapter6Nontarifftradebarriers 18Chapter7TradeRegulationsandIndustrialPolicies 20Chapter8TradePoliciesfortheDevelopingNations 21Chapter9RegionalTradingArrangements 22Chapter10InternationalFactorMovementsandMultinationalEnterprises 23PARTⅡInternationalMonetaryRelations 25Chapter11TheBalanceofPayments 25Chapter12Foreignexchange 27Chapter13Exchangeratedetermination 29Chapter14Balance-of-PaymentsAdjustmentsunderFixedExchangeRates 30Chapter15 31Chapter17MacroeconomicPolicyinAnOpenEconomy 32Ⅰ.TheSchoolofInternationalEconomyandTradegivesthecourseⅡ.TheTargetoftheTeachingProgramUndergraduateMajorofInternationalEconomyandTradeinthethirdtermⅢ.TeachingGoalsandRequirements1.Studentsshouldnotonlyknowthegreatdevelopmentoftheproductiveforcesstimulatedbypostwarsciencesandtechnology,whichhadgeneratedtheeconomyglobalization,andthenecessitytostudyInternationalEconomicsonsuchbackground,butalsodistinguishcorrectlythebasictheoryinthecoursewithdirectionofMarxisttheory,anddiscardthedrossandselecttheessential.Studentsshouldgraspthesystemofthecourse,andconnectthetheoryofthecoursewithpractice.2.Studentsshouldrealizethebasicreasonsforinternationaltrade,especiallythenecessityofinternationaltransactionandthegenerallawintheactivityofsuchtransaction,andthetradepoliciesadoptedaccordingtothesetradetheories.3.Studentsshouldrealizetheeffectsoftheinternationalflowoftheproductfactors,bythetransnationalcorporations,ontheintegrationofinternationaleconomyandtheeconomicglobalization,andthedevelopmentofeachnation.4.Studentsshouldrealizethenatureofmonetary;especiallythenaturethatmonetaryflowsamongnations.Suchflowsreflecttheflowsofcommodityandallkindsofproductfactorsintheworld.Theflowsinfluencethebalanceofpaymentandthentheequilibriumdevelopmentofeconomyinonenation.5.Studentsshouldrealizeandunderstandthehistoryandfutureofthegenerationanddevelopmentofinternationalproductivityrelationshiportheinternationaleconomicrelationshipwhichbasesontheinternationaleconomicactivitysincetheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital.Alsostudentsshouldgraspthestatusandprospectsofdevelopingcountries,ininternationaleconomyandinternationaleconomicrelationships.6.Studentsshouldgraspandusebasictoolsofquantitativeanalysis,especiallythequalitativeanalysisabouttheinternationaleconomy,whichcanhelpstudentstomakesomepreparationinmethodologyfortheirfuturestudyandworks.Especially,forthestudentswhowanttodoforeigneconomicactivities,tostudythecoursecanimprovetheirworkingabilityinpracticetovaryingdegrees,andservethefurtherdevelopmentofournation.7.StudentshouldgraspthemethodsinstudyingtheInternationalEconomics,forgoodmethodsaretheguaranteeforstudyingthecourse.InternationalEconomicsisthebranchofWesternEconomics,its’theorybasesisMicroeconomicsandMacroeconomics.Sostudentsmusthaveastrongbasicknowledgeabouteconomics,otherwisetheycannotunderstandwelltheInternationalEconomics.Ⅳ.ClasshoursandtheirdistributionTotalhours:48.Classhours’distributionisshowedintable1.TABLE1CLASSHOURSANDTHEIRDISTRIBUTIONCHAPTERSCONTENTSHOURSIntroduction21TheInternationalEconomy2PART1INTERNATIONALTRADERELATIONS302FoundationsofMordernTradeTheory43InternatonalEqullibrium24TradeModelExtensionsandApplications65Tariffs36NontariffTradeBarriers47TradeRegulationsandIndustrialPolicies28TradePoliciesfortheDevelopingNations29RegionalTradingArrangements310InternationalResourceMovementsandMultinationalCorporations4PART2INTERNATIONALMONETARYRELATIONS1611BalanceofPayments212ForeignExchange213Exchange-RateDetermination214Balance-of-PaymentsAdjustmentsUnderFixedExchangeRates415Exchange-RateAdjustmentsandtheBalanceofPayments417MacrieconomicPolicyinAnOpenEconomy2TOTAL48Ⅴ.ExaminationThestructureandtherequirementsofthetestpaperareasfollows.TABLE2STRUTUREANDTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHETESTPAPERKINDSOFQUIZNUMBERS,POINTSPOINTSTermsExplanation5items,eachisworth4points20pointsSingleChoice20items,eachisworth2points40pointsBrieflyexpound2items,eachisworth10points20pointsCalculation1item,10points10pointsGiveexplanationthroughafig1item,10points10pointsTOTALPOINTS100pointsⅥ.TeachingMaterialRobertCarbaugh,InternationalEconomics.机械工业出版社，2005年版。Ⅶ.MainReference1.DominickSalvatore.InternationalEconomics国际经济学（第五版）（朱宝宪等译），清华大学出版社，2010年版。2.PaulR.Krugman&MauriceObstfeld,InternationalEconomicsTheoryandPolicy国际经济学理论与政策（第四版）（海闻等译），中国人民大学出版社，2006年版。3.DennisR.Appleyard&AlfredJ.FieldJr.,InternationalEconomics.国际经济学（第三版）（龚敏等译），机械工业出版社，2001年版。4.GilancarloGandolfo,InternationalEconomics.国际经济学（第二版）（王小明等译），中国经济出版社，1999年版。5．薛敬孝、佟家栋顾问，李坤望主编：国际经济学，南开大学出版社，2005年版。6.7.Ⅷ.TeachingOutline

IntroductionChapter1TheInternationalEconomicsTeachinggoalandrequirements:Thepurposeofthischapteristoinducethegeneralcontentsofinternationaleconomics.Inthischapter,studentsshouldknowtheimportanceofinternationaleconomics,thespecialfocusofInternationalEconomicsandwhytheInternationalEconomicsisdividedintomicroeconomicsandmacroeconomics.Teachingfocuspoints:1.3ThesubjectmatterofInternationalEconomics.1.ThestudyingobjectsofInternationalEconomics.2.ThespecialfocusofInternationalEconomics.3.WhyistheInternationalEconomicsdividedintomicroeconomicsandmacroeconomics?4.thewavesoftheglobalization5.Hasglobalizationgonetoofar?1.4PurposeofInternationalEconomicstheoriesandpolicies1.ThepurposesofInternationaltheoriesandpolicies.2.ThemethodsrealizingsuchpurposesofInternationaltheoriesandpolicies.(Thesecondbesttheoriesshouldbeomitted)StudyQuestions:1.Whatfactorsexplainwhytheworld’stradingnationshavebecomeincreasinglyinterdependent,fromaneconomicandpoliticalviewpoint,duringthepost-WorldWarⅡera?2.Identifythemajorfallaciesofinternationaltrade.3.Whatproblemsdoesterrorismposeforglobalization?Reference:斯蒂格利茨：全球化极其不满、喧嚣的九十年代金德尔伯格：世界经济霸权1500-1900QuizzesforIntroductionseeninAppendix1.1PART1InternationalTradeRelationsChapter2FoundationsofModernTradeTheoryTeachinggoalandrequirements:Inthischapter,studentsshouldknowthedevelopmentoftradetheoryformthe17thcenturytothefirsthalfof20thcentury.Studentsshouldunderstandthebasicquestionsinthischapter,whichareasfollows:whatisthebasisfortradeandwhatarethegainsfromtrade?Whatisthepatternoftrade?Morderntradetheoryistheproductofanevolutionofideasineconomicthought.Inparticular,thewritingsofthemercantilists,andlaterthoseofAdamSmithandDavidRicardo,havebeeninstrumentalinprovidingtheframeworkofmorderntradetheory.Inthischapter,studentsshouldgraspthemainviewsofmercantilismandtheconceptsofabsoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantage,thedefinitionsofproductionpossibilitiesschedulesandopportunitycosts.Teachingfocuspoints:2.3Tradebasedonabsoluteadvantage:AdamSmith2.3AAbsoluteadvantage1.Theconceptofabsoluteadvantage.2.Thekeysinabsoluteadvantageare:1)Everynationhasits’ownabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofatleastanyonecommodityofall,throughthenationhasabsolutedisadvantageinproductionofallothercommodities,2)Thenationwillspeciallyproductonlysuchacommodity,3)thenationwillexchangeitsowncommoditywithanothernationforanotherspecialkindofcommodityand,4)★resourcesofthetwonationswillareutilizedinthemostefficientway,★theoutputofbothnationswillrise,★thetwonationswilltradewitheachother.3.Conclusion:Bothnationswouldbenefitifeachspecializedintheproductionofthecommodityofitsabsoluteadvantageandthentradedwiththeothernation.2.3BIllustrationofabsoluteadvantageKeyofthissection:thetable2.1.Fromthetable,studentsshouldknowhowthedivisionoflaborwouldtakeplacebetweenU.K.andU.S.2.4Tradebasedoncomparativeadvantage:DavidRicardo2.4AThelawofcomparativeadvantageThecontentofthelawofcomparativeadvantage2.4BThegainsfromtradeThekeyistoknowhowtwonationscangainfromtradeandtheamounteachnationcangain.2.4DComparativeadvantagewithmoneyHereweonlypayattentiontothecomparativeadvantageonthegivenwagerate,whatabouttheexchangeratesmaybeomitted.2.5ComparativeadvantageandopportunitycostsAnumberofsimplifyingassumptionsbeingthebasisofthelawofcomparativeadvantage2.5BTheopportunitycosttheory1)Theconceptoftheopportunitycosttheory,2)therelationshipbetweentheopportunitycostandcomparativeadvantage2.5CTheproductionpossibilityfrontierunderconstantcostsThekeysofthissectionare:1)thefigureillustrationoftheconstantcosts,2)whyaretheopportunitycostsconstant?2.5DopportunitycostsandrelativecommoditypricesKeysare:1)theconceptofrelativecommodityprices,2)differentrelativecommoditypricesreflectthedifferentcomparativeadvantageandprovidethebasismutuallybeneficialtrade,3)whenthecostisconstant,therelativepricelineoverlapstheproductionpossibilityfrontier.2.6TradingunderConstant-CostConditionsTheshapeofPPFunderconstantcostconditonsisastraightline.2.6ABasisfortradeanddirectionoftradeTheslopesofthetwocountries’productionpossibilitiesschedulesgivetherelativecostoftheproductintermsoftheother.Accordingtotheprinciplefocomparativeadvantage,thissituationprovidesabasisformutuallyfavorabletradeowingtothedifferencesinthecountries’relativecosts.2.6BIllustrationofthegainsfromtradeThekeyiscontentofthefigure2.2includingtheproductiongains,consumptiongainsanddistributingthegainsfromtrade.◆2.6CKey:understandthefigure2.3.butthecompletespecializationisrare.2.7TradingunderIncreasing-CostConditionsIncreasingopportunitycostgiverisetoaproductionpossibilitiesschedulethatappearsconcave.Thekeyiscontentofthefigure2.7.▲Partialspecializationisafeatureoftheincreasing-costmodel.StudyQuestions:1.howdidSmith’sviewsoninternationaltradedifferfromthoseofthemercantilists?2.Howdoesthecomparative-costconceptrelatetoanation’sproductionpossibilitiesschedule?Illustratehowdifferentlyshapedproductionpossibilitiesschedulesgiverisetodifferentopportunitycosts.3.Whatisthedefinitonoftheproductionpossibilitiesschedules?4.Whatismeantbyconstantopportunitycostsandincreasingopportunitycosts?Underwhatconditonswillacountryexperienceconstantorincreasingcosts?5.Thegainsfromspecializationandtradearediscussedintermsofproductiongainsandconsumptiongains.Whatdothesetermsmean?Reference:林毅夫、杨晓凯：比较优势、后发优势QuizzesforChapter2seeninAppendix1.2Chapter3InternationalEquilibriumTeachinggoalandrequirements:Inthischapter,studentsshouldunderstandhowtheforcesofsupplyanddemanddeterminetheequilibrium-relativecommoditypriceineachnationintheabsenceoftradeunderincreasingcosts.Thiswillalsoindicatethecommodityofcomparativeadvantageforeachnation.Subsequently,studentsshouldunderstandtheboundaryofequilibriumtermsoftrade.Inthischapter,wewilllearnanewtheory-theoryofreciprocaldemanddevelopedbyMillandMarshallusingoffercurvesofthetradingpartners.Attheendofthischapter,studentsmustknowhowtoestimatetermsoftradeanduderstandtheimprovementanddeteriorationofthetermsoftrade.Teachingfocuspoints:3.1CommunityindifferencecurvesThemeaningofcommunityindifferencecurvesandthedifferencebetweensuchalowcurvesandahighsuchcurves.3.3AIllustrationofcommunityindifferencecurvesUnderstand:1)theshapeofcommunityindifferencecurves,2)its’slopeisnegative,3)themeaningofmovingalongacurveormovingtoahighercurve.3.3BThemarginalrateofsubstitution1)TheconceptofMRS(reviewthecourse“WesternEconomics”),2)theMRSisgivenbytheslopeofthecommunityindifferencecurveatthepointofconsumption,3)itsfeatureisdeclining,soitconvexesfromtheorigin.3.2EquilibriuminisolationTheconceptofequilibriuminisolation:Intheabsenceoftrade,anationisinequilibriumwhenitreachesthehighestindifferencecurvepossiblegivesitsproductionfrontier.Thisoccursatthepointwhereacommunityindifferencecurveistangenttothenation’sproductionfrontier.3.2Knowthebackgroundofthefigureofequilibriuminisolationthatishowwecangettheequilibriumpoint.3.2BEquilibrium-relativecommoditypricesandcomparativeadvantage1)Howtogettheequilibrium-relativecommoditypricesandcomparativeadvantage,2)Tocomparetherelativepricedeterminedbyincreasingcostswiththatdeterminedbyconstantcosts.IllstratedbyfigureEquilibriumTermsofTradeForgainfulinternationaltradetoexist,anationmustbeachieveaposttradeconsumptionlocationatleastequivalenttoitspointalongitsdomesticproductionpossibilitiesschedule.Anyacceptableinternationaltermsoftradehastobemorefavorablethanorequaltotheratedefinedbythedomesticpriceline.Theregionofmutuallybeneficialtradeisthusboundedbythecostratiosofthetwocountries.3.4Theoryofreciprocaldemand1)JohnStuartMillformulatedthetheoryofreciprocaldemand.Thereciprocaldemandtheorybestapplieswhenbothnationsareofequaleconomicsize,sothatthedemandofeachnationhasanoticeableeffectonmarketprice.However,ifonenationissignificantlylargerthantheother,thelargernationattainsfewergainsfromtradewhilethesmallernationattainsmostofthegainsfromtrade.2)AlfredMarshall(1842-1924）developedanothertheoryofreciprocaldemandusingoffercurvesforthetwonations,andusedthemtodeterminetheequilibriumvolumeoftradeandtheequilibriumrelativecommoditypriceatwhichtradetakesplacebetweenthetwonations,uponwhich,realizethetermsoftrade..Theoffercurveofanationshowsthenation’swillingnesstoimportandexportatvariousrelativecommodityprices.3.5Terms-of-TradeEstimatesDefinitionandmeasurementofthetermsoftrade1)Thedefinitionofthetermsoftrade,themeasurementofit,themeaningofanimprovementinanation’stermsoftrade2)Theillustrationofthetermsoftrade:lettermsofnationA=Px/Py,thenthetermsofnationB=Py/Px.Generally,whenthetermsofonenationarebetter,thetermsofitscounterpartwillbeworse.3)Animprovementinanation’stermsoftraderequiresthatthepricesofitsexportsriserelativethepricesofitsimportsoverthegiventimeperiod.Asmallerquantityofexportgoodssoldabroadisrequiredtoobtainagivenquantityofimports.Conversely,adeteriorationinanation’stermsoftradeisduetoariseinitsimportpricesrelativetoitsexportpriceoveratimeperiod.Thepurchaseofagivenquantityofimportswouldrequirethesacrificeofagreaterquantityofexports.StudyQuestions:1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthemarginalrateoftransformationandthemarginalrateofsubstitution?2.Whatadvantagesareprovidesbyintroducingcommunityindifferencecurvesintothetrademodel?3.Whatismeantbythetheoryofreciprocaldemand?Howdoesitprovideameaningfulexplanationoftheinternationaltermsoftrade?4.Whyisitthatthedomesticcostratiosoftwocountriesprovidelimitstotheequilibriumtermsoftrade?5.Howdoesthecommodityterms-of-tradeconceptattempttomeasurethedirectionoftradegains?Reference:查阅国际货币基金组织的《国际金融统计》，分别找出近年来分别经历贸易条件改善和贸易条件恶化的国家实例。QuizzesforChapter3seeninAppendix1.3Chapter4TradeModelExtensionsandApplicationsTeachinggoalandrequirements:Inthischapter,wefirstconsidertheleadingtheoriesthatattempttoexplainwhatunderliesrelativepricedifferentials.Inthischapter,studentsshouldknowthebasisofcomparativeadvantage,thatis,thereasonforthedifferenceintherelativecommoditypricesandcomparativeadvantagebetweenthetwonations.Thenstudentsshouldrealizetheeffectthatinternationaltradehasontheearningsoffactorsofproductioninthetwotradingnations.Otherdeterminantsoftradepatternsincludetechnology,economiesofscaleandeconomicspolicies,whichwewilllearnthesefromFactor-endowmenttheory,Economiesofscaleandspecialization,Theoryofoverlappingdemand,Intra-industrytrade,Productcycles.studentsshouldknowtheeffectofrelaxingtheassumptionsonwhichtheH-Otheoryrests,pointingtotheneedfornewtradetheories,whichincludesinternationaltradebasedoneconomiesofscale,imperfectcompetitionasthebasisofagreatdealoftoday'sinternationaltrade,modelsthatbaseinternationaltradeondifferencesindynamicchangesintechnologyamongnationsandasynthesisoftradetheories.Teachingfocuspoints:4.1Factorendowmenttheory4.1.1Factorintensity,factorabundance,andtheshapeoftheproductionfrontierFactorintensityFactorintensityisarelative,notanabsoluteconcept.Factorabundance1)Twomeasurestodefinefactorabundance,2)Thedifferenceofthetwomeasures.Factorabundanceandtheshapeoftheproductionfrontier4.1.2FactorendowmentsandtheHeckscher-OhlintheoryTheHeckscher-Ohlintheory1)ThestatementoftheHeckscher-Ohlintheory,2)factorendowmentsisthebasiccauseordeterminantofcomparativeadvantageandinternationaltrade,3)howtospecializeeach’productionGeneralequilibriumframeworkoftheHeckscher-OhlintheoryHowisdecidedthecommodityprices?IllustrationoftheHeckscher-OhlinCoresofthissectionare1)theshapeofthesamepricelineandthereasonsforsuchline,2)thepositionofthecommunityindifferencecurveandthereasonsforsuchaposition.4.2Factor-priceequalizationandincomedistribution4.2.1.Thefactor-priceequalizationtheorem1)Thedefinitionofthefactor-priceequalization(H-O-S)theoremanditsmeaning,2)Conclusion:internationaltradecauseswtoriseinNation1(thelow-wagenation),andtofallinNation2(thehigh-wagenation).Similarly,internationaltradecausesrtofallinNation1(thek-expensivenation)anttoriseinNation2(thek-cheapnation).4.2.2Relativeandabsolutefactor-priceequalization1)Howtherelativefactorpricesareequalizedbytradeinthetwonations,2)themeaningofequalizationofabsolutefactorprices.3)tradeactsasasubstitutefortheinternationalmobilityoffactorsofproductioninitseffectonfactorprices.4.2.3EffectoftradeonthedistributionofincomeIndevelopednations,capitalistherelativelyabundantfactor,internationaltradetendstoreducetherealincomeoflaborandincreasetherealincomeofownersofcapital.4.3EmpiricaltestsoftheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel4.3.1Empiricalresults-theLeontiefparadox1)ThecontentoftheLeontiefparadox,2)Leontief’sexplanations4.3.2ExplanationsoftheLeontiefparadox1)Two-factormodelanditsshortcoming,2)U.S.tariffpolicy,3)humancapital,4)influenceofresearchanddevelopmentonU.S.exports4.3.3Factor-intensivereversal1)Theconceptofthefactor-intensivereversal,wecanusethefigure5.10intheappendixtoexplainsuchphenomenon.2)Elasticityofsubstitutionoffactorscanexplainwhenandwhyfactor-intensiveoccurs.3)Theresultoffactor-intensivereversal.4.4EconomiesofScaleandSpecializationHeckscher-Ohlinmodelcannotexplaintradebasedonincreasingreturnstoscaleinthetwonations.▲Economiesofscaleprovideincentivesforspecialization,sinceperunitcostsgodownasproductionincreases.1)Theconceptofincreasingreturnstoscale,2)Externaleconomics,3)Illustrationoftheincreasingreturns.4.5TheoryofOverlappingDemandsStaffanLinderanalyzedtherelationshipbetweendemandconditionsandinternationaltradepatterns.Supposethattastesofconsumersareconditionedstronglybytheirincomelevels,itissametonations.Nationswithhighpercapitaincomeswilldemandhigh-qualitygoods(luxuries),whilenationswithlowpercapitaincomeswilldemandlower-qualitygoods(necessities).Thetheoryofoverlappingdemandexplainthemanufactured-goodtradebetweentheindustrialnationswithsimilarincomelevelandsimilartastes.Thetheoryisadynamicmodelandisinroughaccordwiththefacts.4.6IntraindustryTradeInter-industrytrademeanstheexchangebetweennationsofproductsofdifferentindustries.ComparativeadvantageprinciplesincludingRadiantheoryandH-O-Stheoryexplaintheinter-industrytrade.Intra-industrytrademeansatwo-waytradeinasimilarcommodity.Intra-industrytradeinvolvesflowsofgoodswithsimilarfactorrequirements.Muchintra-industrytradeisconductedamongindustrialcountries.Overlapping-demandtheoryandproductcycleexplaintheintra-industrytrade.4.7ProductCyclesTheexplanationofinternationaltradepresentedsofararesimilarinthattheypresupposeagivenandunchangingstateoftechnology.Thebasisfortradewasultimatelyattributedtosuchfactorsasdifferinglaborproductivities,factorendowments,andnationaldemandstructures.Inadynamicworld,technologicalchangesoccurindifferentnationsatdifferentratesofspeed.Recognitionoftheimportanceofdynamicchangeshasgivenrisetoanotherexplanationofinternationaltradeinmanufacturedgoods:theproductlifecycletheory.Key:thedifferentstagesintheproductlifecycleandthetradedirectioninthedifferentstages.4.8DynamicComparativeAdvantage:IndustrialPolicyAccordingtoDavidRicardo’stheorywhichhasinfluencedforalmost200years,nationsarebetteroffbypromotingfreetradeandallowingcompetitivemarketstodeterminewhatshouldbeproducedandhow.Thetheoryoverlooksthefactthatadditionalresourcescanbemadeavailabletothetradingnationbecausetheycanbecreatedorimported.StudyQuestions:1.HowdoestheH-OtheorydifferfromRicardiantheoryinexplaininginternationaltradepatterns?2.TheH-Otheorydemonstrateshowtradeaffectsthedistributionofincomewithintradingpartners.Explain.3.HowdoestheLeontiefparadoxchallengetheoverallapplicabilityofthefactor-endowmentmodel?4.AccordingtoStaffanLinder,therearetwoexplanationsofinternationaltradepatterns-oneformanufacturesandanotherforprimarygoods.Explain.5.Howcaneconomiesoflarge-scaleproductionaffectworldtradepatterns?6.Dorecentworld-tradestatisticssupportorrefutethenotionofaproductlifecycleformanufacturedgoods?7.Distinguishbetweenintraindustrytradeandinterindustrytrade.Whataresomemajordeterminantsofintraindustrytrade?8.Whatismeantbythetermindustrialpolicy?Howdogovernmentsattempttocreatecomparativeadvantageinsunrisesectorsoftheeconomy?Whataresomenproblemsencounteredwhenattemptingtoimplementindustrialpolicy?Reference:查阅中国和美国、韩国、日本工会或者其他团体抗议自由贸易的文章，并从要素价格均等化理论中重新分配的角度解释这些团体担忧的原因。查阅处于产品生命周期第一阶段并表现出良好出口潜力的中国产业实例。同时找出其他面临严重进口竞争压力的国内产业实例。QuizzesforChapter4seeninAppendix1.4Chapter5TariffsTeachinggoalandrequirements:Inthischapter,studentsshouldknowhowtoanalyzethepartialequilibriumeffectsandgeneralequilibriumeffectsofatariffinacountrythatistoosmalltoaffectworldpricesbyitstrading,understandthepartialandgeneralequilibriumeffectsofalargenation,whichwillaffecttheworldpricesbyitstrading,andtheeffectiverateprotectionandtheconceptoftheoptimumtariff.Teachingfocuspoints:5.1thetariffconceptandtypesoftariffAtariffissimplyatax(duty)leviedonaproductwhenitcrossesnationalboundaries.1)Theadvalorem:afixedpercentageofthevalueofthetradedcommodity.2)Thespecifictariff:afixedsumperphysicalunitofthetradedcommodity.3)Thecompoundtariff:acombinationofanadvaloremandaspecifictariff.5.2PartialequilibriumanalysisofatariffFeaturesofthepartialequilibriumanalysisofatariff:1)theanalysisismostappropriatetoasmallnation;2)thetariffwillaffectneitherworldpricesnortherestoftheeconomy.5.2A1)Understandhowtheconsumptionandproductionquantitieshavingchangedafterthetariffbeingimposedontheimportsofcommodity(withthehelpoffigure).2)Understandhowelasticaffectingrespectivelytheconsumptionandproductioneffects.5.2BEffectofatariffonconsumerandproducersurplus1)Theeffectofatariffisreductioninconsumersurplusandanincreaseinproducersurplus,2)Thesemustbeunderstoodthathowtheconsumersurplusbeingreducedandtheproducersurplusbeingincreased,andthathowtocalculatethereductionorincreaseofsurplus(withthehelpoffigure).5.2C1)Whataretheprotectioncostsandwheredotheyarise?2)Howtocalculatethecosts?3)Howtocalculatethenetbenefitofthetariff?5.3Thetheoryoftariffstructure5.3ATherateofeffective1)Therateofeffectiveprotection:beingcalculatedonthedomesticvalueadded,orprocessing,thattakesplaceinthenation,2)Thenominaltariffrate:beingcalculatedonthevalueofthefinalcommodity,3)Thedomesticvalueadded:equalingthepriceofthefinalcommodityminusthecostoftheimportedinputsgoingintotheproductionofthecommodity,4)Whyisthenominaltariffrateimpo