考研英语一阅读理解答案及解析

英语一，TextAgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK"townofculture"award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryforzozl.CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin€220mofinvestmentandanavalacheofarts,outnottobeconfinedtocitiesBritain'town,itistruearenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabittobeattheirbiggercompetitions.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued, eanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingSomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asought-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLivorpoolin2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowsthatwillfollow-villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture?Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun"yearofculture"washesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhobedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganisations.（Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofcomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.A"townofculture"couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatown'speculiarities-helsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeopleandturnitintoaction.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata"townofculture"awardconsolidatethetown-citytiesinpromotecooperationamongBritain'sincreasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain'sfocusBritain'slimitedresourcesonculturalAtownofcultureawardcould,……attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.C选项促进经济是对吸引投资和增加就业AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeasensibleaself-deceivinganeye-cotchinganinaccessible首先细节上是对应了anendlessfeverofself-celebration，另外从本段的主旨上，都是对该提案的态度nolongerbeablecynic、onthevergeofdisappearingself-celebration以及连续的问号？表示质疑（也是反复在《阅Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifendeavourstomaintainitsmeetstheaspirationsofitsbringsitslocalartstocommitstoitslong-term合）theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.是要将self-image做成改变而不是maintain保持，A选项和原文相反，c选项原文prominence是指的短时期，而非localartsD，尽管原文没有明确long-term但是通过abolderandmoreoptimisticlight.以及本段2句对只能带来短期效益的否定态度，可以确定。GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3toacontrastingasupportingabackgroundarelatedWhatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsthe英语一，TextScientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.TheDutchgiantEIsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethanf900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethanf210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms;eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaroundf500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts"hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.Scientificpublishingisseenas"alicencetoprintmoney"partlyitsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyitsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.IC]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.[D]itscontentacquisitioncosts的的起承转合，其实是对一段的总结，继续强调内容的获取是免费的WiththecontentofpaperssecuredforfreeAccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierthrivedmainlyonuniversitygonethroughanexistentialrevivedthepublishingfinancedresearchers本题需要结合23两段，而这两段都同时提到两件事1）科学的商有利可图：2段数字profitmarginsapproaching40%、3段数字madeprofitsofmorethanf900m2）高校在此付出支出，2段依据universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.3UKuniversitiesalonespentmorethanf210min2016。两者结合，选A选项即商赚钱主要来自高校其他选项连“高校”这个重点信息都未涉及，一定不如A。HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-此题有一定争议，笔者倾向于C4段，但需要放眼全文。特别强调，不能用success来贸然判断，因为他本身属于提问对象的整体successofSci-Hub。首先看4段，明确的表态其实是针对此前的模式，根据must情态动词，需要调整做成改变，表达了不认可。但是不能直接推定对新出现的这种openaccess就是支持赞同。本文像极了在《逻汉班》中给大家特别强调的2008年text2，无论是讨论的内容”科学的模式”，还是他题，以及干扰选项的设置。WhichofthefollowingbestsummarizestheTheInternetisposingathreattoAnewmodeofpublicationis ethenewchannelforPublicationisrenderedeasierbyonline当年的C选项就是 e“拔刀”推理过度。那么，只有在4段之后的内容.6段Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.以及结尾段Inbothcases,weneed（接近于情态动词表态度）arebalancingofpower.都是否定的立场。ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessallowpublisherssomeroomtomakerenderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.IC]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancial与27题一样，找到56两段共同强调的即为正确答案，5尾sothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofit.6段chargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.和结尾thecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts"hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.都在强调商的有利可图。因此选A，而且BCD从细节上均与原文相反，很好排除。WhichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingTrialsubscriptionisLabourtriumphsoverstatus.[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.[D]Thefewfeedonthe英语一，TextProgressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate- ernmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposing ernmentquotas.Ifthebills elaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifonia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important"policyinterest.BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection".Butaresuch ernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithouternmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa"goldenskirt"phenomenon,wherethesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadhelplittletoreducegenderposeathreattothe raisewomen'spositioningreatlybroadencareer尾But……benefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.A选项最近该含义。WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniaIthasirritatedprivatebusinessIt edbytheSupremeItmaygoagainsttheItwillsettletheprior选择的是评价。所以定位结尾句Insigningthemeasure,……,isprobablyunconstitutional.C选项may对应probably，against对应un的否定前缀。TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttotheharmfromarbitraryboardtheimportanceofconstitutionalthepressureonwomeninglobaltheneedlessnessof ernment6段，Catalyst出现的前一句话就是观点：Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithouternmentinterference.即无需干预也能让女性在管理层中数量增加。对政Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledtheunderestimationofelitewomen'stheobjectiontofemaleparticipationontheentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintothethegrowingtensionbetweenlaborand标准的细节题考法，因果逻辑。定位7尾ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidesectorboards.lessexperienced对应了C选项unqualified的同义改写。WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheWomen'sneedinemploymentshouldbeFeasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninEveryoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialMajorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusof英语一，TextLastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa"GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchas,Apple,andAmazon-inotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.Thedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureof EmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax).Australia'sMAAL(multinationalantiavoidancelaw),and'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalson eandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomic.CooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponserais