新编简明英语语言学教程课件

1Chapter5：

Semantics

语义学

1Chapter5：

2Semantics----thestudyoflanguagemeaning.语义学是对语言意义的研究。Meaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication.意义是研究交际的核心内容。Whatismeaning?----Scholarsunderdifferentscientificbackgroundshavedifferentunderstandingsoflanguagemeaning.

2Semantics----thestudyoflan3Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning

Namingtheory(Plato)命名论

Theconceptualistview概念论Contextualism(Bloomfield)语境论Behaviorism行为主义论3Someviewsconcerningthestu4Namingtheory(Plato)命名论Wordsarenamesorlabelsforthings.词语只是代表物体的名字或标记。Limitations:1)Applicabletonounsonly.2)Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld,e.g.ghost,dragon,unicorn,phenix…3)Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred…4Namingtheory(Plato)命名论Words5Theconceptualistview概念论Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.

语言学形式和所指之间（即语言和现实世界之间）没有直接联系；而在对意义的解释中，形式和所指是通过思维概念彼此联系。5Theconceptualistview概念论The6OgdenandRichards:semantictriangle

奥格登和理查兹的语义三角Symbol/form（符号/形式）word/phrase/sentenceReferent（所指）objectintheworldofexperienceThought/reference（concept）（思想/指称）6OgdenandRichards:semantic7TheTheoryofReferenceWords→Meaning:Words‘name’or‘referto’things

--PlatonicWords→Concepts→Things:Ogden&Richardsthought/concept/imagesymbolizes

referstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object)7TheTheoryofReferenceWords8airplane89Thesymbolorawordsignifies“things”byvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindsofthespeakerofthelanguage;andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningofthe

word.

用符号或单词表示物体是通过言语者思维中单词的形式与概念联系起来实现的。从这个观点看，概念就是单词的意义。OgdenandRichards:semantictriangle

奥格登和理查兹的语义三角9Thesymbolorawordsignifie10Contextualism

(语境论)

Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.意义应当从场景,运用,语境这些与语言行为紧密相联的成分的角度来进行研究.Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized:Situationalcontext;linguisticsituation场景语境和语言语境10Contextualism(语境论)Meaning11Linguisticcontext:sometimesknownasco-text,isconcernedwiththeprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocationwithanotherword,andalsowiththepartoftextthatprecedesandfollowsaparticularutterance.语言语境有时也称为互文,它所涉及的是一个词与另一个词共现或搭配构成该词的部分意义的可能性,而且语境也涉及某一特定话语之前和之后的语境部分.11Linguisticcontext:sometime12Forexample,“black”inblackhair&blackcoffee,orblacksheepdiffersinmeaning;“ThepresidentoftheUnitedStates”canmeaneitherthepresidentorpresidencyindifferentsituation.Thesealcouldnotbefound.12Forexample,“black”inblac13Behaviorism

(行为主义论)

Behavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningas“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.在特定情境下,说话人的话语在听话人身上引起的反应.ThestoryofJackandJill:JillJackS_________r--------s_________R13Behaviorism(行为主义论)Behavior14Lexicalmeaning

词汇意义Senseandreferencearebothconcernedwiththestudyofwordmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.意义和指称是在词义研究中经常遇到的两个术语.它们是意义的两个相关但不相同的方面.14Lexicalmeaning词汇意义Sensean15Sense----isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.意义指的是语言形式的内在意义.它是语言形式所有特征的集合,是抽象的,而且与语境无关,是词典编纂者所感兴趣的方面.15Sense----isconcernedwith16Reference----whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.指称意指语言形式在现实的物质世界中所指的事物;它涉及的是语言成分和非语言的经验世界之间的关系.16Reference----whatalinguist17Note:Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations;ontheotherhand,therearealsooccasions,whenlinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense,e.g.the

morningstar

andtheeveningstar,

Venus

金星/启明星:在西边时是eveningstar

在东边时是morningstar

risingsuninthemorningandthesunsetatdusk.

17Note:Linguisticformshaving18Majorsenserelations

主要的意义关系

Synonymy同义Antonymy反义Polysemy一词多义Homonymy同音异义Hyponymy下义关系18Majorsenserelations

主要的意义19Synonymy

同义现象Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.同义现象是指意义的相同或极为相近.意义相近的词称为同义词1)Dialectalsynonyms(方言同义词)----synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects,e.g.autumn-fall,biscuit-cracker,petrol–gasoline…

19Synonymy同义现象Synonymyrefers20buy/purchasethrifty/economical/stingyautumn/fallflat/apartmenttube/underground2)Stylisticsynonyms

(文体同义词)----synonymsdifferinginstyle,e.g.kid,child,offspring;start,begin,commence;…20buy/purchase21Synonymy3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning,e.g.collaborator-accomplice,…

情感和评价意义不同的同义词

4)Collocationalsynonyms(搭配同义词),

e.g.accuse…of,charge…with,rebuke…for;…5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms,e.g.amaze,astound,…

语义不同的同义词

21Synonymy3)Synonymsthatdi22Polysemy多义现象Polysemy----thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning,e.g.“table”maymean:ApieceoffurnitureAllthepeopleseatedatatableThefoodthatisputonatableAthinflatpieceofstone,metalwood,etc.Orderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc.……

22Polysemy多义现象Polysemy----the23Homonymy

同音异义Homonymy----thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,e.g.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.同音异义是指不同意义的词拥有相同的形式,即不同的词在发音或者拼写上一样,或者两者都一样.Homophone(同音异义词)----whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,e.g.rain-reign,night/knight,…23Homonymy同音异义Homonymy----th24Homogragh(同形异义词)----whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,e.g.tear(n.)-tear(v.),lead(n.)-lead(v.),…Completehomonym(完全同音异义词)----whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,e.g.ball,bank,watch,scale,fast,…24Homogragh(同形异义词)----whent25Note:

Apolysemicwordistheresultoftheevolutionoftheprimarymeaningoftheword(theetymologyoftheword);whilecompletehomonymsareoftenbroughtintobeingbycoincidence.

一个多义词是其基本意义（词源）发展的结果，它的各种意义在某种程度上是相互关联的。25Note:Apolysemicwordisth26Hyponymy下义关系Hyponymy----thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.下义关系指的是一个更普遍,范围更广泛的词和一个更具体的词之间的关系.Superordinate:thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaning.意义上更普遍的那个词称为上坐标词.Hyponyms:thewordwhichismorespecificinmeaning.意义更具体的词称为下义词.26Hyponymy下义关系Hyponymy----the27Co-hyponyms:hyponymsofthesamesuperordinate.在同一个上坐标词的下义词称为并列下义词.27Co-hyponyms:hyponymsofthe28Hyponymy下义关系Superordinate

上坐标词:flowerHyponyms

下义词:rose,tulip,lily,chrysanthemum,peony,narcissus,…Superordinate

上坐标词:furnitureHyponyms

下义词:bed,table,desk,dresser,wardrobe,sofa,…28Hyponymy下义关系Superordinate上29

Animal

birdfishinsectanimal

humananimal

tigerlionelephant...29Animal

birdfis30Inclusiveness包含关系Aisincludedin/akindofB.Cf.:chairandfurniture,roseandflowerSuperordinate/hypernym:themoregeneraltermHyponym:themorespecifictermCo-hyponyms:membersofthesameclass30Inclusiveness包含关系31Antonymy(反义词)Gradableantonyms(等级/级差反义词)----thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair,e.g.old-young,hot-cold,tall-short,…

31Antonymy(反义词)Gradableantony32Gradableantonymygood-----------------------badlong-----------------------shortbig-----------------------smallCanbemodifiedbyadverbsofdegreelikevery.Canhavecomparativeforms.Canbeaskedwithhow.32Gradableantonymygood-----33Complementaryantonyms

(互补反义词)

Complementaryantonyms

(互补反义词)

----thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,e.g.alive-dead,male-female,…一对互补反义词是以对一方的否定就是对另一方的肯定为特征.33Complementaryantonyms(互补反义34Complementaryantonymyalive:deadmale:femalepresent:absentinnocent:guiltyodd:evenpass:failboy:girlhit:miss34Complementaryantonymyalive35Relationalopposites

(关系反义词)----exhibitsthereversaloftherelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.表示两个词之间关系颠倒的成对词.e.g.husband-wife,father-son,doctor-patient,buy-sell,let-rent,employer-employee,give-receive,above-below,…35Relationalopposites(关系反义词)36Converseantonymy(关系反义词)

buy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wifeteacher:studentabove:belowbefore:afterhost:guestemployer:employee36Converseantonymy(关系反义词)bu37Senserelationsbetweensentences

句子之间的意义关系

(1)

XissynonymouswithY(X与Y同义)(2)

XisinconsistentwithY(X与Y不一致)(3)

XentailsY(X蕴含Y)(4)

XpresupposesY(X预设Y)(5)

Xisacontradiction(X自我矛盾)(6)

Xissemanticallyanomalous(X语义反常)37Senserelationsbetweensent38XissynonymouswithY

(X与Y同义)X:Hewasabachelorallhislife.Y:Henevergotmarriedallhislife.X:Theboykilledthecat.Y:Thecatwaskilledbytheboy.IfXistrue,Yistrue;ifXisfalse,Yisfalse.38XissynonymouswithY(X与Y同39XisinconsistentwithY

(X与Y不一致)X:Heissingle.Y:Hehasawife.X:ThisismyfirstvisittoBeijing.Y:IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.IfXistrue,Yisfalse;ifXisfalse,Yistrue.39XisinconsistentwithY(X与40XentailsY

(X蕴含于Y)X:Johnmarriedablondheiress.Y:Johnmarriedablond.X:MarryhasbeentoBeijing.Y:MarryhasbeentoChina.Entailmentisarelationofinclusion.IfXentailsY,thenthemeaningofXisincludedinY.IfXistrue,Yisnecessarilytrue;ifXisfalse,Ymaybetrueorfalse.40XentailsY(X蕴含于Y)X:Johnm41XpresupposesY

(X预设Y)X:Hisbikeneedsrepairing.Y:Hehasabike.Paulhasgivenupsmoking.Pauloncesmoked.IfXistrue,Ymustbetrue;IfXisfalse,Yisstilltrue.41XpresupposesY(X预设Y)X:His42

Xisacontradiction

(X自我矛盾)*Myunmarriedsisterismarriedtoabachelor.*Theorphan’sparentsareprettywell-off.42

Xisacontradiction(X自我矛43Xissemanticallyanomalous

(X语义反常)*Themanispregnant.*Thetablehasbadintentions.*Sincerityshakeshandswiththeblackapple.43Xissemanticallyanomalous44Analysisofmeaning

意义分析Componentialanalysis

(成分分析)Predicationanalysis

(述谓结构分析)44Analysisofmeaning意义分析Comp45Componentialanalysis

成分分析Componentialanalysis----awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.

成分分析法是由结构语义学家提出的分析词义的方法.这个理论是基于这样一个信念:一个词的意义能被分解成被称为语义特征的意义成分.45Componentialanalysis

成分分析Co46Forexample:Man:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]Boy:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]Woman:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALE]Girl:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALE]46Forexample:47Animalwords47Animalwords48Domesticanimals48Domesticanimals49Englishmotionverbs49Englishmotionverbs50Morecomplexonesfather:PARENT(x,y)&MALE(x)xisaparentofy,andxismale.take:CAUSE(x,(HAVE(x,y)))xcausesxtohavey.give:CAUSE(x,(~HAVE(x,y)))xcausesxnottohavey.50Morecomplexonesfather:PAR51Predicationanalysis

述谓结构分析1)

Themeaningofasentenceisnottobeworkedoutbyaddingupallthemeaningsofitscomponentwords,首先,句子意义并不是它所有成分意义的总和.e.g“Thedogbitestheman”issemanticallydifferentfrom“Themanbitesthedog”thoughtheircomponentsareexactlythesame.51Predicationanalysis

述谓结构分析152Thecatischasingthemouse.Themouseischasingthecat.Ihavereadthatbook.ThatbookIhaveread.ThedaughterofQueenElizabeth’ssonisthesonofQueenElizabeth’sdaughter.52Thecatischasingthemouse532)

Therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:grammaticalmeaningandsemanticmeaning,其次,句子的意义包括语法意义和语义意义两个方面.532)

Therearetwoaspectsto54e.g.*Greencloudsaresleepingfuriously.*Sincerityshookhandswiththeblackapple.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalledselectionalrestrictions

(选择限制规则)(constraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatother).

54e.g.55Predicationanalysis

述谓结构分析Predicationanalysis----awaytoanalyzesentencemeaning(BritishG.Leech

杰弗里.利奇).Predication----theabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.Apredicationconsistsofargument(s)andpredicate.述谓结构是句子意义的抽象.由变元和谓词构成.55Predicationanalysis

述谓结构分析P56Anargumentisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelementsinasentence.一个变元就是一个述谓结构的逻辑参与者,在很大程度上等同于一个句子的名词性成分.Apredicateissomethingsaidaboutanargumentoritstatesthelogicalrelationlinkingtheargumentsinasentence.

谓词是对变元所作的陈述,或是陈述一个句子中连接变元之间的逻辑关系.56Anargumentisalogicalpar57Predicationanalysis

述谓结构分析Accordingtothenumberofargumentscontainedinapredication,wemayclassifythepredicationsintothefollowingtypes:One-placepredication(单位述谓结构):smoke,grow,rise,run,…57Predicationanalysis

述谓结构分析A58Two-placepredication(双位述谓结构):like,love,save,bite,beat,…Three-placepredication(三位述谓结构):give,sent,promise,call,…No-placepredication(空位述谓结构):Itishot.58Two-placepredication(双位述谓结构59Predicationanalysis

述谓结构分析Tomsmokes.

TOM(SMOKE)Thetreegrowswell.TREE(GROW)Thekidslikeapples.

KIDS(LIKE)APPLEIsenthimaletter.

I(SEND)HIMLETTER59Predicationanalysis

述谓结构分析T60ArgumentandPredicateJohnruns.

runs’(John’)orR(j)JohnlovesMary.

loves’(John’,Mary’)orL(j,m)JohngaveMaryabook.

gave’(John’,Mary’,book’)orG(j,m,b)60ArgumentandPredicate61One-placepredicate:runTwo-placepredicate:loveThree-placepredicate:give61One-placepredicate:run62Thankyou!62Thankyou!63Chapter5：

Semantics

语义学

1Chapter5：

64Semantics----thestudyoflanguagemeaning.语义学是对语言意义的研究。Meaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication.意义是研究交际的核心内容。Whatismeaning?----Scholarsunderdifferentscientificbackgroundshavedifferentunderstandingsoflanguagemeaning.

2Semantics----thestudyoflan65Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning

Namingtheory(Plato)命名论

Theconceptualistview概念论Contextualism(Bloomfield)语境论Behaviorism行为主义论3Someviewsconcerningthestu66Namingtheory(Plato)命名论Wordsarenamesorlabelsforthings.词语只是代表物体的名字或标记。Limitations:1)Applicabletonounsonly.2)Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld,e.g.ghost,dragon,unicorn,phenix…3)Therearenounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred…4Namingtheory(Plato)命名论Words67Theconceptualistview概念论Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.

语言学形式和所指之间（即语言和现实世界之间）没有直接联系；而在对意义的解释中，形式和所指是通过思维概念彼此联系。5Theconceptualistview概念论The68OgdenandRichards:semantictriangle

奥格登和理查兹的语义三角Symbol/form（符号/形式）word/phrase/sentenceReferent（所指）objectintheworldofexperienceThought/reference（concept）（思想/指称）6OgdenandRichards:semantic69TheTheoryofReferenceWords→Meaning:Words‘name’or‘referto’things

--PlatonicWords→Concepts→Things:Ogden&Richardsthought/concept/imagesymbolizes

referstosymbolreferent(word)standsfor(object)7TheTheoryofReferenceWords70airplane871Thesymbolorawordsignifies“things”byvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindsofthespeakerofthelanguage;andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningofthe

word.

用符号或单词表示物体是通过言语者思维中单词的形式与概念联系起来实现的。从这个观点看，概念就是单词的意义。OgdenandRichards:semantictriangle

奥格登和理查兹的语义三角9Thesymbolorawordsignifie72Contextualism

(语境论)

Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.意义应当从场景,运用,语境这些与语言行为紧密相联的成分的角度来进行研究.Twotypesofcontextsarerecognized:Situationalcontext;linguisticsituation场景语境和语言语境10Contextualism(语境论)Meaning73Linguisticcontext:sometimesknownasco-text,isconcernedwiththeprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocationwithanotherword,andalsowiththepartoftextthatprecedesandfollowsaparticularutterance.语言语境有时也称为互文,它所涉及的是一个词与另一个词共现或搭配构成该词的部分意义的可能性,而且语境也涉及某一特定话语之前和之后的语境部分.11Linguisticcontext:sometime74Forexample,“black”inblackhair&blackcoffee,orblacksheepdiffersinmeaning;“ThepresidentoftheUnitedStates”canmeaneitherthepresidentorpresidencyindifferentsituation.Thesealcouldnotbefound.12Forexample,“black”inblac75Behaviorism

(行为主义论)

Behavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningas“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.在特定情境下,说话人的话语在听话人身上引起的反应.ThestoryofJackandJill:JillJackS_________r--------s_________R13Behaviorism(行为主义论)Behavior76Lexicalmeaning

词汇意义Senseandreferencearebothconcernedwiththestudyofwordmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.意义和指称是在词义研究中经常遇到的两个术语.它们是意义的两个相关但不相同的方面.14Lexicalmeaning词汇意义Sensean77Sense----isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.意义指的是语言形式的内在意义.它是语言形式所有特征的集合,是抽象的,而且与语境无关,是词典编纂者所感兴趣的方面.15Sense----isconcernedwith78Reference----whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.指称意指语言形式在现实的物质世界中所指的事物;它涉及的是语言成分和非语言的经验世界之间的关系.16Reference----whatalinguist79Note:Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations;ontheotherhand,therearealsooccasions,whenlinguisticformswiththesamereferencemightdifferinsense,e.g.the

morningstar

andtheeveningstar,

Venus

金星/启明星:在西边时是eveningstar

在东边时是morningstar

risingsuninthemorningandthesunsetatdusk.

17Note:Linguisticformshaving80Majorsenserelations

主要的意义关系

Synonymy同义Antonymy反义Polysemy一词多义Homonymy同音异义Hyponymy下义关系18Majorsenserelations

主要的意义81Synonymy

同义现象Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.同义现象是指意义的相同或极为相近.意义相近的词称为同义词1)Dialectalsynonyms(方言同义词)----synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects,e.g.autumn-fall,biscuit-cracker,petrol–gasoline…

19Synonymy同义现象Synonymyrefers82buy/purchasethrifty/economical/stingyautumn/fallflat/apartmenttube/underground2)Stylisticsynonyms

(文体同义词)----synonymsdifferinginstyle,e.g.kid,child,offspring;start,begin,commence;…20buy/purchase83Synonymy3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning,e.g.collaborator-accomplice,…

情感和评价意义不同的同义词

4)Collocationalsynonyms(搭配同义词),

e.g.accuse…of,charge…with,rebuke…for;…5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms,e.g.amaze,astound,…

语义不同的同义词

21Synonymy3)Synonymsthatdi84Polysemy多义现象Polysemy----thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning,e.g.“table”maymean:ApieceoffurnitureAllthepeopleseatedatatableThefoodthatisputonatableAthinflatpieceofstone,metalwood,etc.Orderlyarrangementoffacts,figures,etc.……

22Polysemy多义现象Polysemy----the85Homonymy

同音异义Homonymy----thephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,e.g.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.同音异义是指不同意义的词拥有相同的形式,即不同的词在发音或者拼写上一样,或者两者都一样.Homophone(同音异义词)----whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,e.g.rain-reign,night/knight,…23Homonymy同音异义Homonymy----th86Homogragh(同形异义词)----whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,e.g.tear(n.)-tear(v.),lead(n.)-lead(v.),…Completehomonym(完全同音异义词)----whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,e.g.ball,bank,watch,scale,fast,…24Homogragh(同形异义词)----whent87Note:

Apolysemicwordistheresultoftheevolutionoftheprimarymeaningoftheword(theetymologyoftheword);whilecompletehomonymsareoftenbroughtintobeingbycoincidence.

一个多义词是其基本意义（词源）发展的结果，它的各种意义在某种程度上是相互关联的。25Note:Apolysemicwordisth88Hyponymy下义关系Hyponymy----thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.下义关系指的是一个更普遍,范围更广泛的词和一个更具体的词之间的关系.Superordinate:thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaning.意义上更普遍的那个词称为上坐标词.Hyponyms:thewordwhichismorespecificinmeaning.意义更具体的词称为下义词.26Hyponymy下义关系Hyponymy----the89Co-hyponyms:hyponymsofthesamesuperordinate.在同一个上坐标词的下义词称为并列下义词.27Co-hyponyms:hyponymsofthe90Hyponymy下义关系Superordinate

上坐标词:flowerHyponyms

下义词:rose,tulip,lily,chrysanthemum,peony,narcissus,…Superordinate

上坐标词:furnitureHyponyms

下义词:bed,table,desk,dresser,wardrobe,sofa,…28Hyponymy下义关系Superordinate上91

Animal

birdfishinsectanimal

humananimal

tigerlionelephant...29Animal

birdfis92Inclusiveness包含关系Aisincludedin/akindofB.Cf.:chairandfurniture,roseandflowerSuperordinate/hypernym:themoregeneraltermHyponym:themorespecifictermCo-hyponyms:membersofthesameclass30Inclusiveness包含关系93Antonymy(反义词)Gradableantonyms(等级/级差反义词)----thereareoftenintermediateformsbetweenthetwomembersofapair,e.g.old-young,hot-cold,tall-short,…

31Antonymy(反义词)Gradableantony94Gradableantonymygood-----------------------badlong-----------------------shortbig-----------------------smallCanbemodifiedbyadverbsofdegreelikevery.Canhavecomparativeforms.Canbeaskedwithhow.32Gradableantonymygood-----95Complementaryantonyms

(互补反义词)

Complementaryantonyms

(互补反义词)

----thedenialofonememberofthepairimpliestheassertionoftheother,e.g.alive-dead,male-female,…一对互补反义词是以对一方的否定就是对另一方的肯定为特征.33Complementaryantonyms(互补反义96Complementaryantonymyalive:deadmale:femalepresent:absentinnocent:guiltyodd:evenpass:failboy:girlhit:miss34Complementaryantonymyalive97Relationalopposites

(关系反义词)----exhibitsthereversaloftherelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.表示两个词之间关系颠倒的成对词.e.g.husband-wife,father-son,doctor-patient,buy-sell,let-rent,employer-employee,give-receive,above-below,…35Relationalopposites(关系反义词)98Converseantonymy(关系反义词)

buy:selllend:borrowgive:receiveparent:childhusband:wifeteacher:studentabove:belowbefore:afterhost:guestemployer:employee36Converseantonymy(关系反义词)bu99Senserelationsbetweensentences

句子之间的意义关系

(1)

XissynonymouswithY(X与Y同义)(2)

XisinconsistentwithY(X与Y不一致)(3)

XentailsY(X蕴含Y)(4)

XpresupposesY(X预设Y)(5)

Xisacontradiction(X自我矛盾)(6)

Xissemanticallyanomalous(X语义反常)37Senserelationsbetweensent100XissynonymouswithY

(X与Y同义)X:Hewasabachelorallhislife.Y:Henevergotmarriedallhislife.X:Theboykilledthecat.Y:Thecatwaskilledbytheboy.IfXistrue,Yistrue;ifXisfalse,Yisfalse.38XissynonymouswithY(X与Y同101XisinconsistentwithY

(X与Y不一致)X:Heissingle.Y:Hehasawife.X:ThisismyfirstvisittoBeijing.Y:IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.IfXistrue,Yisfalse;ifXisfalse,Yistrue.39XisinconsistentwithY(X与102XentailsY

(X蕴含于Y)X:Johnmarriedablondheiress.Y:Johnmarriedablond.X:MarryhasbeentoBeijing.Y:MarryhasbeentoChina.Entailmentisarelationofinclusion.IfXentailsY,thenthemeaningofXisincludedinY.IfXistrue,Yisnecessarilytrue;ifXisfalse,Ymaybetrueorfalse.40XentailsY(X蕴含于Y)X:Johnm103XpresupposesY

(X预设Y)X:Hisbikeneedsrepairing.Y:Hehasabike.Paulhasgivenupsmoking.Pauloncesmoked.IfXistrue,Ymustbetrue;IfXisfalse,Yisstilltrue.41XpresupposesY(X预设Y)X:His104

Xisacontradiction

(X自我矛盾)*Myunmarriedsisterismarriedtoabachelor.*Theorphan’sparentsareprettywell-off.42

Xisacontradiction(X自我矛105Xissemanticallyanomalous

(X语义反常)*Themanispregnant.*Thetablehasbadintentions.*Sincerityshakeshandswiththeblackapple.43Xissemanticallyanomalous106Analysisofmeaning

意义分析Componentialanalysis

(成分分析)Predicationanalysis

(述谓结构分析)44Analysisofmeaning意义分析Comp107Componentialanalysis

成分分析Componentialanalysis----awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.

成分分析法是由结构语义学家提出的分析词义的方法.这个理论是基于这样一个信念:一个词的意义能被分解成被称为语义特征的意义成分.45Componentialanalysis

成分分析Co108Forexample:Man:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]Boy:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]Woman:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALE]Girl:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,-MALE]46Forexample:109Animalwords47Animalwords110Domesticanimals48Domesticanimals111Englishmotion