德国魏玛共和国-The-Weimar-Repub课件

TheWeimarRepublicinGermanyIssues,Impacts,SuccessesandFailuresWastheWeimarRepublicdoomedfromthestart?GermanposteroftheKaiserBeingbootedOutofGermany:1919←TheWeimarRepublicinGermany1Germanyin1914KaiserWilhelmII(hereditarymonarch):AppointsGovernmentChancellorMinistersCalls/DismissestheReichstagwhichcanstoplawsproposedbythegovernment,butcannotmakelaws.(However,electors;

Menover25canvoteforitsmembers)ControlsThe

Army

Germanyin1914KaiserWilhelm2WeimarGermany(1919-1933)BillofRightspromisesallGermansequalitybeforethelawandpoliticalandreligiousfreedom.

ElectorsAllmenandwomenovertheageof20canvote,bothpresidentialandparliament.FreidrichEbertisthefirstelectedpresident–thePresidentcontrolstheArmy

Reichstag(elected)controlsfromwhichisselectedbasedonpartypercentage(representativeparliament)ChancellorcontrolstheReichstagMinistersmusthaveamajorityintheReichstag,anddoastheReichstagsays.

WeimarGermany(1919-1933)Bill3Basicoverview:1919–1923

AtfirsttheWeimarRepublichadgreatdifficulties:LeftwingrebellionsAllpeoplewereangrywithitRight-wingrebellionsandterrorismInvasionandinflationMunichPutschBasicoverview:1919–1923 4•Lossofterritory:Alsace-

Lorraine,Poland

•Clause231:blameforwar,alongwithallies

•Reparations:$5Bperyearingolduntilfinalbillsetin1921

•DemilitarizedRhineland;alliestooccupyareauntil1935

•FrancetomineRuhrfor15years

•MilitarydramaticallyreducedtodefensiveuseEurope,at1919,withstripesshowingterritorylostbyGermanyandRussia•Lossofterritory:Alsace-

L5TheKappPutschEvents:RightwingjournalistopposedtheEbertgovernmentandthehumiliationofGermanyatVersaillesAlongwithtwokeymilitaryofficers(GeneralLuddwitzandGeneralLudendorff)andtheparamilitaryFriekorpsheseizedcontrolofBerlinanddeclairedanewrightwinggovernmentEbertfledbutcalledonthepeopletoorganizeanationwidestrike.ThestrikewaseffectiveandmadethecoupunsustainableSignificances:Thesupportofthearmycouldnotbetakenforgranted

TherewasnotuniversalsupportfortheWeimarGovernment

TheGovernmenthadlimitedmeansofdealingwithuprisingsofthisnature

PoliticianswerenotnecessarilysafeinBerlinTheKappPutschEvents:Signific6Problems1919-1924AngerdirectedatthegovernmentforsigningtheTreatyofVersaillesThenewconstitutionreliantoncoalitiongovernments,whichweakensitspowerEconomicproblemsasallprofitissentdirectlytotheAlliesasreparationspay-outsValuelesscurrencyaseconomiccrisisleadstohyper-inflationRiseofextremistgroupsattemptingtowrestlepowerfromthede-stabilisedgovernment(Freikorps,Spartacistsetc.)OppositionUprisings&dissolusionedmilitarymembers(freikorps)TheCommunistSpartacistsin1919,defeatedbytheright-wingmilitiaoftheFreikorps1919FriekorpsinBavariaalsoputdownthestrengtheningBavarianCommunistMovementTheright-wingKappPutsch,defeatedbyageneralstrikeProblems1919-1924Angerdirect71919-1923InitialCollapse1921:Alliessetreparationsat132Bgoldmarks;GermanyagreedunderthreatofinvasionGermanyrefusedcooperationwithFranceinRuhr:FranceenteredRuhr(1923)toregainanduseresourcesinlieuofpayment;GermangovernmenttriedtopayidleworkersGovernmentborrowedheavily,andprintedpapermarkstorepaybondsRampantinflationstruckmiddleandlowerclassesevenmore1919-1923InitialCollapse192181923GustavStresemannChancellorAug-Nov1923AbandonedpassiveresistanceinRuhr;cooperatedwithFrancetoavoidruinousgovernmentspendingHjalmarSchacht,financialminister,helpedcreatenewstablecurrencyStresemannbecameforeignminister,andrenegotiatedreparationsandborderdisputes1923GustavStresemannChancell9BasicOverview:1923–1929

ButtheRepublicsurvivedand(afterGustavStresemannbecameChancellorin1923)didwell:EconomicProsperityForeignPolicysuccessesCulturalfloweringBasicOverview:1923–1929 10Stressmann’snegotiatedAdjustmentstoVersaillesReparationswererescheduledtwice:(1)1924DawesPlanloweredpaymentsandtiedthemtoGermanyeconomicgrowth;gavealliessomecontroloverGermaneconomy(2)1929YoungPlanreducedpayments,limitedtime,removedGermanyfromoutsidecontrolLausanneTreaty1932essentiallyendedreparationsLocarnoTreaty(1925):–GermanyandFranceagreeduponVersaillesborder–Francetowithdrawtroopsby1930–GermanyadmittedtoLeagueofNations–UKandItalytointerveneincaseofattackonborderStressmann’snegotiatedAdjust11THEDAWESPLAN-1924Germany’sreparationspaidoveralongerperiodAmericalentmoneytoGermanindustryandalsototheGovernmenttopayreparationsGermancurrencyreorganisedUSAGermanyGB&FRANCEloansRep’sWardebts*By1929,Germanindustrialoutputhadsurpasseditspre-1914levelsTHEDAWESPLAN-1924Germany’12ForeignPolicyStresemannshowedrealskillinforeignpolicy–1925LocarnoTreaties–19251926–GermanyjoinedtheLeagueofNationsKellogg–BriandPact–1928(StressemannawardedtheNobelPeacePrize!)Youngplan-1929 AfteranumberofyearsinthewildernessGermanywasacceptedbackintotheinternationalcommunityForeignPolicyStresemannshowe13LocarnoTreatiesGermany,France,Italy,Belgium,Czechoslovakia,PolandmetatLocarnoinSwitzerland.SignedanumberoftreatiestosettledisputesbetweenthemselvesFrance,BelgiumandGermanyagreedtoacceptbordersasdrawnupbyTreatyofVersaillesRhinelandstayeddemilitarisedFrancewouldprotectPolandandCzechoslovakiaifattackedbyGermanyGermanywouldnotuseforcetosettledisputeswithneighboursLocarnoTreatiesGermany,Franc14OtherfeaturesoftheStresemannYears

GoldenageofGermancinemaNightlife,cabaretRemovalofcensorship

UnemploymentandpovertystillhighGrowingprosperitybasedonUSAloans–whatwouldhappenifUSAwantedthemoneyback?POSITIVESnegativesOtherfeaturesoftheStresema15Anythingelse?Stresemannwasn’tpopularwitheithertheextremenationalistslikeHitlerandtheNazis,orwiththeCommunistsHitlerdislikedtheLeaguebecauseitsupportedtheTreatyofVersaillesBUTboththeNazisandtheCommunistsmadelittleprogressintheseyearsbecausepeopleweremuchbetteroffandtheirEXTREMEideasdidnotappealtopeopleAnythingelse?Stresemannwasn’16InitialRiseofAdolphHitler(1923)Naziposterof1924,showingJewishbankeratopGermanyYoungdecoratedveteranofWW1,miraculouslysurviveddangerousmissions(cultofpersonality)AttractedtoscapegoatpoliticsthatexplainedGermany’swarfailureand“betrayal”atVersaillesInMunich,joinedtinynewNationalSocialistGermanWorkers’Party“Nazis”Redefined“socialism”toequatetoanti-communistnationalism(fascism)1923:failed“BeerHallPutsch”inMunich:jailed

andwrote

MeinKampfInitialRiseofAdolphHitler17TheBeer-HallPutsch“Lifeseemedmorefree,moremodern,moreexcitingthananyplaceIhaveeverbeen…Everywheretherewasanaccentonyouth.Onesatupwithyoungpeopleallnightinthepavementcafes,theplushbars,onaRhinelandsteamerorinasmokefilledartist’sstudioandtalkedendlessleyaboutlife.Mostgermansonemetstruckyouasbeingliberal,evenpacifist.OnescarcelyheardofHitlerandtheNazisexceptasbuttsofjokes–usuallyinconnectionwiththeBeerhallPutschasitcametobeknown.”–AnonymousGermancitizen,1964.TheBeer-HallPutsch“Lifeseem18Basicoverview:1929–1933

WallStreetCrashof1929WeimarRepubliccollapsedasdidmostgovernmentsintheera(eitherbyelectionorforce)UnemploymentNaziPartygrewmorepowerfulIn1933,AdolfHitlerbecameChancellorBasicoverview:1929–1933

19TheGreatDepressionWhateffectswouldthishaveonyourgovernmentanddecisionsifyouwereapolicymaker?Whateffectswouldthishaveonyouropinionsofpolicy-makingasanaveragecitizen(considerdifferentclasses)?TheGreatDepressionWhateffec20TheEndofOptimism:TheGreatDepressioninEurope–

IBStylequestionforPaper3:TowhatextentdideconomiccrisiscausepeopleinEuropetoquestiontheeffectivenessandsustainabilityofdemocraticinstitutions,andhowdidtheseconcerns,doubts,andfearstranslateintopoliticalaction?TheEndofOptimism:TheGreat21TheComingoftheDepression:UnderstandingtheContextDisruptioninworldtradeWallStreetCrash,October1929SubsequentcollapseofAmericanfinancialsystemDepressionwasaglobalbreakdownofeconomicsystems.Commonpatternsofeconomiccrisis:DecreasedtradeCutbacksinproductionandconsumptionIncreasedunemploymentWidespreaddeprivation/frustrationRadicalpoliticalagitationTheComingoftheDepression:22Economicpatternsandpolicyresponses:GermanyEconomywasweakenedby:Post-WWIsettlement(TreatyofVersailles)Inflationofthe1920sExtensiveborrowingbycentralbankPoliticalinstabilityofWeimargovernmentGermangovernmentrespondsby:CuttingpublicservicesUseofemergencypowerstomaintainorderEconomicpatternsandpolicyr23Economicpatternsandpolicyresponses:BritainEconomywasweakenedby:Persistenteconomicproblemsin1920sShippingandbankingweakenedbycollapseinworldtradeBritishgovernmentrespondsby:Protectingindustries(decreasedtrade)ResistedcallsforspendingonservicesEconomicpatternsandpolicyr24Economicpatternsandpolicyresponses:FranceEconomicpatternsearly1930’sModernizationprovidedsomepartialimmunityintheearlyyearsofdepression.Economicpatternslate1930’s: Productionandconsumptionbegintofall.HighunemploymentEconomicsufferingDemandsforpoliticalactionEconomicpatternsandpolicyr25Conditions,ActionsandMotivations

EconomicConditionsUnemployment/frustration/povertyMotivationsandActionsDemonstrations/strikes/protestsPoliticalactivism/elections/TransformingpoliticalstructuresRiseofnewnationalgovernmentsConditions,ActionsandMotiva26UnemploymentMostvisiblesignofdepressionLinesforfoodreliefStatisticalevidenceofrisingunemploymentRadicalactivistscalledforimmediateactiontoalleviatesufferingofthepeople.UnemploymentMostvisiblesign27Demonstrations,Strikes,andProtestsEconomicconditionsprovokedcollectiveaction.Collectiveactionresultedinpolicyresponsesandpoliticaltransformation.Britishexperience:WaveofstrikesandprotestsSeveregovernmentresponses:arrestingprotestersandprosecutingorganizersGermanexperience:PartiesontheextremerightANDleftorganizedprotestsChallengedthelegitimacyofthegovernmentPublicdisillusionmentingovernmentFrenchexperience:MassprotestofbothleftandrightpartiesinParisSeenbymanyasafailedattempttooverthrowgovernmentDemonstrations,Strikes,andP28Electionsand

PoliticalTransformationsAnothermeasureofgrowingdissatisfactionwitheconomiccrisisInBritain:FormationofNationalGovernmentbasedonacoalitionInGermany:IncreasingsupportforradicalleftandrightHitlerappointedheadofNationalSocialistgov’tInFrance:FormationofaPopularFrontGovernmentSoughteconomicrecoverywhileavoidingradicalsolutionsElectionsand

PoliticalTrans29SoAgain…TheHistoricalQuestion TowhatextentdideconomiccrisiscausepeopleinEuropetoquestiontheeffectivenessandsustainabilityofdemocraticinstitutions,andhowdidtheseconcerns,doubts,andfearstranslateintopoliticalaction?SoAgain…TheHistoricalQuesti30Closure“WhatwasthelegacyofthechangeswroughtbytheGreatDepressioninEurope?”Ingroups,youwillcreateaPowerPointthatdetailsaspecificlistofsourcesbasedonatopic.Youwillpresentthisassignmenttotheclassanduploadittooursharedwiki.Closure“Whatwasthelegacyof31AssignmentofandExpectationsforPowerPointWritteninformationshouldsupporttheteachingofyourexpertise.Includeimagesandtextdirectlyfromthesite/sourcetomakeconnectionsforyouraudienceanddemonstrateyourpoints.(Copyandpaste)Eachslideshouldhaveacleartitle.Slidesshouldrelatedirectlytoyourtopicandhelpanswerthehistoricalquestion.AssignmentofandExpectations32GROUPS:Unemployment:Paul,Sarah,Aziz,Eleni.Sources3,4,6,&8Demonstrations,StrikesandProtests:Alaz,Daniela,Myriam,Achilleas,Ashlee,Dasha.Sources10,11,13,14,15,&17ElectionsandextremisminGermany:Charlie,Irene,Yazan,Antonia,Yiannis.Sources18,20,22,24,25,&29/modules/eu/mod04_depression/evidence.html#electionsGROUPS:Unemployment:33"PoliceAttackHungerMarch.BigBattleasJoblessProtest'MeansTest',"WorkersAgeNovember151932….Theoperationofthe“MeansTest”hasdeprivedanyreliefandhumiliatedhundredsofthousandsmore.Throughouttheirroute,themarchersreceiveddemonstrationsofthesympathyoftheEnglishworkingpeople.InLondon,about50,000workersturnedouttocheerthemanddemonstratealongwiththem.TheMacDonald“National”-Torygovernmentimmediatelymobilizeditsforcesofrepressionandcalledintoactiontheentirepolice...Brutalattacheswerelaunchedonthejoblessdemonstrations,(SampleStudentSlideUsingText)

RisingDiscontentwithGovernment(Source9)Notethelanguage:“forcesofoppression”and“Brutalattaches”NotethesizeofprotestLargedemonstrationsinvokedharshgovernment/policeresponsesthatwereunpopular."PoliceAttackHungerMarch.B34(SampleStudentSlideUsingImage)

PropagandatoSupportHitler(source26)NationalSocialistPartyPoster-(circa1932)Reads:“Leaderwearefollowingyou!

Everyonesayyes!”PeopleinGermanyincreasinglysoughtreliefwithradicalextremists.Noteallofthefacesinthebackgroundlendingsupport.PosterleadspeopletoconnectHitlerwithorderandcontrol.(SampleStudentSlideUsingIm35(SampleStudentSlideFinalAnalysisofTopic)

Topic:UnemploymentTowhatextentdideconomiccrisiscausepeopleinEuropetoquestiontheeffectivenessandsustainabilityofdemocraticinstitutions,andhowdidtheseconcerns,doubts,andfearstranslateintopoliticalaction?TheeconomiccrisiscausedpeopleinEuropetodoubttheirdemocraticgovernmentsbecausehighunemployment…thisledtopoliticalaction…YOUASSESSandEXPLAINHEREinonedirectparagraph(SampleStudentSlideFinalAn36DUEGetorganizedandworkduringthisperiod.YourduedatewilldependonhowwellIthinkyouareworkingINCLASS(thismeansifyouareworkingwellandefficiently,Imaygiveyoumoretime,butifnotitwillbehomeworkthatisduetobepresentednextclass.Oncecomplete,youwilluploadyourppttothelonsuccesswikiintheappropriatelink/page.DUEGetorganizedandworkduri37TheWeimarRepublicinGermanyIssues,Impacts,SuccessesandFailuresWastheWeimarRepublicdoomedfromthestart?GermanposteroftheKaiserBeingbootedOutofGermany:1919←TheWeimarRepublicinGermany38Germanyin1914KaiserWilhelmII(hereditarymonarch):AppointsGovernmentChancellorMinistersCalls/DismissestheReichstagwhichcanstoplawsproposedbythegovernment,butcannotmakelaws.(However,electors;

Menover25canvoteforitsmembers)ControlsThe

Army

Germanyin1914KaiserWilhelm39WeimarGermany(1919-1933)BillofRightspromisesallGermansequalitybeforethelawandpoliticalandreligiousfreedom.

ElectorsAllmenandwomenovertheageof20canvote,bothpresidentialandparliament.FreidrichEbertisthefirstelectedpresident–thePresidentcontrolstheArmy

Reichstag(elected)controlsfromwhichisselectedbasedonpartypercentage(representativeparliament)ChancellorcontrolstheReichstagMinistersmusthaveamajorityintheReichstag,anddoastheReichstagsays.

WeimarGermany(1919-1933)Bill40Basicoverview:1919–1923

AtfirsttheWeimarRepublichadgreatdifficulties:LeftwingrebellionsAllpeoplewereangrywithitRight-wingrebellionsandterrorismInvasionandinflationMunichPutschBasicoverview:1919–1923 41•Lossofterritory:Alsace-

Lorraine,Poland

•Clause231:blameforwar,alongwithallies

•Reparations:$5Bperyearingolduntilfinalbillsetin1921

•DemilitarizedRhineland;alliestooccupyareauntil1935

•FrancetomineRuhrfor15years

•MilitarydramaticallyreducedtodefensiveuseEurope,at1919,withstripesshowingterritorylostbyGermanyandRussia•Lossofterritory:Alsace-

L42TheKappPutschEvents:RightwingjournalistopposedtheEbertgovernmentandthehumiliationofGermanyatVersaillesAlongwithtwokeymilitaryofficers(GeneralLuddwitzandGeneralLudendorff)andtheparamilitaryFriekorpsheseizedcontrolofBerlinanddeclairedanewrightwinggovernmentEbertfledbutcalledonthepeopletoorganizeanationwidestrike.ThestrikewaseffectiveandmadethecoupunsustainableSignificances:Thesupportofthearmycouldnotbetakenforgranted

TherewasnotuniversalsupportfortheWeimarGovernment

TheGovernmenthadlimitedmeansofdealingwithuprisingsofthisnature

PoliticianswerenotnecessarilysafeinBerlinTheKappPutschEvents:Signific43Problems1919-1924AngerdirectedatthegovernmentforsigningtheTreatyofVersaillesThenewconstitutionreliantoncoalitiongovernments,whichweakensitspowerEconomicproblemsasallprofitissentdirectlytotheAlliesasreparationspay-outsValuelesscurrencyaseconomiccrisisleadstohyper-inflationRiseofextremistgroupsattemptingtowrestlepowerfromthede-stabilisedgovernment(Freikorps,Spartacistsetc.)OppositionUprisings&dissolusionedmilitarymembers(freikorps)TheCommunistSpartacistsin1919,defeatedbytheright-wingmilitiaoftheFreikorps1919FriekorpsinBavariaalsoputdownthestrengtheningBavarianCommunistMovementTheright-wingKappPutsch,defeatedbyageneralstrikeProblems1919-1924Angerdirect441919-1923InitialCollapse1921:Alliessetreparationsat132Bgoldmarks;GermanyagreedunderthreatofinvasionGermanyrefusedcooperationwithFranceinRuhr:FranceenteredRuhr(1923)toregainanduseresourcesinlieuofpayment;GermangovernmenttriedtopayidleworkersGovernmentborrowedheavily,andprintedpapermarkstorepaybondsRampantinflationstruckmiddleandlowerclassesevenmore1919-1923InitialCollapse1921451923GustavStresemannChancellorAug-Nov1923AbandonedpassiveresistanceinRuhr;cooperatedwithFrancetoavoidruinousgovernmentspendingHjalmarSchacht,financialminister,helpedcreatenewstablecurrencyStresemannbecameforeignminister,andrenegotiatedreparationsandborderdisputes1923GustavStresemannChancell46BasicOverview:1923–1929

ButtheRepublicsurvivedand(afterGustavStresemannbecameChancellorin1923)didwell:EconomicProsperityForeignPolicysuccessesCulturalfloweringBasicOverview:1923–1929 47Stressmann’snegotiatedAdjustmentstoVersaillesReparationswererescheduledtwice:(1)1924DawesPlanloweredpaymentsandtiedthemtoGermanyeconomicgrowth;gavealliessomecontroloverGermaneconomy(2)1929YoungPlanreducedpayments,limitedtime,removedGermanyfromoutsidecontrolLausanneTreaty1932essentiallyendedreparationsLocarnoTreaty(1925):–GermanyandFranceagreeduponVersaillesborder–Francetowithdrawtroopsby1930–GermanyadmittedtoLeagueofNations–UKandItalytointerveneincaseofattackonborderStressmann’snegotiatedAdjust48THEDAWESPLAN-1924Germany’sreparationspaidoveralongerperiodAmericalentmoneytoGermanindustryandalsototheGovernmenttopayreparationsGermancurrencyreorganisedUSAGermanyGB&FRANCEloansRep’sWardebts*By1929,Germanindustrialoutputhadsurpasseditspre-1914levelsTHEDAWESPLAN-1924Germany’49ForeignPolicyStresemannshowedrealskillinforeignpolicy–1925LocarnoTreaties–19251926–GermanyjoinedtheLeagueofNationsKellogg–BriandPact–1928(StressemannawardedtheNobelPeacePrize!)Youngplan-1929 AfteranumberofyearsinthewildernessGermanywasacceptedbackintotheinternationalcommunityForeignPolicyStresemannshowe50LocarnoTreatiesGermany,France,Italy,Belgium,Czechoslovakia,PolandmetatLocarnoinSwitzerland.SignedanumberoftreatiestosettledisputesbetweenthemselvesFrance,BelgiumandGermanyagreedtoacceptbordersasdrawnupbyTreatyofVersaillesRhinelandstayeddemilitarisedFrancewouldprotectPolandandCzechoslovakiaifattackedbyGermanyGermanywouldnotuseforcetosettledisputeswithneighboursLocarnoTreatiesGermany,Franc51OtherfeaturesoftheStresemannYears

GoldenageofGermancinemaNightlife,cabaretRemovalofcensorship

UnemploymentandpovertystillhighGrowingprosperitybasedonUSAloans–whatwouldhappenifUSAwantedthemoneyback?POSITIVESnegativesOtherfeaturesoftheStresema52Anythingelse?Stresemannwasn’tpopularwitheithertheextremenationalistslikeHitlerandtheNazis,orwiththeCommunistsHitlerdislikedtheLeaguebecauseitsupportedtheTreatyofVersaillesBUTboththeNazisandtheCommunistsmadelittleprogressintheseyearsbecausepeopleweremuchbetteroffandtheirEXTREMEideasdidnotappealtopeopleAnythingelse?Stresemannwasn’53InitialRiseofAdolphHitler(1923)Naziposterof1924,showingJewishbankeratopGermanyYoungdecoratedveteranofWW1,miraculouslysurviveddangerousmissions(cultofpersonality)AttractedtoscapegoatpoliticsthatexplainedGermany’swarfailureand“betrayal”atVersaillesInMunich,joinedtinynewNationalSocialistGermanWorkers’Party“Nazis”Redefined“socialism”toequatetoanti-communistnationalism(fascism)1923:failed“BeerHallPutsch”inMunich:jailed

andwrote

MeinKampfInitialRiseofAdolphHitler54TheBeer-HallPutsch“Lifeseemedmorefree,moremodern,moreexcitingthananyplaceIhaveeverbeen…Everywheretherewasanaccentonyouth.Onesatupwithyoungpeopleallnightinthepavementcafes,theplushbars,onaRhinelandsteamerorinasmokefilledartist’sstudioandtalkedendlessleyaboutlife.Mostgermansonemetstruckyouasbeingliberal,evenpacifist.OnescarcelyheardofHitlerandtheNazisexceptasbuttsofjokes–usuallyinconnectionwiththeBeerhallPutschasitcametobeknown.”–AnonymousGermancitizen,1964.TheBeer-HallPutsch“Lifeseem55Basicoverview:1929–1933

WallStreetCrashof1929WeimarRepubliccollapsedasdidmostgovernmentsintheera(eitherbyelectionorforce)UnemploymentNaziPartygrewmorepowerfulIn1933,AdolfHitlerbecameChancellorBasicoverview:1929–1933

56TheGreatDepressionWhateffectswouldthishaveonyourgovernmentanddecisionsifyouwereapolicymaker?Whateffectswouldthishaveonyouropinionsofpolicy-makingasanaveragecitizen(considerdifferentclasses)?TheGreatDepressionWhateffec57TheEndofOptimism:TheGreatDepressioninEurope–

IBStylequestionforPaper3:TowhatextentdideconomiccrisiscausepeopleinEuropetoquestiontheeffectivenessandsustainabilityofdemocraticinstitutions,andhowdidtheseconcerns,doubts,andfearstranslateintopoliticalaction?TheEndofOptimism:TheGreat58TheComingoftheDepression:UnderstandingtheContextDisruptioninworldtradeWallStreetCrash,October1929SubsequentcollapseofAmericanfinancialsystemDepressionwasaglobalbreakdownofeconomicsystems.Commonpatternsofeconomiccrisis:DecreasedtradeCutbacksinproductionandconsumptionIncreasedunemploymentWidespreaddeprivation/frustrationRadicalpoliticalagitationTheComingoftheDepression:59Economicpatternsandpolicyresponses:GermanyEconomywasweakenedby:Post-WWIsettlement(TreatyofVersailles)Inflationofthe1920sExtensiveborrowingbycentralbankPoliticalinstabilityofWeimargovernmentGermangovernmentrespondsby:CuttingpublicservicesUseofemergencypowerstomaintainorderEconomicpatternsandpolicyr60Economicpatternsandpolicyresponses:BritainEconomywasweakenedby:Persistenteconomicproblemsin1920sShippingandbankingweakenedbycollapseinworldtradeBritishgovernmentrespondsby:Protectingindustries(decreasedtrade)ResistedcallsforspendingonservicesEconomicpatternsandpolicyr61Economicpatternsandpolicyresponses:FranceEconomicpatternsearly1930’sModernizationprovidedsomepartialimmunityintheearlyyearsofdepression.Economicpatternslate1930’s: Productionandconsumptionbegintofall.HighunemploymentEconomicsufferingDemandsforpoliticalactionEconomicpatternsandpolicyr62Conditions,ActionsandMotivations

EconomicConditionsUnemployment/frustration/povertyMotivationsandActionsDemonstrations/strikes/protestsPoliticalactivism/elections/TransformingpoliticalstructuresRiseofnewnationalgovernmentsConditions,ActionsandMotiva63UnemploymentMostvisiblesignofdepressionLinesforfoodreliefStatisticalevidenceofrisingunemploymentRadicalactivistscalledforimmediateactiontoalleviatesufferingofthepeople.UnemploymentMostvisiblesign64Demonstrations,Strikes,andProtestsEconomicconditionsprovokedcollectiveaction.Collectiveactionresultedinpolicyresponsesandpoliticaltransformation.Britishexperience:WaveofstrikesandprotestsSeveregovernmentresponses:arrestingprotestersandprosecutingorganizersGermanexperience:PartiesontheextremerightANDleftorganizedprotestsChallengedthelegitimacyofthegovernmentPublicdisillusionmentingovernmentFrenchexperience:MassprotestofbothleftandrightpartiesinParisSeenbymanyasafailedattempttooverthrowgovernmentDemonstrations,Strikes,andP65Electionsand

PoliticalTransformationsAnothermeasureofgrowingdissatisfactionwitheconomiccrisisInBritain:FormationofNationalGovernmentbasedonacoalitionInGermany:IncreasingsupportforradicalleftandrightHitlerappointedheadofNationalSocialistgov’tInFrance:FormationofaPopularFrontGovernmentSoughteconomicrecoverywhileavoidingradicalsolutionsElectionsand

PoliticalTrans66SoAgain…TheHistoricalQuestion TowhatextentdideconomiccrisiscausepeopleinEuropetoquestionthee